Decision Theory

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lara Buchak
Keyword(s):  
Decision Theory ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Mental States ◽  
The Other ◽  
Current Interest ◽  
The Relationship

Philosophy’s current interest in decision theory represents aconvergence of two very different lines of thought, one concerned with the question of how one ought to act, and the other concerned with the question of what action consists in and what it reveals about the actor’s mental states. As a result, the theory has come to have two different uses in philosophy, which we might call the normative use and the interpretive use. It also has a related use that is largely within the domain of psychology, the descriptive use. This essay examines the mathematical core of decision theory and its interpretation; the historical development of decision theory and its uses; the relationship between the norm of decision theory and the notion of rationality; and the interdependence of the uses of decision theory.

Observations on the Morbid Anatomy of Mental Disease

1910 ◽  
Vol 56 (233) ◽  
pp. 227-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
George A. Watson
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disease ◽  
Close Correlation ◽  
Mental States ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cerebral Hemispheres ◽  
Structural Defects ◽  
Morbid Anatomy ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship

The following observations are founded upon the records of 301 autopsies performed by myself at Rainhill Asylum. They are concerned principally with certain abnormal and morbid manifestations which occur within the crania of the insane. Of these the chief are, on the one hand, indications of subevolution, as shown by macroscopic structural defects of the cerebral hemispheres, such as deficiency of weight or of convolutional complexity, and on the other, evidence of dissolution as exhibited by wasting of the cerebral hemispheres. The relationship existing between these abnormal and morbid manifestations and certain other intracranial appearances is also discussed. No attempt, however, has been made—for reasons which will afterwards be given—at any close correlation between these abnormal and morbid manifestations and the mental states recorded during life. The observations, therefore, are of a pathological rather than a clinical nature.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Mind-Body Dualism and Personal Values

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 126
Author(s):  
Gunne Grankvist ◽  
Petri Kajonius ◽  
Bjorn Persson
Keyword(s):  
Personal Values ◽  
Mental States ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Beliefs And Values ◽  
Mind And Body ◽  
The Mind ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship

<p>Dualists view the mind and the body as two fundamental different “things”, equally real and independent of each other. Cartesian thought, or substance dualism, maintains that the mind and body are two different substances, the non-physical and the physical, and a causal relationship is assumed to exist between them. Physicalism, on the other hand, is the idea that everything that exists is either physical or totally dependent of and determined by physical items. Hence, all mental states are fundamentally physical states. In the current study we investigated to what degree Swedish university students’ beliefs in mind-body dualism is explained by the importance they attach to personal values. A self-report inventory was used to measure their beliefs and values. Students who held stronger dualistic beliefs attach less importance to the power value (i.e., the effort to achieve social status, prestige, and control or dominance over people and resources). This finding shows that the strength in laypeople’s beliefs in dualism is partially explained by the importance they attach to personal values.</p>

The Other T. H. Marshall

1995 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Rees
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
The Political ◽  
Social Rights ◽  
Current Interest ◽  
Capitalist Class ◽  
Class System ◽  
The Right ◽  
Right To Welfare ◽  
National Membership ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACTThis article argues that the writings of T. H. Marshall contain not one, but two, theories of citizenship, and there is a problem about whether they are compatible with one another. The second, less familiar, theory is mainly developed in Marshall's later works, especially The Right to Welfare, but many of its essential features can be found in Citizenship and Social Class, although not in the sections of that work which are most frequently quoted. Several areas where Marshall's shifting views contributed to this second version of citizenship are discussed: citizenship as national membership and as a body of obligations, the reality of social rights, discretion versus enforceable entitlements, citizenship as a bearer of its own inequalities, the relationship with the capitalist class system. Increasingly, Marshall came to restrict citizenship to the political sphere, thereby endorsing a conventional liberal view: but then he was, it is argued, in many respects a pretty conventional liberal. The article concludes by noting the paradox that much of the current interest in Marshall's thought is because a ‘strong’ view of citizenship is attributed to him which he may never have held, and which he certainly relinquished towards the end of his writing career.

scholarly journals The ʿUbāda B. al-Ṣāmit Tradition at the Crossroads of Methodology

