scholarly journals The Issue Of The Central Asian Northern Pilgrimage Route In The Russian-Bukhara Diplomatic Relations In The XVIII Century (On The Example Of The Activities Of Ambassador Ernazar Maqsud Oglu)

2020 ◽  
Vol 02 (11) ◽  
pp. 99-104
Author(s):  
Tanieva Guldona Mamanovna ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Extensive Study ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Xviii Century ◽  
The North ◽  
Central Direction ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire

In the Middle Ages, Central Asian pilgrims traveled to Mecca in three directions: the North direction ‒ through the Russian Empire, the central direction‒ through the territory of Persia, and the south direction ‒ along roads through India and the Arabian Sea. Therefore, the question of the directions of the Hajj was reflected in the diplomatic correspondence of the Central Asian khanates with Persia, India, the Russian and Ottoman empires тоо. Depending on the political, economic and ideological interests of these states, sometimes pilgrims were given permits to be sent to Mecca through their territories, and sometimes not. The degree of intensity of pilgrimage movements, in most cases, depended on the activities of interstate ambassadors. On the issue of eliminating various prohibitions and obstacles in the movements of pilgrimage roads, the Central Asian ambassadors were active and historical documents reveal these data to us. In this period the Central Asian ambassadors, who were sent to the reception of the governors those neighbor states on other issues, in most cases negotiated precisely on the direction of the Hajj of the Central Asian pilgrims also. One of such far-sighted ambassadors was a rich merchant from Bukhara, who lived in the XVIII c. Ernazar Maksud ogli officially sent several times by the Central Asian rulers to the Russian Empire. In this article analyzes the question of how the problems of the Hajj road were solved at the international diplomatic level by the example of the activities this ambassador. The history of negotiations between Ernazar and the Russian emperors on matters of the northern direction of the Hajj road and their results illuminated on base documents on this issue, which stored in the fund of the Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire (AFPRE). The scientific conclusions of this article serve for an extensive study of the issues of diplomatic and economic relations between the Central Asian khanates and the Russian Empire in the XVIII century, revealing the history of the embassy relations of the khanates and the history of the pilgrimage of the Hajj of the Central Asian people and the features of the directions of roads from Central Asia to Mecca.

scholarly journals THE IMPLEMENTATION OF STATE QUARANTINE AND HEALTH POLICY IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE IN THE XVIII CENTURY

2018 ◽  
Vol 97 (7) ◽  
pp. 671-674
Author(s):  
Vladimir N. Shkunov
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
Russian Orthodox Church ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Xviii Century ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Unique Experience ◽  
Systemic Nature ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
First Time

The article is devoted to the history and development of the sanitary service in the Russian Empire in the XVIII century, the implementation of state quarantine policy in the territory of a vast state. Special attention is given to legislative measures to ensure relevant measures for the prevention and spread of epidemics and epizootics in connection with the expansion of trade and economic relations of Russia with foreign countries. There was proposed the periodization of state quarantine policies during the XVIII century. The establishment of quarantine at customs houses marked the beginning of a new phase in the implementation of state quarantine policies that have received systemic nature. For the first time in Russian history, there were worked out unified approaches to organizing primary health care. The expansion of trade relations of Russia with foreign countries has caused the need to gather information on the presence of epidemics abroad. With this goal, our diplomats, and the Russian merchants arriving from abroad were obliged to inform the border service of the spread of infectious diseases. The article proves both the level of the development of sanitary and quarantine cases in the XVIII century are not inferior to European. This was due, in particular, the fact that the service in the Russian Empire invited the best physicians from different European countries. Also by the end of the century, Russia has accumulated a unique experience in the sphere of health protection, hygiene, and quarantine. Special attention has been paid to the rules of trade in foodstuffs in the settlements. In the army and navy, there were legally established measures to comply with sanitary-hygienic and preventive requirements. A significant role in health education of the population in the Russian Empire played the Russian Orthodox Church

scholarly journals The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and Its Policy Towards the Terek and Dagestan (the Second Half of 1919 – the beginning of 1920)

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 1140-1173
Author(s):  
Arsen M. Kambiev
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The Political ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Complex Issue ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
The North ◽  
The Russian Empire

The article examines the little-studied and complex issue of relations between the new Caucasian state entities during the collapse of the Russian Empire and the following Civil War. The Revolution of 1917 led to the appearance on the political map of the Caucasus and Transcaucasia of a number of new state entities that fought for the recognition of their sovereignty. However, the political and military chaos in the region hindered both the internal process of consolidation of the self-proclaimed states, the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and the Mountainous Republic of the North Caucasus in particular, and their entry into the international community. The civil war in Russia and the confrontation between the Red and the White forces instigated even more contradictions. Transcaucasian countries, primarily Azerbaijan and Georgia, support both the insurrectionary movement in the Terek-Dagestan region and the leaders of the overthrown Mountainous Republic who stayed in their territory. However, any attempts to create stable allied military, political and economic relations, undertaken by the leaders of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and the Mountainous Republic, were not successful.

