scholarly journals An objective and reliable electrophysiological marker for implicit trustworthiness perception

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-346
Author(s):  
Derek C Swe ◽  
Romina Palermo ◽  
O Scott Gwinn ◽  
Gillian Rhodes ◽  
Markus Neumann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Face Processing ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Visual Stimulation ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Face Images ◽  
Neural Signature ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Facial Trustworthiness

Abstract Trustworthiness is assumed to be processed implicitly from faces, despite the fact that the overwhelming majority of research has only involved explicit trustworthiness judgements. To answer the question whether or not trustworthiness processing can be implicit, we apply an electroencephalography fast periodic visual stimulation (FPVS) paradigm, where electrophysiological cortical activity is triggered in synchrony with facial trustworthiness cues, without explicit judgements. Face images were presented at 6 Hz, with facial trustworthiness varying at 1 Hz. Significant responses at 1 Hz were observed, indicating that differences in the trustworthiness of the faces were reflected in the neural signature. These responses were significantly reduced for inverted faces, suggesting that the results are associated with higher order face processing. The neural responses were reliable, and correlated with explicit trustworthiness judgements, suggesting that the technique is capable of picking up on stable individual differences in trustworthiness processing. By demonstrating neural activity associated with implicit trustworthiness judgements, our results contribute to resolving a key theoretical debate. Moreover, our data show that FPVS is a valuable tool to examine face processing at the individual level, with potential application in pre-verbal and clinical populations who struggle with verbalization, understanding or memory.

Justice in Teams

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincente Martínez-Tur ◽  
Carolina Moliner
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Organizational Context ◽  
Single Group ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Successful Model ◽  
Shared Experiences ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Justice Climate

Traditionally, justice in teams refers to a specific climate—called justice climate—describing shared perceptions about how the team as a whole is treated. Justice at the individual level has been a successful model from which to build the concept of justice in teams. Accordingly, there is a parallelism between the individual and team levels in the investigation of justice, where scholars’ concerns and responses have been very similar, despite studying different levels of construct. However, the specific particularities of teams are increasingly considered in research. There are three concepts (faultlines, subgrouping, and intergroup justice) that contribute to knowledge by focusing on particularities of teams that are not present at the individual level. The shift toward team-based structures provides an opportunity to observe the existence of dividing lines that may split a team into subgroups (faultlines) and the difficulty, in many cases, of conceiving of the team members as part of a single group. This perspective about teams also stimulates the study of the subgroup as a source of justice and the focus on intergroup justice within the team. In sum, the organizational context facilitates shared experiences and perceptions of justice beyond individual differences but also can result in potential conflicts and discrepancies among subgroups within the team in their interpretation of fairness.

scholarly journals The Situated Assessment Method (SAM^2): Establishing Individual Differences in Habitual Behavior

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Léo Dutriaux ◽  
Naomi Clark ◽  
Esther K. Papies ◽  
Christoph Scheepers ◽  
Lawrence Barsalou
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Assessment Instruments ◽  
Composite Measure ◽  
Situated Action ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Habitual Behavior ◽  
The Individual

From the perspectives of grounded, situated, and embodied cognition, we have developed a new approach for assessing individual differences. Because this approach is grounded in two dimensions of situatedness—situational experience and the Situated Action Cycle—we refer to it as the Situated Assessment Method (SAM2). Rather than abstracting over situations during assessment of a construct (as in traditional assessment instruments), SAM2 assesses a construct in situations where it occurs, simultaneously measuring factors from the Situated Action Cycle known to influence it. To demonstrate this framework, we developed the SAM2 Habitual Behavior Instrument (SAM2 HBI). Across three studies with a total of 442 participants, the SAM2 HBI produced a robust and replicable pattern of results at both the group and individual levels. Three trait-level measures of behavior regularity across 80 behaviors, 40 positive behaviors, and 40 negative behaviors exhibited large reliable individual differences. Several sources of evidence demonstrated the construct validity of these measures. At both the group and individual levels, the SAM2 measure of behavior regularity was associated with factors from the Situated Action Cycle known to influence habitual behavior in the literature (consistency, automaticity, immediate reward, long-term reward). Regressions explained approximately 65% of the variance at the group level and a median of approximately 75% at the individual level. The SAM2 measure of behavior regularity also exhibited well-established interactions with personality measures for self-control and neuroticism. Cognitive-affective processes from the Situated Action Cycle explained nearly all the variance in these interactions. Finally, a composite measure of habitualness established habitual behaviors at both the group and individual levels. Additionally, a composite measure of reward was strongly related to the composite measure of habitualness, increasing with self-control and decreasing with neuroticism.

scholarly journals Understanding the nature of face processing in early autism: A prospective study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte Tye ◽  
Giorgia Bussu ◽  
Teodora Gliga ◽  
Mayada Elsabbagh ◽  
Greg Pasco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Face Processing ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
First Year ◽  
Neural Processing ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
The Individual ◽  
First Year Of Life

