scholarly journals European Buddhist Traditions

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence Cox
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
North American ◽  
New Age ◽  
Reception History ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The North ◽  
General Terms ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Beginnings ◽  
The Russian Empire

This chapter covers those Buddhist traditions that are largely based in Europe, noting some of the specificities of this history as against the North American with which it is sometimes conflated. While the reception history of Buddhism in Europe stretches back to Alexander, Buddhist organization in Europe begins in the later nineteenth century, with the partial exception of indigenous Buddhisms in the Russian Empire. The chapter discusses Asian-oriented Buddhisms with a strong European base; European neo-traditionalisms founded by charismatic individuals; explicitly new beginnings; and the broader world of “fuzzy religion” with Buddhist components, including New Age, “nightstand Buddhists,” Christian creolizations, secular mindfulness, and Engaged Buddhism. In general terms, European Buddhist traditions reproduce the wider decline of religious institutionalization and boundary formation that shapes much of European religion generally.

scholarly journals The Issue Of The Central Asian Northern Pilgrimage Route In The Russian-Bukhara Diplomatic Relations In The XVIII Century (On The Example Of The Activities Of Ambassador Ernazar Maqsud Oglu)

2020 ◽  
Vol 02 (11) ◽  
pp. 99-104
Author(s):  
Tanieva Guldona Mamanovna ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Extensive Study ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Xviii Century ◽  
The North ◽  
Central Direction ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire

In the Middle Ages, Central Asian pilgrims traveled to Mecca in three directions: the North direction ‒ through the Russian Empire, the central direction‒ through the territory of Persia, and the south direction ‒ along roads through India and the Arabian Sea. Therefore, the question of the directions of the Hajj was reflected in the diplomatic correspondence of the Central Asian khanates with Persia, India, the Russian and Ottoman empires тоо. Depending on the political, economic and ideological interests of these states, sometimes pilgrims were given permits to be sent to Mecca through their territories, and sometimes not. The degree of intensity of pilgrimage movements, in most cases, depended on the activities of interstate ambassadors. On the issue of eliminating various prohibitions and obstacles in the movements of pilgrimage roads, the Central Asian ambassadors were active and historical documents reveal these data to us. In this period the Central Asian ambassadors, who were sent to the reception of the governors those neighbor states on other issues, in most cases negotiated precisely on the direction of the Hajj of the Central Asian pilgrims also. One of such far-sighted ambassadors was a rich merchant from Bukhara, who lived in the XVIII c. Ernazar Maksud ogli officially sent several times by the Central Asian rulers to the Russian Empire. In this article analyzes the question of how the problems of the Hajj road were solved at the international diplomatic level by the example of the activities this ambassador. The history of negotiations between Ernazar and the Russian emperors on matters of the northern direction of the Hajj road and their results illuminated on base documents on this issue, which stored in the fund of the Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire (AFPRE). The scientific conclusions of this article serve for an extensive study of the issues of diplomatic and economic relations between the Central Asian khanates and the Russian Empire in the XVIII century, revealing the history of the embassy relations of the khanates and the history of the pilgrimage of the Hajj of the Central Asian people and the features of the directions of roads from Central Asia to Mecca.

The Caucasian War and Population Transfers in the Southern Outskirts of the Russian Empire

Istoriya ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (10 (108)) ◽  
pp. 0
Author(s):  
Amiran Urushadze
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Indigenous Population ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Historical Evidence ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire

The article examines the history of transfers (displacements) of the population during the years of the Caucasian War. Transfers are analyzed in the context of the Russian Empire's policy of establishing military and political control in the region. The article is based on the materials of several federal and regional archives, as well as published historical evidence and research literature. The author concludes that the history of colonization of the North Caucasus, which is widely represented in historiography, needs revision. The history of Russian colonization is a narrative about the adaptation of the Cossacks and peasants to the new conditions of life and interaction with the local population. However, new settlers came to the territories previously occupied by the indigenous population forced to leave them. In this respect, it is the history of transfers that allows us to understand the motives of the imperial administration, the mechanisms of organization of relocations, and the resettlement reflection of the population. Another conclusion of the article is that during the course of the Caucasian War, population transfers became one of the standard mechanisms of the Russian administration, and the large-scale eviction of the Adygs in 1862—1864 was a continuation of this policy.

