C4 species utilize fluctuating light less efficiently than C3 species

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Ting Li ◽  
Jiao Luo ◽  
Peng Liu ◽  
Zi-Shan Zhang
Keyword(s):  
C4 Species ◽  
Fluctuating Light ◽  
C3 Species

Correlation between carbon isotope discrimination and transpiration efficiency in lines of the C4 species Sorghum bicolor in the glasshouse and the field

1998 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 111 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Henderson ◽  
S. von Caemmerer ◽  
G.D. Farquhar ◽  
L. Wade ◽  
G. Hammer
Keyword(s):  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Carbon Isotope ◽  
Carbon Isotope Discrimination ◽  
Negative Slope ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Transpiration Efficiency ◽  
Isotope Discrimination ◽  
C4 Species ◽  
C3 Species ◽  
The Mean

Transpiration efficiency, W, the ratio of plant carbon produced to water transpired and carbon isotope discrimination of leaf dry matter, Δd, were measured together on 30 lines of the C4 species, Sorghum bicolor, in the glasshouse and on eight lines grown in the field. In the glasshouse, the mean W observed was 4.9 mmol C mol-1 H2O and the range was 0.8 mmol C mol -1 H2O. The mean Δd was 3.0 and the observed range was 0.4‰. In the field, the mean W was lower at 2.8 mmol C mol-1 H2O and the mean Δd was 4.6‰. Significant positive correlations between W and Δd were observed for plants grown in the glasshouse and in the field. The observed correlations were consistent with theory, opposite to those for C3 species, and showed that variation in Δd was an integrated measure of long-term variation in the ratio of intercellular to ambient CO2 partial pressure, pi/pa. Detailed gas exchange measurements of carbon isotope discrimination during CO2 uptake, ΔA, and pi/pa were made on leaves of eight S. bicolorlines. The observed relationship between ΔA and pi/pa was linear with a negative slope of 3.7‰ in ΔA for a unit change in pi/pa. The slope of this linear relationship between ΔA and pi/pa in C4 species is dependent on the leakiness of the CO2 concentrating mechanism of the C4 pathway. We estimated the leakiness (defined as the fraction of CO2 released in the bundle sheath by C4 acid decarboxylations, which is lost by leakage) to be 0.2. We conclude that, although variation in Δd observed in the 30 lines of S. bicolor is smaller than that commonly observed in C3 species, it also reflects variation in transpiration efficiency, W. Among the eight lines examined in detail and in the environments used, there was considerable genotype × environment interaction.

Dependency of cI/ca and Leaf Transpiration Efficiency on the Vapour Pressure Deficit

1996 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hehui Zhang ◽  
PS Nobel
Keyword(s):  
Vapour Pressure ◽  
Sonoran Desert ◽  
Vapour Pressure Deficit ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Transpiration Efficiency ◽  
C4 Species ◽  
Leaf Transpiration ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
C3 Species

The leaf transpiration efficiency (A/E, where A is the assimilation rate and E the transpiration rate) is widely used to evaluate plant responses to the environment, yet little attention has been paid to its relationship with vapour pressure deficit (D), the driving force for E. The proposed model is based on the increasingly recognised linear relationship between the ratio of intercellular to ambient CO2 partial pressures (cI/ca) and D. Unlike previous models for A/E, the proposed model does not assume that the leaf and air temperatures are the same or that ci/ca is constant. A/E predicted by the model agreed with that measured for the C3 Encelia farinosa and the C4 Pleuraphis rigida, common species in the north-westem Sonoran Desert, based on gas exchange measured in the field and in environmental chambers. The dependency of cI/ca and A/E on D was additionally evaluated using published data for five other C3 species and two other C4 species. Generally, ci/ca was more sensitive to changes in D for the C4 species than the C3 species. The predictions for A/E by the model were also compared with predictions using a constant ci/ca, either a general cI/ca (0.7 for C3 and 0.3 for C4) or a species-dependent mean cI/ca. Overall, the proposed model performed best for both the C3 and C4 species; using the general cI/ca always resulted in an over-prediction of A/E.

