Deforestation in the Amazon: A Unified Framework for Estimation and Policy Analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 86 (6) ◽  
pp. 2713-2744
Author(s):  
Eduardo Souza-Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Command And Control ◽  
Transportation Costs ◽  
Unified Framework ◽  
The Social ◽  
Global Concern ◽  
The Cost ◽  
And Control

Abstract Deforestation is a matter of pressing global concern, yet surprisingly little is known about the relative efficacy of various policies designed to combat it. This article sets out a framework for measuring the cost effectiveness of alternative policies—both command-and-control and incentive-based—in the Brazilian Amazon. First, I estimate the demand for deforestation on private properties, exploiting regional variation in transportation costs as a means to recover farmers’ responses to permanent policies. Here, rescaling transportation costs using local yields allows me to express changes in farmers’ valuations in dollars per hectare. I then use the estimated demand to infer farmers’ willingness to deforest under different counterfactual policies, such as payments to avoid deforestation and taxes on land use, along with the corresponding potential farmers’ lost surpluses. The results indicate that payment programmes and land use taxes on agricultural land can be highly effective in preserving the rainforest and also be substantially less expensive than command-and-control policies (approximately 8 times less costly). A carbon tax equal to the social cost of carbon could virtually eliminate all agricultural land in the Amazon, given the low agricultural returns there.

scholarly journals Dampak Alih Fungsi Lahan Sawah Terhadap Kondisi Sosial Ekonomi Masyarakat Kecamatan Baitussalam Kabupaten Aceh Besar

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 219-226
Author(s):  
Yasfir Ma'arif ◽  
Teuku Fauzi ◽  
Safrida Safrida
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Land Use Change ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Paddy Fields ◽  
Selling Price ◽  
Land Conversion ◽  
Family Needs ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Social ◽  
Positive Results

Abstrak  Pertumbuhan  penduduk dan dinamika pembangunan telah menggeser pemanfaatan lahan yang akhirnya menimbulkan kompleksitas permasalahan lahan yang semula berfungsi sebagai media bercocok tanam (pertanian), berangsur-angsur berubah menjadi multifungsi pemanfaatan. Berubahnya pemanfaatan lahan pertanian ke non pertanian dapat disebut juga sebagai alih fungsi lahan. Kabupaten Aceh Besar adalah salah satu kabupaten yang terus menghadapi permasalahan alih fungsi lahan, khususnya lahan sawah. Alih fungsi lahan ini mengakibatkan luas lahan sawah di Aceh Besar terus menurun. Lahan yang paling banyak mengalami alih fungsi lahan adalah jenis lahan sawah yang menjadi lahan non pertanian. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan terjadinya alih fungsi lahan sawah dan mengidentifikasi dampak sosial dan ekonomi yang dialami petani mantan pemilik lahan akibat alih fungsi lahan sawah menjadi lahan non pertanian. Berdasarkan hasil regresi secara parsial dari analisis regresi faktor harga jual, kebutuhan hidup dan kondisi lahan berpengaruh nyata terhadap konversi lahan sawah di  Kecamatan Baitussalam Kabupaten Aceh Besar. Bedasarkan hasil regresi secara serempak dari hasil regresi didapatkan bahwa harga jual, kebutuhan hidup dan kondisi lahan secara serempak mempengaruhi konversi lahan sawah di Kecamatan Baitussalam Kabupaten Aceh Besar. Berdasarkan isu dampak sosial sebagai akibat alih fungsi lahan di lihat dari keinginan kondisi lama, meningkatkan rasa kerjasama dan kekeluargaan, serta kemampuan memenuhi kebutuhan keluarga mendapatkan hasil yang positif dengan nilai ≥ 50%. Berdasarkan isu dampak ekonomi sebagai akibat alih fungsi lahan di lihat dari peningkatan pendapatan mendapatkan hasil yang positif dengan nilai ≥ 50%.Impact Of Paddy Fields Function  On Community Socio-Economic Conditions Of Baitussalam District, Aceh Besar RegencyAbstract  Population growth and the dynamics of development have shifted land use which eventually led to the complexity of the problem of land that used to function as a farming medium (agriculture), gradually becoming a multifunctional use. Changing the use of agricultural land to non-agriculture can also be referred to as land conversion. Aceh Besar District is one of the districts that continues to face the problem of land conversion, especially rice fields. The conversion of this land function has caused the area of paddy fields in Aceh Besar to continue to decline. The land that has experienced the most land use change is the type of rice field that becomes non-agricultural land. This study aims to identify the factors that cause the conversion of paddy fields and identify the social and economic impacts experienced by farmers former landowners due to the conversion of paddy fields to non-agricultural land. Based on the partial regression results from the regression analysis, the factors of selling price, life necessity and land conditions have a significant effect on the conversion of paddy fields in Baitussalam District, Aceh Besar District. Based on the simultaneous regression results from the regression results, it was found that the selling price, life needs and land conditions simultaneously affected the conversion of paddy fields in Baitussalam District, Aceh Besar District. Based on the issue of social impacts as a result of land use change seen from the desires of the old conditions, increasing the sense of cooperation and kinship, as well as the ability to meet family needs get positive results with a value of ≥ 50%. Based on the issue of economic impact as a result of the transfer of land functions, it can be seen from the increase in income that has a positive result with a value of ≥ 50%.