1970 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 137-235
Author(s):  
Pavel Pavlovitch
Keyword(s):  
Transmission Line ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
The Other ◽  
Literary Analysis ◽  
Considerable Part ◽  
Islamic History ◽  
Historical Material ◽  
The Past ◽  
Degree Of Acceptance ◽  
The Relationship

During the past few decades Western studies of the origin of Islam have made considerable advances in assessing sources which have long been considered a repository of exegetic, legal and historical material about the first centuries of Islam. Growing scepticism towards the Islamic foundation narratives and the traditional accounts of Islamic history undermined the notion that, unlike other religions, Islam “was born in the full light of history” and “its roots are on the surface” (A. Renan). The study of the first centuries of Islam has thus become the focus of clashing methodologies, often yielding conflicting accounts on how, when and where Islam emerged. While studying Muslim traditions (ḥadīths), Western Islamicists expressed varying opinions about reliability of lines of narrative transmission (isnāds), which, according to the traditional Muslim view, control the authenticity of the information included in the substantive part of the tradition (matn). One pole of the spectrum is represented by scholars who reject the link between the isnād and the matn. For them, the isnād is a fictitious authentication device that does not give any information about the historical development of the narrative. These scholars prefer to study the relationship between topically affiliated narratives, whence they derive information about the chronological development of the concepts conveyed by these narratives (literary analysis). The other part of the spectrum varies in the degree of acceptance of the isnāds. Nevertheless, these scholars generally agree that, provided certain methodological stipulations are met, a considerable part of the transmission line is authentic and correctly represents the ways through which the traditions were transmitted. With certain qualifications, the method of scholars who accept the isnād may be described as isnād-cum-matn analysis. In this article, I study the famous ʿUbāda tradition dealing with the punishment for adultery and fornication (zinā). First, I follow the historical development of the tradition by means of literary analysis. Then I apply to the same tradition the principles of isnād-cum-matn analysis. Although different in their treatment of the ḥadīth material, the two approaches are shown as capable of yielding results that are not mutually exclusive.

scholarly journals Relational Processes in Ayahuasca Groups of Palestinians and Israelis

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leor Roseman ◽  
Yiftach Ron ◽  
Antwan Saca ◽  
Natalie Ginsberg ◽  
Lisa Luan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental States ◽  
Social Identities ◽  
The Other ◽  
Relational Processes ◽  
Protracted Conflict ◽  
Political Reality ◽  
Shared Humanity ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Depth Interviews

Psychedelics are used in many group contexts. However, most phenomenological research on psychedelics is focused on personal experiences. This paper presents a phenomenological investigation centered on intersubjective and intercultural relational processes, exploring how an intercultural context affects both the group and individual process. Through 31 in-depth interviews, ceremonies in which Palestinians and Israelis drink ayahuasca together have been investigated. The overarching question guiding this inquiry was how psychedelics might contribute to processes of peacebuilding, and in particular how an intercultural context, embedded in a protracted conflict, would affect the group’s psychedelic process in a relational sense. Analysis of the interviews was based on grounded theory. Three relational themes about multilocal participatory events which occurred during ayahuasca rituals have emerged from the interviews: 1) Unity-Based Connection – collective events in which a feeling of unity and ‘oneness’ is experienced, whereby participants related to each other based upon a sense of shared humanity, and other social identities seemed to dissolve (such as national and religious identities). 2) Recognition and Difference-Based Connection – events where a strong connection was made to the other culture. These events occurred through the expression of the other culture or religion through music or prayers, which resulted in feelings of awe and reverence 3) Conflict-related revelations – events where participants revisited personal or historical traumatic elements related to the conflict, usually through visions. These events were triggered by the presence of ‘the Other,’ and there was a political undertone in those personal visions. This inquiry has revealed that psychedelic ceremonies have the potential to contribute to peacebuilding. This can happen not just by ‘dissolution of identities,’ but also by providing a space in which shared spiritual experiences can emerge from intercultural and interfaith exchanges. Furthermore, in many cases, personal revelations were related to the larger political reality and the history of the conflict. Such processes can elucidate the relationship between personal psychological mental states and the larger sociopolitical context.

