Tactical Considerations1

Author(s):  
Seth W. Stoughton ◽  
Jeffrey J. Noble ◽  
Geoffrey P. Alpert

Officers do not use force in a vacuum. It has long been recognized that a use of force is not the result of a single decision, but rather of “a contingent sequence of decisions and resulting behaviors—each increasing or decreasing the probability of an eventual use of … force.” How officers approach a situation, then, can affect whether and how they use force. Tactics are the techniques and procedures that officers use to protect themselves and community members. This chapter provides a framework for assessing police tactics, then offers an in-depth discussion of core tactical concepts. It explains why time is the single most important tactical consideration, details the effects of stress on human decision making, and illustrates how officers use tactical choices to “create time” and how they can use that time to minimize their need to use force. The chapter concludes by exploring the role of police tactics in three very different situations: arrests, crisis interventions, and active-shooter situations.

2011 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inger Österdahl

AbstractThe Swedish parliament has a strong position in the decision-making on the international use of force. Still, its role is affected by the rapid internationalization of the Swedish defence. More and quicker decisions have to be taken on Swedish contributions to international peace operations. The origin of the decisions of the Swedish parliament, moreover, can be traced to international decision-making bodies on which the Swedish parliament and sometimes even the Swedish government have no influence at all. Parliament is conscious of its important role and looks after its interests in the domestic decision-making context. Sometimes it challenges the government on specific issues relating to the operations, but in the end parliament always tend to agree and unanimously as well. This article studies the involvement of the Swedish parliament in the decision-making on the contribution of armed troops to international peace operations since the end of the Cold War. The article gives particular attention to the use – or not – of the law delegating the decision-making power over troop contributions entirely to the government. The issue of self-defence against armed attacks on the Realm is also taken up and the potential impact of an expanded notion of self-defence on the decision-making role of parliament. Concerns of democratic accountability form the background to the reasoning in its entirety.


2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 305-305
Author(s):  
M. Popovic ◽  
M. Lengyel ◽  
J. Fiser

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 27-46
Author(s):  
Sonja Utz ◽  
Lara Wolfers ◽  
Anja Göritz

In times of the COVID-19 pandemic, difficult decisions such as the distribution of ventilators must be made. For many of these decisions, humans could team up with algorithms; however, people often prefer human decision-makers. We examined the role of situational (morality of the scenario; perspective) and individual factors (need for leadership; conventionalism) for algorithm preference in a preregistered online experiment with German adults (n = 1,127). As expected, algorithm preference was lowest in the most moral-laden scenario. The effect of perspective (i.e., decision-makers vs. decision targets) was only significant in the most moral scenario. Need for leadership predicted a stronger algorithm preference, whereas conventionalism was related to weaker algorithm preference. Exploratory analyses revealed that attitudes and knowledge also mattered, stressing the importance of individual factors.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milena Rmus ◽  
Samuel McDougle ◽  
Anne Collins

Reinforcement learning (RL) models have advanced our understanding of how animals learn and make decisions, and how the brain supports some aspects of learning. However, the neural computations that are explained by RL algorithms fall short of explaining many sophisticated aspects of human decision making, including the generalization of learned information, one-shot learning, and the synthesis of task information in complex environments. Instead, these aspects of instrumental behavior are assumed to be supported by the brain’s executive functions (EF). We review recent findings that highlight the importance of EF in learning. Specifically, we advance the theory that EF sets the stage for canonical RL computations in the brain, providing inputs that broaden their flexibility and applicability. Our theory has important implications for how to interpret RL computations in the brain and behavior.


Author(s):  
W. Bentley MacLeod

Abstract This paper explores the use of heuristic search algorithms for modeling human decision making. It is shown that this algorithm is consistent with many observed behavioral regularities, and may help explain deviations from rational choice. The main insight is that the heuristic function can be viewed as formal implementation of one aspect of emotion as discussed in Descarte's Error by Antonio Damasio. Consistent with Damasio's observations, it is shown that the quality of decision making is very sensitive to the nature of the heuristic ("emotion"), and hence this may help us better understand the role of emotion in rational choice theory.