scholarly journals Causes and Results of Subjection of Central Asian Khanates to the Russian Empire (1860—1890s)

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-35
Author(s):  
I. I. Aminov
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Legal Development ◽  
Political Independence ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Armed Intervention

The Russian Federation being currently a regional leader in strengthening Eurasian integration, it is necessary to remove contradictions concerning the interpretation of the history of Central Asia’s accedence 1 to the Russian Empire. Thus, it is indisputable that it was the Russian Empire that played a key role in the transition of the peoples of the Central Asian region, on the territory of which there were three major states — Bukhara Emirate, Kokand and Khiva Khanates, to a new level of civilizational, state and legal development.The paper not only touches upon the reasons, nature of the accession of the Central Asian states to the Russian Empire, but it also carries out a comprehensive analysis of the internal- and foreign-policy situation during the historical period under consideration. The totality of the circumstances makes it possible to answer the following questions: whether the Russian Empire under those conditions had an alternative to armed intervention; whether that intervention was carried out in accordance with the national interests of the peoples of Russia and Central Asia; what changes in the form of governance took place in Central Asian States after they lost political independence.

The Caucasian War and Population Transfers in the Southern Outskirts of the Russian Empire

Istoriya ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (10 (108)) ◽  
pp. 0
Author(s):  
Amiran Urushadze
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Indigenous Population ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Historical Evidence ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire

The article examines the history of transfers (displacements) of the population during the years of the Caucasian War. Transfers are analyzed in the context of the Russian Empire's policy of establishing military and political control in the region. The article is based on the materials of several federal and regional archives, as well as published historical evidence and research literature. The author concludes that the history of colonization of the North Caucasus, which is widely represented in historiography, needs revision. The history of Russian colonization is a narrative about the adaptation of the Cossacks and peasants to the new conditions of life and interaction with the local population. However, new settlers came to the territories previously occupied by the indigenous population forced to leave them. In this respect, it is the history of transfers that allows us to understand the motives of the imperial administration, the mechanisms of organization of relocations, and the resettlement reflection of the population. Another conclusion of the article is that during the course of the Caucasian War, population transfers became one of the standard mechanisms of the Russian administration, and the large-scale eviction of the Adygs in 1862—1864 was a continuation of this policy.

Urban History in Scandinavia: A survey of recent trends

Urban History ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 46-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingrid Hammarström
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Urban History ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Local History ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Before And After ◽  
History Of ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
The Russian Empire

Urban history in Scandinavian countries has long been practised mainly in the form of individual town histories, a large number of which have been written by local amateurs. Among professional historians, however, local history (including the history of towns, parishes and regions) has been of interest since the late-nineteenth century, and has been especially popular in Norway and Finland. This may have to do with the fact that these two countries did not become independent until 1905 and 1917 respectively. The Swedish-Norwegian union of 1814–1905 had been preceded by Norway's incorporation into the Danish kingdom from 1536 on, and Finland's inclusion in the Russian empire as a semi-autonomous grand duchy between 1809 and 1917 had been preceded by her incorporation into the Swedish kingdom since the Middle Ages. These facts must be kept in mind in order to realize why historical research in Scandinavia has so many topics and features in common. They also explain some of the differences, such as why historians in Norway and Finland to a greater extent than in Sweden and Denmark should have turned to local history both before and after having achieved independence, in order to strengthen the conciousness of national identity in the two countries. Although there was much interest in rural local history, town history also got its share. There are very few towns – if any – in Norway and Finland that have not had their histories written; in Denmark and Sweden urban and local history also became increasingly popular in the 1920s and 1930s.

The National Question as Covered in “Lithuanian Diocesan Bulletin” in 1860 – 1890 Years*

2020 ◽  
Vol 102 ◽  
pp. 206-219
Author(s):  
Alexander E. Kotov
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
Early Years ◽  
North West ◽  
Public Issues ◽  
Nationalist Discourse ◽  
The North ◽  
National Question ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
North West Territories

In 1893 polemics unfolded on the pages of “Russkoe Obozrenie” (“Russian Review”) conservative journal related to the problem of russification of the North-West territories of the Russian Empire. Committed to clerical traditionalism, Father Joseph (Fudel) condemned the politics of administrative russification of the region, comparing the priests of “militant” type to Father John of Kronstadt. Meanwhile, when one refers to the history of “russification” of the Western territory of in the 1860s, it becomes obvious that the process didn’t have exclusively the bureaucratic nature. The “Vilno Consensus” was part of the post-reform social upsurge, and the clergy could not stay away from it. The complexity of church-public issues in the region was reflected on the pages of regional periodicals, including church ones. Founded in Vilno in 1863, the “Litovskie Eparchialniye Vedomosti” bulletin in the early years strictly adhered to the “system” of M.N. Muraviev and fully complied with the nationalist discourse of the time. Still later they published materials condemning the “extremes” of Vilno “russification group”. In the early 1880s the national pathos of the bulletin intensified - and acquired bureaucratic nuances.

