Cultivo de Nicotiana tabacum variedad Habanna, en Poza Rica, Veracruz

El tabaco es una planta perteneciente al género Nicotiana, de las familias de las solanáceas, se caracteriza por sus hojas grandes, su gran tamaño, se caracteriza por tener alcaloides fuertes de nicotina en sus hojas. Se registran diversas variedades de nicotina, las dos más conocidas y trabajadas por los agricultores son Nicotiana tabacum con un sabor más agradable y fuerte y Nicotiana rustica, con sabores menos agradables. El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo analizar diferentes fertilizantes químicos usados con regularidad, para determinar cuál es el mejor en cuanto al rendimiento en las características más importantes en la producción de tabaco, numero de hojas, longitud y ancho. Los diferentes fertilizantes usados muestran que el uso de los fertilizantes ricos en nitrógeno no fue tan efectivo como algunos otros. El tabaco es una planta perteneciente al género Nicotiana, de las familias de las solanáceas, se caracteriza por sus hojas grandes, su gran tamaño, se caracteriza por tener alcaloides fuertes de nicotina en sus hojas. Se registran diversas variedades de nicotina, las dos más conocidas y trabajadas por los agricultores son Nicotiana tabacum con un sabor más agradable y fuerte y Nicotiana rustica, con sabores menos agradables. El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo analizar diferentes fertilizantes químicos usados con regularidad, para determinar cuál es el mejor en cuanto al rendimiento en las características más importantes en la producción de tabaco, numero de hojas, longitud y ancho. Los diferentes fertilizantes usados muestran que el uso de los fertilizantes ricos en nitrógeno no fue tan efectivo como algunos otros.

The early book herbaria of Leonhard Rauwolf (S. France and N. Italy, 1560–1563): new light on a plant collection from the ‘golden age of botany’

The sixteenth century was a golden age for botany, a time when numerous naturalists devoted themselves to the study and documentation of plant diversity. A very prominent figure among them was the German physician, botanist, and traveler Leonhard Rauwolf (1535?–1596), famous for his travel account and luxurious book herbarium containing plants from the Near East. Here, we focus on the less studied, early book herbaria of Rauwolf. These form a three-volume plant collection bound in leather and gold, which contains over 600 plants that Rauwolf collected between 1560 and 1563 in S. France and N. Italy when he was a student of medicine. We show the botanical value of Rauwolf’s early book herbaria, exemplified by two exotic American specimens, namely one of the oldest surviving specimens of tobacco (Nicotiana rustica), collected in Italy, and the oldest known French record of prickly pear (Opuntia ficus-indica). These well-preserved specimens indicate that Rauwolf was eager to collect exotic plants already in his early botanical steps. We further discuss Rauwolf’s professional botanical network during his student years and suggest that the famous Swiss botanist Johann Bauhin (1541–1613), friend and companion of Rauwolf during his field excursions and their medical studies in Montpellier, has played a significant role in the compilation of this precious historical plant collection. We also show that Leonhart Fuchs (and not Carolus Clusius) extensively annotated the three book herbaria. Finally, we reconstruct the story of making of the book herbaria, as evidenced through observations of paper watermarks and handwritten texts in the book volumes, and show that all four book herbaria of Rauwolf were probably bound between 1577 and 1582.

The early book herbaria of Leonhard Rauwolf (S. France and N. Italy, 1560–1563): new light on a plant collection from the ‘golden age of botany’

The 16th century was a golden age for botany, a time when numerous naturalists devoted themselves to the study and documentation of plant diversity. A prominent figure among them was the German physician, botanist, and traveler Leonhard Rauwolf (1535?–1596), famous for his luxurious book herbarium containing plants from the Near East. Here we focus on the less studied, early book herbaria of Rauwolf. These form a three-volume plant collection bound in leather and gold, which contains over 600 plants that Rauwolf collected between 1560 and 1563 in S. France and N. Italy when he was a student of medicine. We show the botanical value of Rauwolf’s early book herbaria, exemplified by two exotic American specimens, namely one of the oldest surviving specimens of tobacco (Nicotiana rustica), collected in Italy, and the oldest known French record of prickly pear (Opuntia ficus-indica). We discuss Rauwolf’s professional botanical network during his student years and suggest that the famous Swiss botanist Johann Bauhin (1541–1613), friend and companion of Rauwolf during his field excursions and their medical studies in Montpellier, has played a significant role in the compilation of this precious historical plant collection. We also reconstruct the story of the compilation of the book herbaria, as evidenced through observations of paper watermarks and written texts in the book volumes and show that all four book herbaria of Rauwolf were probably bound between 1577 and 1582.

Automatic Cigarette Object Concealment in Video using R-CNN

Cigarettes are packaged processed tobacco products, produced from the Nicotiana Tabacum, Nicotiana Rustica plants and other species or synthetics that contain nicotine with or without additives. Smoking is known to the public as one of the causes of death in the world that is quite large such as asthma, lung infections, oral cancer, throat cancer, lung cancer, heart attacks, strokes, dementia, erectile dysfunction (impotence), and so on. This research aims to build an application that can recognize cigarettes automatically and conceal pictures so that people especially minors are not affected by cigarettes. The application is built using the Region-based Convolutional Neural Network (R-CNN) method. The study uses images that have cigarette objects in them. The test is carried out to find out the application performance such as the level of application accuracy in recognizing cigarette objects. Based on the test results with a sample of 126 cigarette images, the application built is able to recognize cigarette objects by obtaining an accuracy value of 63%.

A chemical basis for different oviposition rates of Helicoverpa assulta across two Nicotiana species

The tobacco Nicotiana rustica is widely used as a trap crop in the fields of Nicotiana tabacum in China, by attracting oviposition of Helicoverpa assulta females, thus preventing damage to N. tabacum. The mechanism underlying the differential oviposition rates of H. assulta across these two tobacco species, however, is largely unknown. We investigated the mechanism of host plant acceptance of H. assulta with respect to these two tobaccos by using a two-choice behavioral bioassay and GC–MS. Our results indicate that both the leaves and inflorescences of N. rustica attracted significantly more eggs than the corresponding parts of N. tabacum. Extracts of leaves and inflorescences of N. rustica with two different solvents elicited similar oviposition patterns to the corresponding parts of the plants. Chemical analysis by GC–MS revealed that the volatiles of N. rustica contain larger amounts of nicotine than those of N. tabacum at the flowering stage. In addition, γ-terpinolene and β-elemene are found only in extracts of N. rustica. A two-choice bioassay on the individual compounds showed that γ-terpinolene, which is specific to the vegetative stage of N. rustica, and nicotine attracted oviposition by H. assulta. The volatile β-elemene, which is present only in N. rustica, was also attractive. We conclude that the larger amount of nicotine, and the species-specific γ-terpinolene and β-elemene may mediate the different oviposition rates of H. assulta females across N. rustica and N. tabacum.