scholarly journals Quantifying gross vs. net agricultural land use change in Great Britain using the Integrated Administration and Control System

2018 ◽  
Vol 628-629 ◽  
pp. 1234-1248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel J. Tomlinson ◽  
Ulrike Dragosits ◽  
Peter E. Levy ◽  
Amanda M. Thomson ◽  
Janet Moxley
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Control System ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Land Use Change ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Agricultural Land Use ◽  
And Control

scholarly journals Economics of Compensation in Development Rights Programs

1975 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-194
Author(s):  
Barry C. Field ◽  
Jon M. Conrad
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Urban Sprawl ◽  
Land Use Planning ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
The United States ◽  
Industrial Property ◽  
Planning And Control ◽  
The Face ◽  
And Control ◽  
Market Pressures

Interest in land-use planning and control in the United States has recently shifted to a variety of non-conventional tools in an attempt to attain results that have eluded older techniques such as traditional zoning. A major land-use objective has been to continue certain existing land uses in the face of market pressures to convert to more intensive uses. This has been the case, for example, with ecologically fragile areas such as wetlands, or environmentally valuable areas such as scenic land, which are also economically attractive for development into housing or industrial property. In recent years interest has also turned to preservation of agricultural land, particularly in areas near urban concentrations that are feeling the effects of urban sprawl.

Eradication and control of livestock ticks: biological, economic and social perspectives

Parasitology ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 138 (8) ◽  
pp. 945-959 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALAN R. WALKER
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Tick Population ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Social Perspectives ◽  
Density Dependent Mortality ◽  
Livestock Breeding ◽  
The Social ◽  
And Control ◽  
Dependent Mortality

SUMMARYComparisons of successful and failed attempts to eradicate livestock ticks reveal that the social context of farming and management of the campaigns have greater influence than techniques of treatment. The biology of ticks is considered principally where it has contributed to control of ticks as practiced on farms. The timing of treatments by life cycle and season can be exploited to reduce numbers of treatments per year. Pastures can be managed to starve and desiccate vulnerable larvae questing on vegetation. Immunity to ticks acquired by hosts can be enhanced by livestock breeding. The aggregated distribution of ticks on hosts with poor immunity can be used to select animals for removal from the herd. Models of tick population dynamics required for predicting outcomes of control methods need better understanding of drivers of distribution, aggregation, stability, and density-dependent mortality. Changing social circumstances, especially of land-use, has an influence on exposure to tick-borne pathogens that can be exploited for disease control.

scholarly journals The Procedure for Withdrawal of Lands for the Development of a Municipal Structure

