Estimation across Data Sets: Two-Stage Auxiliary Instrumental Variables Estimation (2SAIV)

1989 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 1-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles H. Franklin
Keyword(s):  
Instrumental Variables ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Important Research ◽  
Sample Design ◽  
The Past ◽  
Instrumental Variables Estimation ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Single Data ◽  
The Relationship

Theories demand much of data, often more than a single data collection can provide. For example, many important research questions are set in the past and must rely on data collected at that time and for other purposes. As a result, we often find that the data lack crucial variables. Another common problem arises when we wish to estimate the relationship between variables that are measured in different data sets. A variation of this occurs with a split half sample design in which one or more important variables appear on the “wrong” half. Finally, we may need panel data but have only cross sections available. In each of these cases our ability to estimate the theoretically determined equation is limited by the data that are available.

Sicker and Poorer—The Consequences of Being Uninsured: A Review of the Research on the Relationship between Health Insurance, Medical Care Use, Health, Work, and Income

2003 ◽  
Vol 60 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. 3S-75S ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Hadley
Keyword(s):  
Health Insurance ◽  
Medical Care ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Work Effort ◽  
Services Research ◽  
The Past ◽  
Medical Care Use ◽  
Process Studies ◽  
Annual Earnings ◽  
The Relationship

Health services research conducted over the past 25 years makes a compelling case that having health insurance or using more medical care would improve the health of the uninsured. The literature's broad range of conditions, populations, and methods makes it difficult to derive a precise quantitative estimate of the effect of having health insurance on the uninsured's health. Some mortality studies imply that a 4% to 5% reduction in the uninsured's mortality is a lower bound; other studies suggest that the reductions could be as high as 20% to 25%. Although all of the studies reviewed suffer from methodological flaws of varying degrees, there is substantial qualitative consistency across studies of different medical conditions conducted at different times and using different data sets and statistical methods. Corroborating process studies find that the uninsured receive fewer preventive and diagnostic services, tend to be more severely ill when diagnosed, and receive less therapeutic care. Other literature suggests that improving health status from fair or poor to very good or excellent would increase both work effort and annual earnings by approximately 15% to 20%.

scholarly journals GIVE Statistic for Goodness of Fit in Instrumental Variables Models with Application to COVID Data

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subhra Sankar Dhar ◽  
Shalabh
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Instrumental Variables ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Latent Tuberculosis Infection ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Latent Tuberculosis ◽  
Simulation Studies ◽  
Instrumental Variables Estimation ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Choice Of Instruments

AbstractSince COVID-19 outbreak, scientists have been interested to know whether there is any impact of the Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine against COVID-19 mortality or not. It becomes more relevant as a large population in the world may have latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI), for which a person may not have active tuberculosis but persistent immune responses stimulated by Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens, and that means, both LTBI and BCG generate immunity against COVID-19. In order to understand the relationship between LTBI and COVID-19 mortality, this article proposes a measure of goodness of fit, viz., Goodness of Instrumental Variable Estimates (GIVE) statistic, of a model obtained by Instrumental Variables estimation. The GIVE helps in finding the appropriate choice of instruments, which provides a better fitted model. In the course of study, the large sample properties of the GIVE statistic are investigated. As indicated before, the COVID-19 data is analysed using the GIVE statistic, and moreover, simulation studies are also conducted to show the usefulness of the GIVE statistic.

scholarly journals Clash of cultures? Archaeology and genetics

2006 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 39-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Pluciennik
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Data ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
The Past ◽  
Transition To Agriculture ◽  
Clash Of Cultures ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

This paper examines the ways in which genetic data have been used to interpret the transition to agriculture in Europe over the past two decades, and the relationship of these interpretations to more strictly archaeological explanations. It is suggested that, until recently, those working within the two disciplines have been using not only different data sets and methodologies, but also working within different disciplinary traditions which have inhibited communication and collaboration, and the production of a genuinely integrated field of ‘archaeogenetics’.

scholarly journals Complements vs. adjuncts and mouse-controlled reading

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armine Garibyan
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Sentence Processing ◽  
The Other ◽  
Theoretical Level ◽  
Psycholinguistic Research ◽  
The Past ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
The One ◽  
Fundamental Categories ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between sentence processing and cognitive demand has received a lot of attention in the past decades. In valency theory, some elements of the sentence are determined by the verbs either in terms of their form or by their presence (Herbst & Schüller 2008). It has to be said that little attention has been paid to the processing of such fundamental categories in the theory of syntax. On the one hand, this is remarkable since given the amount of research, we still do not know whether this distinction is psychologically real, or whether it only serves a lexicographic and pedagogical purpose. On the other hand, there is a consensus among linguists about the problematic character of the distinction itself even on a more theoretical level (Dowty 2000; Herbst & Schüller 2008). Therefore, this study attempts to explore whether complements and adjuncts are associated with different kinds of processing. To answer the research questions, an experiment consisting in a mouse-controlled reading task has been designed. To the best of our knowledge, this is a new method in psycholinguistic research. The paper presents the results of a pilot study.

scholarly journals GIVE Statistic for Goodness of Fit in Instrumental Variables Models with Application to COVID Data

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subhra Sankar Dhar ◽  
Shalabh Shalabh
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Instrumental Variables ◽  
Instrumental Variable ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Latent Tuberculosis ◽  
Simulation Studies ◽  
Instrumental Variables Estimation ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Choice Of Instruments