The Effect of CO2 Enrichment and Irradiance on the Growth, Morphology and Gas Exchange of a C3 (Panicum laxum) and a C4 (Panicum antidotale) Grass

1997 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oula Ghannoum ◽  
Susanne von Caemmerer ◽  
Edward W. R. Barlow ◽  
Jann P. Conroy
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Co2 Enrichment ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
High Light ◽  
High Co2 ◽  
Low Co2 ◽  
C4 Species ◽  
C3 Species

The effect of CO2 enrichment and irradiance on the growth and gas exchange of two tropical grasses, Panicum laxum (C3) and Panicum antidotale (C4) were investigated. The two species were grown at either 350 (low) or 700 (high) µL L-1 CO2 concentration, under 40% (low) or 100% (high) of direct sunlight and supplied with ample water and nutrition. Elevated CO2 enhanced plant dry weight at both irradiances in the C3 species (1.41-fold and 1.71-fold increase at low and high light, respectively) but only at high light in the C4 species (1.28 fold increase). CO2 enrichment had no effect on the dry weight of P. antidotale, when stem development was suppressed by growth under artificial lighting. When measured at the CO2 concentration at which they were grown, assimilation rates were similar in the low and high CO2 grown plants, for both species. However, when measurements made at low CO2 were compared, CO2 assimilation rates of the high light, high CO2 grown C3 and C4 species were lower than those of their low CO2 grown counterparts. High CO2 strongly reduced the stomatal conductance of both species, while it affected the Rubisco content (30% decrease) of the high light C3 species only. This work shows clearly that C4 species can respond to CO2 enrichment under favourable growth conditions, and that acclimation to elevated CO2 in pasture grasses does not necessarily involve accumulation of non-structural carbohydrates or reduction of total N or soluble proteins in source leaves.

scholarly journals The C4 Atriplex halimus vs. the C3 Atriplex hortensis: Similarities and Differences in the Salinity Stress Response

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1967
Author(s):  
Roberta Calone ◽  
Antonio Cellini ◽  
Luigi Manfrini ◽  
Carla Lambertini ◽  
Paola Gioacchini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wall Structure ◽  
Atriplex Halimus ◽  
Salinity Response ◽  
C4 Species ◽  
Intrinsic Water Use Efficiency ◽  
C3 Species ◽  
Relative Water ◽  
Natural Remedies ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Set Up

Soil properties and the ability to sustain agricultural production are seriously impaired by salinity. The cultivation of halophytes is seen as a solution to cope with the problem. In this framework, a greenhouse pot experiment was set up to assess salinity response in the perennial C4 species Atriplex halimus, and in the following three cultivars of the annual C3 Atriplex hortensis: green, red, and scarlet. The four genotypes were grown for 35 days with water salinity (WS) ranging from 0 to 360 mM NaCl. Plant height and fresh weight (FW) increased at 360 vs. 0 WS. The stomatal conductance (GS) and transpiration rate (E) were more severely affected by salinity in the C4 A. halimus than in the C3 species A. hortensis. This was reflected in a lower leaf water potential indicating stronger osmotic adjustment, and a higher relative water content associated with more turgid leaves, in A. halimus than A. hortensis. In a PCA including all the studied traits, the GS and E negatively correlated to the FW, which, in turn, positively correlated with Na concentration and intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE), indicating that reduced gas exchange associated with Na accumulation contributed to sustain iWUE under salinity. Finally, FTIR spectroscopy showed a reduced amount of pectin, lignin, and cellulose under salinity, indicating a weakened cell wall structure. Overall, both species were remarkably adapted to salinity: From an agronomic perspective, the opposite strategies of longer vs. faster soil coverage, involved by the perennial A. halimus vs. the annual A. hortensis cv. scarlet, are viable natural remedies for revegetating marginal saline soils and increasing soil organic carbon.