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 21-25
Author(s):  
Ilya A. Aksenov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Land Acquisition ◽  
Judicial Practice ◽  
The Social ◽  
And Control

One of the most important issues in the development of Russia has been and remains the land issue. The article is devoted to the substantiation of the specifics of land as an object of municipal legal regulation. The object of the research of the article is the social relations arising in the process of formation, use, management and control over the lands necessary for the development of municipalities. The article reveals practical problems associated with the activities of municipalities on the use of land. The features of the procedure for seizing land property are reflected. The purpose of the legislator is revealed in the activities to improve the procedure for the seizure of land property. The initiators of the process of seizing a separate piece of land for municipal and state needs are identified. The issues of the terms of compulsory seizure of land plots are considered. The analysis of judicial practice related to the issue of material compensation in the land acquisition procedure is carried out. The issues related to the compulsory seizure of agricultural land by federal and municipal authorities are considered. The issues of seizure of land plots from unscrupulous owners are considered. The main provisions and conclusions of the article can be used in the practice of organizing and operating local government bodies in order to improve the issues of municipal legal regulation of lands.

scholarly journals Perubahan Fungsi Lahan Pertanian Di Kawasan Wisata, Faktor Penyebab Dan Strategi Penanggulangannya

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 62
Author(s):  
I Ketut Sumantra ◽  
Mohammad Dieng Mahardika ◽  
I Ketut Arnawa
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Driving Factors ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Economic Role ◽  
Tourism Sector ◽  
And Control ◽  
Land Use Control

Interpretation of the function of agricultural land that is unstoppable can threaten the availability of food, and in the long term can cause environmental, economic, and social losses. On the other hand, the effectiveness of the implementation of land use control instruments has not run optimally as expected. The village of Tibubeneng, North Kuta sub-district, Badung Regency was used as the object of research because the amount of agricultural land conversion was very high due to the development of tourism facilities. The research was aims to determine the change in land used for tourism activities and the factors that influence it and to find out the changes in land use and driving factors using observation and interview methods. Data on land-use change uses overlay techniques while to determine the driving factors for agricultural land change using the method Principal Component Analysis. The results showed that the biggest changes in land use for tourism activities occurred in rice fields, with a change of 40.52%. Economic factors and the availability of infrastructure are the dominant factors in changing the function of agricultural land for tourism activities. Reducing the conversion of agricultural land functions needs to be done: 1) integration of agricultural activities with the tourism sector. 2) Increase and strengthen the economic role of rural communities through the establishment of BUMDes. 3) Increase and optimize supervision and control of buildings that violate applicable regulations. 4) Designing spatial products related to controlling land-use utilization. 5) Implement a system of incentives and disincentives so that the economic interests of the population can be sustained.

Land moratorium: threats and prospects

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 152-156
Author(s):  
Liliya Mezhevska
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Land Resources ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Access To Credit ◽  
The Social ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Village

Currently, there are a number of negative consequences of the moratorium that need to be addressed immediately, amendments to existing legislation because the moratorium hinders rural development and agriculture, prevents the redistribution of land resources to more efficient owners and producers, reduces rent and owners' incomes, and limits access to credit resources. Under such conditions, there is no land market, farmers and small landowners have no incentive to invest. As a result, a significant part of land plots is leased by large companies, which have a significant impact on the social structure of the village. Land productivity is far from Ukraine's potential, as long-term investments are needed to improve it. Foreign investors, companies with the necessary knowledge and equipment, are reluctant to invest in Ukraine due to imperfect legal guarantees. A favorable legal climate is needed to improve the agricultural sector. In turn, lifting the moratorium could lead to economic growth. But it should be remembered that lifting the moratorium on land is largely not an economic but a political decision, as there is a risk of mass purchase of Ukrainian lands by foreigners, resulting in the complete loss of ownership and control of their territory. Thus, analyzing the current legislation of Ukraine, scientific publications of famous scientists, economists, politicians, lawyers, given their positive and negative statements about the moratorium on the sale of agricultural land, we can conclude that there are both threats and prospects for a land moratorium.