Author(s):  
Jean-Louis van Gelder

This chapter examines the influence of emotions on offender decision making. It reviews the empirical and theoretical criminological literature on the role of emotions in crime causation but also draws from other disciplines in the behavioral and cognitive sciences that have examined the influence of emotions on human decision making. Specific attention is devoted to appraisal theories of emotion, which, it is argued, provide a useful theoretical framework for studying and understanding emotions in criminal contexts. In doing so, it is shown that criminal decision-making research and theorizing may have so far failed to fully acknowledge the influence of emotions on offending behavior.


Author(s):  
Serena Doria

AbstractThe model of coherent lower and upper conditional previsions, based on Hausdorff inner and outer measures, is proposed to represent the preference orderings and the equivalences, respectively assigned by the conscious and unconscious thought in human decision making under uncertainty. Complexity of partial information is represented by the Hausdorff dimension of the conditioning event. When the events, that describe the decision problem, are measurable is represented to the s-dimensional Hausdorff outer measure, where s is the Hausdorff dimension of the conditioning event, an optimal decision can be reached. The model is applied and discussed in Linda’s Problem and the conjunction fallacy is resolved.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Bossaerts

Over the last 15 years, a revolution has been taking place in neuroscience, whereby models and methods of economics have led to deeper insights into the neurobiological foundations of human decision-making. These have revealed a number of widespread mis-conceptions, among others, about the role of emotions. Furthermore, the findings suggest that a purely behavior-based approach to studying decisions may miss crucial features of human choice long appreciated in biology, such as Pavlovian approach. The findings could help economists formalize elusive concepts such as intuition, as I show here for financial “trading intuition.”


Author(s):  
Wim Bernasco ◽  
Henk Elffers ◽  
Jean-Louis van Gelder

Decision making is central to all human behavior, including criminal conduct. Virtually every discussion about crime or law enforcement is guided by beliefs about how people make decisions in one way or another. This interdisciplinary handbook integrates insights about the role of human decision making as it relates to crime. It contains reviews of the main theories of offender decision making and also reviews of empirical evidence on topics as diverse as desistance, crime locations, co-offending, victimization, and criminal methods and tools. It further includes in-depth treatments of the principal research methods for studying offender decision making and a series of chapters on specific types of crime.


Author(s):  
María Victoria Suárez ◽  
Raúl Gustavo Paz

El reconocimiento de la persistencia y diversidad de formas de comunalismo y su capacidad de adaptación al contexto capitalista resulta clave para problematizar el postulado marxista según el cual, el desarrollo de las fuerzas productivas disolvería la base natural comunitaria. Partiendo del estudio de Colonia Jaime, se abordará un sistema comunal como un espacio donde la articulación de formas capitalistas y no capitalistas, la condición bifacética del trabajo y la construcción de redes de colaboración con el Estado, aparecen como condiciones de posibilidad para generar procesos de acumulación. Cómo la Colonia pudo diseñar, mantener y generar estos mecanismos de desarrollo bajo un contexto modernizante será objetivo de este trabajo. Tres son las reflexiones que surgen del análisis. La primera tiene que ver con la apropiación del entorno liberal y moderno para el desarrollo de las fuerzas productivas sin que esto implique la transformación del sistema comunal; la segunda reconoce la capacidad de un sistema comunal que supo adaptar las propuestas tecnológicas a una visión comunal, donde la lógica capitalista pierde su centralidad y la tercera destaca el rol activo de los comuneros en las tomas de decisión respecto a qué recibir y qué rechazar, a partir de objetivos construidos en forma colectiva.AbstractThe recognition of the persistence and diversity of forms of communalism and its ability to adapt to the capitalist context is key to problematize the Marxist postulate that the development of productive forces disband Community natural base. Based on the study of Colonia Jaime, a communal system will be addressed as a space where the articulation of capitalist forms and not capitalists, the bifacetical condition of work and building networks of collaboration with the state, appear as conditions of possibility for generating accumulation processes. How could the Colonia Jaime design, maintain and generate these mechanisms of development under a modernizing context will be the principal objective of this work. There are three considerations arising from the analysis. The first is related to the appropriation of the liberal and modern environment for the development of productive forces, without this implying the transformation of the communal system; the second consideration recognizes the capacity of a communal system that knew how to adapt the technological proposals to a communal vision and the third emphasizes the active role of community members in decision-making according to collective objectives.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document