THE INTERRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ORAL LITERATURE AND MUSEUM STUDIES

Imbizo ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-14
Author(s):  
Enongene Mirabeau Sone
Keyword(s):  
Historical Development ◽  
Academic Discipline ◽  
Museum Studies ◽  
The Other ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Dynamic Aspect ◽  
Oral Literature ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Relationship

Oral literature and museums are intimately related to each other. While the former is an academic discipline, the latter is an institution. This article examines the historical background of the study of oral literature and the historical development of the museum so that the relationship between the two can be easily appreciated. The article argues that oral literature, as a form of folklore, can help to create good museums and that the museum, on the other hand, can contribute to the study of oral literature. This interrelationship, once appreciated by both oral literature scholars (folklorists) and museologists (museum scholars), will be of tremendous benefit to the study of oral literature as an academic discipline and to the development of more thematic museums, especially in Africa where oral literature is a dynamic aspect of societal life.

scholarly journals A Formação do Arquiteto e a Universidade

2019 ◽  
Vol 78 (188-89-90) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaime Almeida
Keyword(s):  
Historical Development ◽  
Teaching Method ◽  
The Other ◽  
University Teaching ◽  
Existing Problems ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Teaching Design ◽  
The One ◽  
The University ◽  
The Relationship

Analisa as relações entre a formação do arquiteto e a universidade sob o ponto de vista do ensino de arquitetura. O artigo argumenta em favor da inserção desse ensino no contexto universitário (disciplinas universitárias afins). A escola, ou Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo da Universidade de Brasília (FAU/ UnB) é o principal objeto de análise. O artigo aponta, como um sério obstáculo ao intercâmbio acadêmico, a forma como o ensino de projeto é ministrado. A análise compara duas concepções existentes sobre esse ensino, uma denominada disciplinar e outra universitária. O método de ensino de projeto correspondente à disciplinar é denominado de programa-projeto ou análise-síntese, e o segundo, de projeto conceituai. Para o primeiro, a universidade é um ambiente neutro; para o segundo, uma necessidade. O artigo argumenta em favor da inserção da arquitetura na universidade. Dois aspectos interdependentes são enfatizados: a formação intelectual e investigativa (pesquisa) dos estudantes. Abstract This paper deals with the relationship between the architectural and the university teaching. The description of design teaching of architecture of the University of Brasilia including a summary on its historical development is taken as the main example. This paper argues for straightening the relations between the school of architecture with the university teaching. On the other hand, this paper points out some existing problems that may difficult such an academic interrelationship. For example, the way as the design is teaching (drawing class) and the school is organized are the hey aspects analysed. The analysis compares the disciplinary teaching of architecture to comprehensive teaching of the university. The process of teaching design, called conceptual design, stresses two important aims. On the one hand, this teaching method opposes to the usual teaching, known as analysis-synthesis, by improving the academic background of architectural students. On the other hand, the method improves the insertion of the architectural school in the university. Résumé Les rapports entre la formation de l'architecte et l'Université. La prise de position en faveur de l'insertion de cet enseignement dans le contexte universitaire (disciplines universitaires associées). La Faculté d'Architecture et Urbanisme de l'Université de Brasilia est I 'object de l'analyse. L'enseignement actuel du project comme un obstacle sérieux à l'échange académique. Deux conceptions de cet enseignement restreint sont nommées programme-plan ou analyse-sinthèse, et l'autre, conceptuelle. Pour la première méthode, l'insertion dans le contexte universitaire est indifférente, tandis que pour la deuxième méthode, elle est indispensable. Deux aspects liés sont mis en relief: la formation intellectuelle des étudiants et la recherche. Resumen Este artículo estudia las relaciones entre la formación del arquitecto y la universidad desde el punto de vista de la enseñanza de la arquitectura. Introducimos argumentos favorables a la inclusión de esta enseñanza en el ámbito universitário (en especial con las matérias disciplinares comunes). La Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo de la Universidad de Brasilia es nuestro punto focal. Nuestro escrito señala que la forma como la matéria de proyecto es enseñada es el principal obstáculo para que se realize verdadero intercámbio académico. Comparamos dos concepciones sobre la forma de enseñar: una, que denominamos disciplinar y otra universitária. Cuando corresponde a la primera forma el método se llama programa-proyecto o análisis-síntesis. Ya cuando corresponde al segundo se llama proyecto conceptual. Para el primero, la universidad es un ambiente neutro y para el segundo es una necessidad. Argumentamos en favor de la inclusión de la arquitectura en la universidad. Destacanse dos aspectos: la formacción intelectual y la investigación por parte de los alumnos.