AbstractDimensional approaches to psychopathology interrogate the core neurocognitive domains interacting at the individual level to shape diagnostic symptoms. Embedding this approach in prospective longitudinal studies could transform our understanding of the mechanisms underlying neurodevelopmental disorders. Such designs require us to move beyond traditional group comparisons and determine which domain-specific atypicalities apply at the level of the individual, and whether they vary across distinct phenotypic subgroups. As a proof of principle, this study examines how the domain of face processing contributes to a clinical diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). We used an event-related potentials (ERPs) task in a cohort of 8-month-old infants with (n=148) and without (n=68) an older sibling with ASD, and combined traditional case-control comparisons with machine-learning techniques like supervised classification for prediction of clinical outcome at 36 months and Bayesian hierarchical clustering for stratification into subgroups. Our findings converge to indicate that a broad profile of alterations in the time-course of neural processing of faces is an early predictor of later ASD diagnosis. Furthermore, we identified two brain response-defined subgroups in ASD that showed distinct alterations in different aspects of face processing compared to siblings without ASD diagnosis, suggesting that individual differences between infants contribute to the diffuse pattern of alterations predictive of ASD in the first year of life. This study shows that moving from group-level comparisons to pattern recognition and stratification can help to understand and reduce heterogeneity in clinical cohorts, and improve our understanding of the mechanisms that lead to later neurodevelopmental outcomes.General Scientific SummaryThis study suggests that neural processing of faces is diffusely atypical in Autism Spectrum Disorder, and that it represents a strong candidate predictor of outcome at an individual level in the first year of life.

The routinization of syntagmatic associations

2020 ◽  
pp. 235-259
Author(s):  
Hans-Jörg Schmid
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual

This chapter looks at the routinization of syntagmatic associations and their cooperation with paradigmatic associations. It begins by formulating the syntagmatic-strengthening principle, which states that as syntagmatic associations between sequentially arranged elements are strengthened by repetition, the symbolic, paradigmatic, and pragmatic associations of the whole sequence are strengthened, while those of the component parts are weakened. This principle explains effects such as the phraseological tendency, collocation, lexical and lexico-grammatical chunking, idiomatization, and the emergence of complex grammatical constructions on the individual level. The remainder of the chapter deals with the whole range from small and simple (words, compounds) to large and complex utterance types (complex schematic constructions) in order to demonstrate that the routinization of syntagmatic and paradigmatic associations provides the foundation for two major principles of structure, i.e. linearity and opposition. A case study on individual differences demonstrates the effects of syntagmatic strengthening.

scholarly journals Boundary Extension in Face Processing

i-Perception ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 204166951772480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olesya Blazhenkova
Keyword(s):  
Face Recognition ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Face Processing ◽  
Boundary Extension ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Condition ◽  
Face Images ◽  
Emotional Ability ◽  
And Performance

Boundary extension is a common false memory error, in which people confidently remember seeing a wider angle view of the scene than was viewed. Previous research found that boundary extension is scene-specific and did not examine this phenomenon in nonscenes. The present research explored boundary extension in cropped face images. Participants completed either a short-term or a long-term condition of the task. During the encoding, they observed photographs of faces, cropped either in a forehead or in a chin area, and subsequently performed face recognition through a forced-choice selection. The recognition options represented different degrees of boundary extension and boundary restriction errors. Eye-tracking and performance data were collected. The results demonstrated boundary extension in both memory conditions. Furthermore, previous literature reported the asymmetry in amounts of expansion at different sides of an image. The present work provides the evidence of asymmetry in boundary extension. In the short-term condition, boundary extension errors were more pronounced for forehead, than for chin face areas. Finally, this research examined the relationships between the measures of boundary extension, imagery, and emotion. The results suggest that individual differences in emotional ability and object, but not spatial, imagery could be associated with boundary extension in face processing.

scholarly journals Modelling personality, plasticity and predictability in shelter dogs

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Conor Goold ◽  
Ruth C. Newberry
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Predictive Validity ◽  
Predictive Accuracy ◽  
Behavioural Change ◽  
Canis Lupus Familiaris ◽  
Considerable Uncertainty ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Behavioural Reaction ◽  
Shelter Dogs ◽  
The Individual

AbstractBehavioural assessments of shelter dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) typically comprise standardised test batteries conducted at one time point but test batteries have shown inconsistent predictive validity. Longitudinal behavioural assessments offer an alternative. We modelled longitudinal observational data on shelter dog behaviour using the framework of behavioural reaction norms, partitioning variance into personality (i.e. inter-individual differences in behaviour), plasticity (i.e. individual differences in behavioural change) and predictability (i.e. individual differences in residual intra-individual variation). We analysed data on 3,263 dogs’ interactions (N = 19,281) with unfamiliar people during their first month after arrival at the shelter. Accounting for personality, plasticity (linear and quadratic trends) and predictability improved the predictive accuracy of the analyses compared to models quantifying personality and/or plasticity only. While dogs were, on average, highly sociable with unfamiliar people and sociability increased over days since arrival, group averages were unrepresentative of all dogs and predictions made at the individual level entailed considerable uncertainty. Effects of demographic variables (e.g. age) on personality, plasticity and predictability were observed. Behavioural repeatability was higher one week after arrival compared to arrival day. Our results highlight the value of longitudinal assessments on shelter dogs and identify measures that could improve the predictive validity of behavioural assessments in shelters.