Studies of Urban Form and Travel

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlon Boarnet ◽  
Randall C. Crane
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Built Environment ◽  
Travel Behavior ◽  
Urban Form ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Mass Transit ◽  
Transportation Costs ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Development Patterns ◽  
The Cost

Does the built environment affect how often and how far people drive or walk or when they will take the bus or the train? If so, how? A lively, expanding literature continues to investigate the potential for causal links between urban design and travel behavior, yet there remain many gaps and considerable disagreement. Our purpose here is mainly to identify what past research has to say on these questions. We also try to explain why these studies reach different conclusions and how and where this work might be usefully improved. The first, and perhaps best-known, group of studies on this topic investigates how travel behavior and travel investment affect land use. There is also a long if more recent practice of viewing these links from the opposite direction; that is, how does land use influence urban travel? We consider this second question in more detail following a brief review of the first. Though not our focus, most questions about land-use/transportation links over the past century concern the influence of transportation infrastructure on development patterns. Analysts ask how highways and mass transit contribute to decentralization trends, how they affect the local balance of jobs and housing, or how they affect the pattern of commercial investment (see, e.g., the reviews in Gómez-Ibáñez, 1985b; Giuliano, 1989, 1991, 1995a, 1995b; Cervero and Landis, 1995). The basic idea is this: People choose their homes and locate their businesses based in part on their proximity to work, other potential destinations, and the markets for their products and labor generally (see, e.g., Von Thunen, 1826; Weber, 1928; Losch, 1954; Alonso, 1964; Muth, 1969; Mills, 1972; Solow, 1973; Fujita, 1989; Anas, Arnott, and Small, 1997). That is, the cost of transporting people and things over space depends on the distances and resources required. Once these costs are fixed, perhaps by the establishment of a central downtown or transshipment point, the price of land at each location is determined by demand. This in turn is determined, again in part, by how much money one has left after accounting for the transportation costs associated with that location.

Differences that Matter: the Struggle of the Marginalised in Somalia

Africa ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 516-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Webersik
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Social Boundaries ◽  
State Collapse ◽  
The Social ◽  
Economic Exclusion ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Horizontal Inequalities

AbstractSomalia has been without a government for the past thirteen years. After the ousting of Siyaad Barre in 1991 observers were left with the question why a promising, even democratic, society sharing the same ethnicity, one religion, a common language and a predominantly pastoral culture was overtaken by a devastating civil war. Analysts stressed the significance of kinship and clan politics in the maintenance of sustained conflict. They argued that Somalia's state collapse must be placed in a historical context taking into consideration the cultural heritage of Somali society and the legacy of the colonial past. The purpose of the article is twofold: first, it seeks to explore an alternative explanation for the breakdown of Barre's dictatorial regime; and second, to analyse the social consequences of political and economic exclusion that followed the state collapse. The paper argues that Somalia's state failure can be explained by the unjust distribution of new sources of wealth in postcolonial Somalia. This modernisation process was accompanied by violent clashes and continued insecurity. The breakdown of the former regime did not create a representative government. Instead, faction leaders fought for political supremacy at the cost of the lives of thousands of civilians. In the absence of a functioning government that could guarantee security and protection, clan loyalties gained importance. Clan affiliation became a condition of being spared from violence. Unjust distribution of pockets of wealth, such as the high‐potential agricultural land in the riverine areas in southern Somalia, led to localised clashes. It will be argued that horizontal inequalities, or inequalities between groups, are based on both material and imagined differences. Somali faction leaders use these differences instrumentally, to maintain and to exercise power. Irrespective of the existence of invisible and physical markers, it is important to understand what existing social boundaries mean to their participants. A localised clan conflict in Lower Shabelle between the Jido and the Jareer clan families illustrates the consequences of social and economic exclusion. Groups who felt excluded from economic and political life, such as the Jareer, took up arms. Violence became a means of being heard and taken seriously in the current Somali peace talks in Kenya.

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