An awn typology for Australian native grasses (Poaceae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annette M. Cavanagh ◽  
Robert C. Godfree ◽  
John W. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Potential Function ◽  
Morphological Variation ◽  
Classification System ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Native Grasses ◽  
Ecological Role ◽  
Native Grass ◽  
C4 Species ◽  
C3 Species

Australia has a large diversity of native grasses. The diaspores of many species possess awns that vary considerably in their number and shape. Some variations of awn shape have been found to be effective at diaspore dispersal. Although morphological descriptions of awns exist for most native grass species, the number of species that possess awns and the extent of awn variation is unknown. This makes it difficult to determine the evolutionary importance of awns and the potential function of the various morphologies. The aim of this study was to construct an awn typology based on morphological descriptions collated from published flora databases that will quantify the awn type diversity of all native grass species in Australia, and will inform awn type relationships and help to clarify the role of differing awn morphologies in diaspore dispersal. We found that 42.1% of 1000 Australian native grasses with a single awn type were determined to have a ‘significant’ awn. These could be classified into one of 20 awn types, the most common being (1) single, apical, geniculate (once-sharply bent) awns (93 species; 28 genera, especially Iseilema), (2) three, apically-attached, straight awns (59 species, mainly Aristida) and (3) single, apical, bigeniculate (twice-sharply bent) awns (46 species, mainly Austrostipa). Among Australian grasses, slightly (though significantly) more C3 species (49.2%) had awns than C4 species (39.9%), although the most common awn types in both contained sharply bent awns (bigeniculate and geniculate respectively). Our classification system will help to improve our understanding of the amount of awn morphological variation in Australian grasses and will enable further investigation into the important ecological role of awns in species fitness.

Photosynthetic Responses of Thirteen Pasture Species to Elevated CO2 and Temperature

1995 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 713 ◽  
Author(s):  
DH Greer ◽  
WA Laing ◽  
BD Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Short Term ◽  
C4 Species ◽  
C3 Species ◽  
Controlled Environments ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Photosynthetic Responses ◽  
Elevated Co2 And Temperature

Thirteen common pasture species, (eleven C3 and two C4), were grown in controlled environments at 12/7, 18/13 and 28/23�C and at 350 and 700 ppm CO2 to evaluate the effects of elevated CO2 on their photosynthetic responses. Photosynthesis was measured at the growth temperatures and at both 350 and 700 ppm CO2. In C3 species, short-term (within minutes) increases in CO2 had the greatest effect on photosynthesis, with an average of 50-60% higher rates in plants exposed to 700 ppm CO2 at each temperature. However, there was a continuum of response between the C3 species whereas C4 species were unaffected by short-term changes in CO2. There was also a long-term (4-8 weeks) response to high CO2, with an average of about 40-50% higher rates of photosynthesis, with some response by C4 species. Both short- and long-term responses were negatively correlated with the photosynthetic rate of each species at 350 ppm CO2 and all species were less efficient at converting photosynthate to dry matter at elevated CO2. These data show clearly that photosynthesis of these cool temperate pasture species can respond to elevated CO2, especially at low temperatures. This will have consequences for predicting the potential effects of climate change, accompanied by rising CO2, on pasture ecosystems.

Transpiration Ratio and Plant Mineral Content Are Related Among Genotypes of a Range of Species