scholarly journals Hedonic Preferences to Audio and Visual Stimulation in Seniors with Cognitive Impairments

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Fatima M. Felisberti
Keyword(s):  
Visual Stimulation ◽  
Cognitive Impairments ◽  
Sensory Stimulation ◽  
Mere Exposure Effect ◽  
Exposure Effect ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Moderate Dementia ◽  
Therapy Interventions ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Over Time

Background: Hedonic (or aesthetic) preferences to repeated sensory stimulation can remain stable over time (Island of Stability Effect, ISE) or vary with prior exposures (Mere Exposure Effect, MEE). Objective: Here we compared the liking ratings of seniors with cognitive impairments (mostly mild-to-moderate dementia, DPs) and neurotypical senior controls (CNs) to audio and visual stimuli and examined whether those ratings conformed to the ISE or the MEE predictions. Method: Participants (n = 212) rated sets of stimuli repeated three times at weekly intervals: images of Picasso’s paintings, PANTONE color cards, and avant-garde music clips. Results: The aggregated liking ratings of DPs and CNs were stable over time, in line with the ISE model. However, latent growth modeling indicated that those stable responses might have masked differences at the individual level, since seniors in both cohorts exhibited clusters of different responses over the time evaluated, supporting the predictions of the MEE. Notably, there was a dampening of hedonic experiences in DPs comparatively to CNs. Conclusion: The presence of hedonic responses (and individual variations) in DPs is relevant not only to their wellbeing and therapy interventions involving audio and visual stimulation, but also to the design of spaces that offset the downturn in hedonic experiences affecting seniors with cognitive impairments.

scholarly journals Inter-Individual Differences in Multivariate Time-Series

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 482-491
Author(s):  
Anja F. Ernst ◽  
Casper J. Albers ◽  
Bertus F. Jeronimus ◽  
Marieke E. Timmerman
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Multivariate Time Series ◽  
Time Series Models ◽  
Vector Autoregressive ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Diurnal Patterns ◽  
Emotion Dynamics ◽  
The Individual

Abstract. Theories of emotion regulation posit the existence of individual differences in emotion dynamics. Current multi-subject time-series models account for differences in dynamics across individuals only to a very limited extent. This results in an aggregation that may poorly apply at the individual level. We present the exploratory method of latent class vector-autoregressive modeling (LCVAR), which extends the time-series models to include clustering of individuals with similar dynamic processes. LCVAR can identify individuals with similar emotion dynamics in intensive time-series, which may be of unequal length. The method performs excellently under a range of simulated conditions. The value of identifying clusters in time-series is illustrated using affect measures of 410 individuals, assessed at over 70 time points per individual. LCVAR discerned six clusters of distinct emotion dynamics with regard to diurnal patterns and augmentation and blunting processes between eight emotions.

Safety Climate and Relational Conflict in the Eyes of Team Members: Examining the Role of Need for Closure

2010 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shu-Cheng Steve Chi ◽  
Chiung-Yi Huang ◽  
Artemis Chang
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Safety Climate ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Need For Closure ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Relational Conflict ◽  
The Individual

This study was aimed at examining the safety climate and relational conflict within teams at the individual level. A sample of 372 respondents, divided into 50 teams, was used to test our hypothesis. It was proposed – and discovered – that team members' individual differences in need for closure mitigated the negative relationship between perceptions of team safety climate and team relational conflict. The implications of our findings and the study's limitations are discussed.

scholarly journals Individual Differences in the Adoption of Sound Change

2020 ◽  
pp. 002383092095975
Author(s):  
Cesko C. Voeten
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Word List ◽  
Sound Change ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual

It is still unclear whether an individual’s adoption of on-going sound change starts in production or in perception, and what the time course of the adoption of sound change is in adult speakers. These issues are investigated by means of a large-scale (106 participants) laboratory study of an on-going vowel shift in Dutch. The shift involves the tense mid vowels /eː,øː,oː/, which are changing into phonologically conditioned upgliding diphthongs, and the original diphthongs /εi,œy,ɔu/, whose nuclei are lowering. These changes are regionally stratified: they have all but completed in the Netherlands, but have not affected the variety of Dutch spoken in neighboring Belgium. The study compares production (word-list reading) and perception (rhyme decision) data from control groups from each country to those of 18 “sociolinguistic migrants”: Belgian individuals who moved to the Netherlands years ago. Data are analyzed using mixed-effects models, considering not just the group level, but also individual differences. Production results show that at the group level, the migrant group is in between the two control groups, but at the individual level it becomes apparent that some migrants have adopted the Netherlandic norms, but others have not. Perception results are similar to the production results at the group level. Individual-level results do not provide a clear picture for the perception data, but the individual differences in perception correlate with those in production. The results agree with and extend previous findings on the role of individual differences in the individual adoption and eventual community propagation of on-going sound change.

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