scholarly journals “Other psychotherapies”: Healing interactions across time, geography, and culture

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 727-740
Author(s):  
Ross G. White ◽  
Cheryl McGeachan ◽  
Gavin Miller ◽  
Sophia Xenophontos
Keyword(s):  
Historical Development ◽  
Mental States ◽  
The Other ◽  
Transcultural Psychiatry ◽  
Time Geography ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Emotional Wellbeing ◽  
Greco Roman ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Western Psychotherapy

This article introduces the special issue of Transcultural Psychiatry entitled “Other Psychotherapies”: Healing Interactions across Time, Geographies, and Cultures. This special issue is intended to highlight that, rather than being exclusively a modern phenomenon, variants of psychotherapeutic practice have existed for millennia in diverse sociocultural contexts. This article explores the historical development of Western psychotherapy and points to the important contribution that Greco-Roman scholars from antiquity made to contemporary understandings of mental states and emotional wellbeing. The ways in which healing interactions have been localized to reflect the local cultural and geographic contexts are also highlighted through a discussion of recent work in psychotherapeutic geographies. This allows us to identify commonalities and differences between various forms of psychotherapy. We also consider how particular subcultures may influence the future development of psychotherapy. This article serves to foreshadow the themes that are explored in more detail in the collection of articles that make up the “Other Psychotherapies” special issue. The various articles that contribute to the special issue are introduced, and the key issues explored by these articles briefly highlighted. The intention of the special issue is to facilitate an opportunity to appreciate the ways in which psychotherapies are a product of the epoch, setting, and institutions that shape people’s lives.

Moral Responsibility and Consciousness

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 200-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matt King ◽  
Peter Carruthers
Keyword(s):  
Moral Responsibility ◽  
Cognitive Science ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Natural World ◽  
The Other ◽  
General Question ◽  
Real Possibility ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Relationship

Our goal in this paper is to raise a general question about the relationship between theories of responsibility, on the one hand, and a commitment to conscious attitudes, on the other. The evidence from cognitive science suggests that there are no conscious mental states playing the right causal roles to count as decisions, judgments, or evaluations. We propose that all theorists should determine whether their theories (or the examples that motivate them) could survive the discovery that there are no conscious states of these kinds. Since we take it that theories of moral responsibility should, in general, operate with the weakest possible empirical assumptions about the natural world, such theories should be framed in such a way as to be free of any commitment to the existence of conscious attitudes, given the very real possibility that there might turn out not to be any.

A meta-theoretical approach to the history and theory of semiotics

Semiotica ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 (213) ◽  
pp. 1-42
Author(s):  
Alexandros Ph. Lagopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Approach ◽  
Present Status ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Strong Influence ◽  
Future Orientation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Peircean Semiotics

AbstractThe object of this paper is the domain of semiotic theories, from “traditional” semiotics to poststructuralism and postmodernism, excluding “semiotizing” approaches such as phenomenology or cultural studies. Thus, it is metatheoretical. It is based on two matrices. The first maps semiotic theories on the basis of the continuity or discontinuity between them. The second displays the logical categories of the relationship between semiotics and Marxism, which has historically been an important influence on the field. The paper presents the views of the main authors of the domain in terms of these two matrices. Some of the conclusions are: (a) the irreconcilability between Saussurean and Peircean semiotics; (b) the greater historical development of the former in comparison to the latter; (c) the different orientation between Central and Eastern European semiotics on the one hand and French semiotics on the other; (d) the strong influence of Saussure and Levi-Straussian structuralism on poststructuralism; (e) the increase of the influence of Marxism from structuralism to poststructuralism; and (f) the transformation from poststructuralism to North American postmodernism.The paper closes with some thoughts about the present status of the main semiotic currents and a proposal for a fertile future orientation for semiotics.

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