Dialect Joke Books and Russian–Yiddish and English–Yiddish Dictionaries

2019 ◽  
pp. 277-297
Author(s):  
Gabriella Safran
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
The United States ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Publishing History ◽  
New Meanings ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Book Prices ◽  
Printing Techniques

Safran examines the nineteenth-century publishing history of Jewish dialect joke books and Yiddish dictionaries and the generic links between dictionaries and joke books in Russian–Yiddish and English–Yiddish cases. In the 1870s in the Russian Empire and in the 1890s in the United States, Jewish speech style (Jewish Russian and Jewish English) was enregistered; that is, the concepts of ‘Jews’ and ‘Jewish speech’ took on new meanings. This was reflected in both dictionaries and joke books that, at least in some cases, were intended to teach their readers to be humorous as well as knowledgeable. These texts demonstrate the tension between dialect humour that is derogatory and that which embraces its subject; beyond this dichotomy, Safran argues that the confluence of Yiddish lexicography and Jewish dialect humour in the Russian Empire and the United States also reflected the marketing of distinctive spoken language by publishers for general readers. As Safran shows, the commodification of dialect humour and low-status spoken languages was facilitated by a nineteenth-century publishing boom fostered by cheap machine-made paper, fast printing techniques, the rise of literacy, the decline of book prices, the increase in railroad journeying, and the concomitant demand for portable entertainment.

The National Question as Covered in “Lithuanian Diocesan Bulletin” in 1860 – 1890 Years*

2020 ◽  
Vol 102 ◽  
pp. 206-219
Author(s):  
Alexander E. Kotov
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
Early Years ◽  
North West ◽  
Public Issues ◽  
Nationalist Discourse ◽  
The North ◽  
National Question ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
North West Territories

In 1893 polemics unfolded on the pages of “Russkoe Obozrenie” (“Russian Review”) conservative journal related to the problem of russification of the North-West territories of the Russian Empire. Committed to clerical traditionalism, Father Joseph (Fudel) condemned the politics of administrative russification of the region, comparing the priests of “militant” type to Father John of Kronstadt. Meanwhile, when one refers to the history of “russification” of the Western territory of in the 1860s, it becomes obvious that the process didn’t have exclusively the bureaucratic nature. The “Vilno Consensus” was part of the post-reform social upsurge, and the clergy could not stay away from it. The complexity of church-public issues in the region was reflected on the pages of regional periodicals, including church ones. Founded in Vilno in 1863, the “Litovskie Eparchialniye Vedomosti” bulletin in the early years strictly adhered to the “system” of M.N. Muraviev and fully complied with the nationalist discourse of the time. Still later they published materials condemning the “extremes” of Vilno “russification group”. In the early 1880s the national pathos of the bulletin intensified - and acquired bureaucratic nuances.

scholarly journals The History of the North-Eastern Outskirts of Russia during the Empire Era in the Latest Historical Studies

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 106-110
Author(s):  
L. M. Dameshek ◽  
◽  
I. L. Dameshek ◽  
K. A. Sosnerzh ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
New Approaches ◽  
The North ◽  
Russian State ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire

In connection with the approaching 300th anniversary of the formation of the Russian Empire, the analysis of the latest monographic studies on the outskirts policy of the Russian state in the 18th – early 20 century is carried out. The fact of the introduction of previously unknown historical sources into scientific circulation, the emergence of new approaches to the study of the problem is noted. At the same time, it is noted that the topic of the outskirts policy of the empire is far from being exhausted and remains in demand by researchers.