Abstract Since COVID-19 outbreak, scientists have been interested to know whether there is any impact of the Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine against COVID-19 mortality or not. It becomes more relevant as a large population in the world may have latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI), for which a person may not have active tuberculosis but persistent immune responses stimulated by Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens, and that means, both LTBI and BCG generate immunity against COVID-19. In order to understand the relationship between LTBI and COVID-19 mortality, this article proposes a measure of goodness of fit, viz., Goodness of Instrumental Variable Estimates (GIVE) statistic, of a model obtained by Instrumental Variables estimation. The GIVE helps in finding the appropriate choice of instruments, which provides a better fitted model. In the course of study, the large sample properties of the GIVE statistic are investigated. As indicated before, the COVID-19 data is analysed using the GIVE statistic, and moreover, simulation studies are also conducted to show the usefulness of the GIVE statistic.

scholarly journals The Presidentialization of Political Executives

2020 ◽  
pp. 357-381
Author(s):  
Robert Elgie ◽  
Gianluca Passarelli
Keyword(s):  
Future Study ◽  
Research Agenda ◽  
Party Politics ◽  
Important Research ◽  
The Core ◽  
Executive Politics ◽  
The Future ◽  
Core Executive ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter aims to disentagle the ‘presidentialization’ and ‘prime ministerialization’ concepts and to clarify them. The first section begins by noting when the terms first came into common academic usage. It will also discuss the relationship between the concept of prime ministerialization and the more familiar concept of prime ministerial government as it has been used in the work on the core executive. The chapter will then focus on the most important research questions at stake in this area, noting the methods that are traditionally used to study this topic. The second section reviews the existing literature on presidentialization and prime ministerialization. The focus will be on the presidentialization of electoral or party politics only in so far as it affects the nature of executive politics. Finally, the chapter will try to set the research agenda for the future study of the presidentialization by focusing of what aspects have not been sufficiently or adequately investigated, or where there is still a lack of knowledge.

scholarly journals Agricultural Profits and Farm Household Wealth: A Farm-level Analysis Using Repeated Cross Sections

2009 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 207-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven C. Blank ◽  
Kenneth W. Erickson ◽  
Richard Nehring ◽  
Charles Hallahan
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Farm Household ◽  
Farm Level ◽  
The Past ◽  
Household Model ◽  
On Farm ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Level Analysis

This study examines the relationship between agricultural profits and farm household wealth across locations and farm sizes in U.S. agriculture. A multiperiod household model is used to develop hypotheses for testing. Results indicate that farmland has out-performed nonfarm investments over the past decade. Thus, households may want to keep their farmland to build wealth, even if it requires them to earn off-farm income. The analysis implies that decision will be made based on farm household wealth factors having little to do with agriculture.

11. Collecting Quantitative Data

2019 ◽  
pp. 183-208
Author(s):  
Tom Clark ◽  
Liam Foster ◽  
Alan Bryman
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Research Process ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Student Projects ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Different Levels

This chapter discusses the basics of collecting quantitative material. It outlines the nature of quantitative data in the context of the research process, before exploring the differences between primary and secondary data. In doing so, it highlights some of the benefits of using secondary data sets for the purposes of dissertation-based research. The chapter then examines the relationship between research questions, concepts, and variables, before exploring how quantitative data can be measured at different levels. Finally, it offers some useful tips and advice concerning one technique that is particularly common in student projects — the questionnaire — and demonstrates the different ways in which questionnaires can be developed and administered.

scholarly journals The Determinants of University Participation in Canada (1977–2003)

1969 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Louis N. Christofides ◽  
Michael Hoy ◽  
Ling Yang
Keyword(s):  
Young Women ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Family Characteristics ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Large Set ◽  
The Past ◽  
Education Levels ◽  
University Participation ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Economic Considerations

The decision to attend university is influenced by a large set of factors, ranging from economic considerations that affect affordability to family characteristics such as parental education levels. We examine the relationship between university participation and various economic and non-economic variables over the past twenty-five years in Canada. We quantify the importance of the various factors in the data sets available to us in order to understand trends in university participation and, in particular, to take account of the increasingly greater propensity of young women than men to attend university.  

scholarly journals Review on ranking and selection: A new perspective

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Jeff Hong ◽  
Weiwei Fan ◽  
Jun Luo
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Programming ◽  
Hypothesis Testing ◽  
Ranking And Selection ◽  
Important Research ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
The Past ◽  
Review Articles ◽  
Fixed Budget ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
New Perspective

AbstractIn this paper, we briefly review the development of ranking and selection (R&S) in the past 70 years, especially the theoretical achievements and practical applications in the past 20 years. Different from the frequentist and Bayesian classifications adopted by Kim and Nelson (2006b) and Chick (2006) in their review articles, we categorize existing R&S procedures into fixed-precision and fixed-budget procedures, as in Hunter and Nelson (2017). We show that these two categories of procedures essentially differ in the underlying methodological formulations, i.e., they are built on hypothesis testing and dynamic programming, respectively. In light of this variation, we review in detail some well-known procedures in the literature and show how they fit into these two formulations. In addition, we discuss the use of R&S procedures in solving various practical problems and propose what we think are the important research questions in the field.

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