1992 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 709 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Masle ◽  
GD Farquhar ◽  
SC Wong
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Content ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Concentration ◽  
Hordeum Spontaneum ◽  
Leaf Water Content ◽  
C4 Species ◽  
R Ratio ◽  
C3 Species ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between transpiration ratio (R, ratio of water transpired to carbon fixed) or cabon isotopic discrimination (Δ) and leaf dry-matter mineral content (m) was examined within several C3 species including monocot and dicotyledonous species (Triticum aestivum, Hordeum spontaneum, Helianthus annuus and Nicotiana tabacum) and the C4 species, Sorghum bicolor. In all species, whether grown in the glasshouse or in the field, m was positively correlated to R; consistently, m was positively correlated to Δ in the C3 species, and negatively in sorghum. These genetic correlations between transpiration ratio and mineral content contrast with the absence of such a relationship when variations of R were environmentally induced by changes of atmospheric humidity or carbon dioxide concentration. In those circumstances, and consistent with earlier reports, ash content or its major constituents were remarkably stable and insensitive to a doubling or more of R. The genetic relationships shown in the present study are to some extent brought about by variations in assimilation and transpiration rates per se (i.e. passive mineral uptake), but the data indicate that they involve other quantitatively more important mechanisms, some of which may be related to the control of leaf water content. With the exception of Hordeum spontaneum, potassium was the element contributing the most to the relationship between R, or Δ, and mineral content. Depending on the species other elements showed a significant correlation with R or Δ. Further experiments are needed to unravel the nature of the genetic association between R and m. Meanwhile plant mineral content may be a useful criterion in selection programs to improve transpiration efficiency since its correlation with R was not much lower than that of carbon isotope discrimination.

The Effect of CO2 Enrichment and Irradiance on the Growth, Morphology and Gas Exchange of a C3 (Panicum laxum) and a C4 (Panicum antidotale) Grass

1997 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oula Ghannoum ◽  
Susanne von Caemmerer ◽  
Edward W. R. Barlow ◽  
Jann P. Conroy
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Co2 Enrichment ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
High Light ◽  
High Co2 ◽  
Low Co2 ◽  
C4 Species ◽  
C3 Species

The effect of CO2 enrichment and irradiance on the growth and gas exchange of two tropical grasses, Panicum laxum (C3) and Panicum antidotale (C4) were investigated. The two species were grown at either 350 (low) or 700 (high) µL L-1 CO2 concentration, under 40% (low) or 100% (high) of direct sunlight and supplied with ample water and nutrition. Elevated CO2 enhanced plant dry weight at both irradiances in the C3 species (1.41-fold and 1.71-fold increase at low and high light, respectively) but only at high light in the C4 species (1.28 fold increase). CO2 enrichment had no effect on the dry weight of P. antidotale, when stem development was suppressed by growth under artificial lighting. When measured at the CO2 concentration at which they were grown, assimilation rates were similar in the low and high CO2 grown plants, for both species. However, when measurements made at low CO2 were compared, CO2 assimilation rates of the high light, high CO2 grown C3 and C4 species were lower than those of their low CO2 grown counterparts. High CO2 strongly reduced the stomatal conductance of both species, while it affected the Rubisco content (30% decrease) of the high light C3 species only. This work shows clearly that C4 species can respond to CO2 enrichment under favourable growth conditions, and that acclimation to elevated CO2 in pasture grasses does not necessarily involve accumulation of non-structural carbohydrates or reduction of total N or soluble proteins in source leaves.

Effect of Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibition on Photosynthesis by Leaf Pieces of C3 and C4 Plants

1995 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 45 ◽  
Author(s):  
MR Badger ◽  
H Pfanz
Keyword(s):  
Carbonic Anhydrase ◽  
Inorganic Carbon ◽  
C4 Plants ◽  
C3 And C4 Plants ◽  
Pep Carboxylase ◽  
Nicotiana Rustica ◽  
C4 Species ◽  
Spinacea Oleracea ◽  
C3 Species

The role of carbonic anhydrase (CA) in the photosynthesis of C3 and C4 plants was investigated by use of the effects of the CA inhibitor ethoxyzolamide on peeled and vacuum infiltrated leaf pieces. Two C4(Zea mays and Amaranthus edulis) and three C3 (Spinacea oleracea, Nicotiana rustica and Hordeum vulgare) species were studied. The results clearly showed that photosynthesis at limiting inorganic carbon was more severely inhibited in the C4 species compared with the C3 species. However, the degree of inhibition in the C4 species was less than might have been expected based on the rate limitation which the conversion of CO2 to HCO3- would impose on the provision of substrate to PEP carboxylase. The reasons for this lower than expected inhibition is discussed in terms of the lack of penetration of ethoxyzolamide, the diffusion of HCO3- through plasmodesmata and the possible existence of a plasma membrane CA activity.

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