Origins and Early Years of the Volozhin Yeshiva

2012 ◽  
pp. 15-47
Author(s):  
Shaul Stampfer
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Jewish Community ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Focal Points ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Jewish Learning

This chapter takes a look at how the small town of Volozhin became one of the focal points of the Lithuanian Jewish world because of the yeshiva that was established there. The yeshiva of Volozhin represented a novel type of relationship between the Jewish community and Jewish learning: for most of the nineteenth century the Volozhin yeshiva was the most important institution of Jewish learning in all of eastern Europe, and ultimately it served as a model for the rest of European Jewry. The heads of the yeshiva were regarded as leaders of the Jewish community in the Russian Empire and beyond; thousands of young men studied there, many of whom went on to have a significant impact on the Jewish world. Patterns that were set in Volozhin are essentially maintained in yeshivas around the world till today. There are many curious myths about Volozhin, but the reality was even more interesting. A careful look at the history of the yeshiva reveals not only the yeshiva itself but how a society can change in ways that few could have predicted.

scholarly journals Office of the general governor of Turkestan and its activity in historiography

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (9) ◽  
pp. 155-157
Author(s):  
Hujayorova Sadokat
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
National Liberation ◽  
Governing Body ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
Colonial Order ◽  
The Russian Empire

This article describes the period of the invasion of the Russian Empire, one of the darkest and most dangerous periods in the history of Turkestan, and the historiography of its governing regimes, methods of administration and state institutions and their activities. By the nineteenth century, the khanates, weakened by civil war, could not withstand the onslaught of the Russian Empire. This was because they were hostile to each other. After the Russian Empire conquered Turkestan, it established its own colonial order. The goal was to keep Turkestan under its chains for a long time and to suppress the feelings of national liberation. To this end, he introduced his own administrative style, including the governor's office, which was the main governing body. This small research paper describes the policy of the Russian Empire towards these goals and its coverage in historiography.

scholarly journals The ‘Turkestan Generals’ and Russian Military History

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Morrison
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Military History ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Public Figures ◽  
History Of ◽  
Collective Biography ◽  
Russian Military ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Military

This article is a short collective biography of six so-called ‘Turkestan Generals’, all of whom played a prominent role in the Russian conquest and administration of Central Asia. These campaigns are usually seen as marginal to the military history of the Russian empire in the nineteenth century, but they were central to the reputations of three of the most prominent generals of the period, who became important public figures – Cherniaev, Skobelev, and Kuropatkin. The article shows that this was not accidental, but the product of a carefully constructed narrative in Russian military historiography.

scholarly journals Georgian Society in the Nineteenth Century: Features of Integration into the Space of the Russian Empire

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amiran Urushadze ◽  
Vyacheslav Shcherbakov
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Documentary Evidence ◽  
Social Transformations ◽  
Political Conflicts ◽  
Russian State ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries ◽  
German Historian

This review examines a monograph by Philipp Ammon that considers the history of the entry and integration of the territories of historical Georgia into the space of the Russian Empire. In his book, the German historian focuses on finding the roots and forerunners of modern Russian – Georgian political conflicts. The author consistently describes the events of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Ammon shows the circumstances of the conclusion of the Treaty of Georgievsk in 1783 and the proclamation of the manifesto on the accession of East Georgia on 12 September 1801. At the same time, he refers to the entry of Eastern Georgia into the administrative and political space of the Russian Empire as an occupation and considers the Russian authorities’ subsequent policies to be Russification. These provisions are substantiated by well-known scholarly literature, but, according to the reviewers, the author does not use archival and published documentary evidence systematically. According to Ammon, the repressive policy of the Russian state is proved by armed protests and political conspiracies that took place on the southern periphery of the empire in the first half of the nineteenth century. The historian briefly notes the other side of imperial policy, such as the establishment of an educational system, cultural initiatives, and social transformations. However, according to Ammon, all these are also integral elements of Russification. The review criticises some of the book’s provisions.

‘The magic on the sea shore’: The manor of Schloss Fall and the navigation in the Gulf of Finland in the nineteenth century

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 349-354
Author(s):  
Alexei Kraikovski
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Gulf Of Finland ◽  
The North ◽  
Everyday Practices ◽  
Maritime Culture ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
North Western ◽  
The Gulf Of Finland

This research note focuses on the numerous links between the coastal noble estate of Schloss Fall and the development of shipping in the adjacent zone of the Gulf of Finland during the nineteenth century. It therefore expands the traditional perspective of ‘maritimeness’ – maritime culture and identity – in relation to Ostzee province in the north-western part of the Russian Empire. Here, the local manorial culture was an inseparable element of the multifaceted interaction between the sea and the everyday practices of coastal inhabitants.

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