scholarly journals “A JOURNEY TO ARMENIA, TURKEY AND CILICIA” BY THE BISHOP VARDAN ODZNETSI AS AN IMPORTANT SOURCE ON THE HISTORY OF THE CAUCASUS OF THE XVIII–XIX CENTURIES

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-84
Author(s):  
Shakhban M. Khapizov ◽  
Hayk E. Hakobyan
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
South Caucasus ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of ◽  
Military Campaigns ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Military

The paper analyses the content of some of the parts of the work of the Armenian author of the 19th century bishop Vardan Odznetsi, kept in Matenadaran – the Institute of Ancient Manuscripts of Armenia. The full text of the work has not yet been published. The text is unique, as it is one of the last sources, written in the style of the Armenian historical literature of the Middle Ages. In his work, Vardan Odznetsi tells in detail about the court of the Georgian king Heraclius II (1720–1798). It also provides information about the Talysh Khan Mustafa and the Avar Nutsal Ummah Khan, known in historiography under the distorted name of Omar Khan. Thus, the chronicle of Odznetsi covers the history of not only Transcaucasia, but also the North Caucasus. In addition, the author describes in sufficient detail the events of the Crimean War (1853–1856). The information, provided by Vardan Odznetsi, is quite important in the context of studies devoted to the anti-Ottoman and anti-Iranian wars of the peoples of the Caucasus. In his work, a special attention is drawn to the scrupulous description of the invasion of Tbilisi in the summer of 1795 by the Iranian shah Aga-Muhammad Khan Kajar. With deep regret he tells about the destruction of the city, believing that this is the fault of the Georgian king, who showed political shortsightedness. In the 1790s Avar nutsal Ummah Khan (1761-1801) started to play an important role in the military-political events taking place in the South Caucasus, which is also mentioned in the work under review. He describes the relations of Umma Khan and his son-in-law Ibrahim-khan of Karabakh, their joint military campaigns on adjacent lands. At the same time, the work under study is an important source describing the transition of the kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti, and subsequently the entire Caucasus, under the protection of the Russian Empire. A study of this manuscript will serve as a more detailed source-study of the history of the Caucasus of the 18th – 19th centuries.

scholarly journals THE FORMATION OF THE RUSSIAN BORDER IN THE UPPER OB-IRTYSH AREA IN APPRAISALS OF SCIENTISTS AND TRAVELERS OF THE XVIII CENTURY

2017 ◽  
pp. 12-18
Author(s):  
D. S. Bobrov
Keyword(s):  
Direct Consequence ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
Qing Empire ◽  
Xviii Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire

The article represents the experience of distinguishing and reconstruction of the views of scientists and travelers of the XVIII century on the formation of the Russian border in the Upper Ob-Irtysh area. The emergence of the historical and geographical images is considered as a direct consequence of the lack of delimited and demarcated border between the Russian Empire and the Dzungar Khanate, and then the Qing Empire. The source basis of the publication is composed by writings of significant for the history of region scientific figures: G. F. Miller, G. V. Gennin, I. P. Falk, P. S. Pallas. The study was methodologically grounded by the "close up" method. Research statements are analyzed in detail in the context of the scientists’ targets, attracted sources and circumstances of the implementation of the expeditions. The author identifies the ideologies with predominance of archetypal ideas, pays special attention to P. S. Pallas’s concept of "natural border" and his observations on the mode of functioning of the state borders, finally coming to the conclusion about fragmentariness, eclecticism and multivariatness of historical and geographical images of the Russian border.

scholarly journals The History of the North-Eastern Outskirts of Russia during the Empire Era in the Latest Historical Studies

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 106-110
Author(s):  
L. M. Dameshek ◽  
◽  
I. L. Dameshek ◽  
K. A. Sosnerzh ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
New Approaches ◽  
The North ◽  
Russian State ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire

In connection with the approaching 300th anniversary of the formation of the Russian Empire, the analysis of the latest monographic studies on the outskirts policy of the Russian state in the 18th – early 20 century is carried out. The fact of the introduction of previously unknown historical sources into scientific circulation, the emergence of new approaches to the study of the problem is noted. At the same time, it is noted that the topic of the outskirts policy of the empire is far from being exhausted and remains in demand by researchers.

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