The Pathway to Improving Human and Economic Development: Girls’ Secondary Education, Governance, and Education Expenditures

Social Forces ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 205-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamie M Sommer ◽  
Kathleen M Fallon
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Secondary Education ◽  
Gender Equity ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Education Spending ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Equity In Education ◽  
Extensive Field ◽  
Education Expenditures ◽  
Education Enrollment

Abstract An extensive field of research identifies girls’ secondary education as central to improving human and economic development. Despite improvements in girls’ secondary education enrollment, there are still over 34 million female adolescents out of school—the majority in developing nations. While gender equity in education has improved, girls still lag behind boys in secondary education enrollments. Building on existing research, we argue that the failures of education spending in creating equitable access to secondary education are due to a lack of governance. We contend that strong governance has the potential to increase the effectiveness of education expenditures at improving female secondary education relative to males. Using two-way fixed effects models for a sample of 105 low and middle-income nations from 1997 to 2012, we examine how the interaction between four measures of governance and education expenditures impact gender equity in secondary education. Our findings suggest that governance increases the effectiveness of education expenditures in improving girls’ secondary education enrollment compared to males.

scholarly journals Gender Equity, Women Education and National Development in Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Ezinna ◽  
Christopher Ugwuibe ◽  
Chikaodili Ugwoke
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Equity ◽  
National Development ◽  
Central Position ◽  
Access To Education ◽  
Equity In Education ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
The Impact

<p>Gender equity in education generates a push force that accelerates progress across sectors and goals; thus sustainable development. Gender equality constitutes central position in both national and international programmes as an accelerator for achieving development. Women’s place in national development appears subordinated. Thus, this study examined gender equity in education in Nigeria and the impact on national development. Specifically, the study sought to determine the degree of women access to education, ascertain the impact of women education on socio-economic development and determine the factors that constitute barriers to women education in Nigeria. The study discovered that educated women serve as stabilizing factor in national development and recommended ‘soft competition technique’ as the approach that will grant women the needed equity in national development in Nigeria. </p>

scholarly journals Falling behind the Rest? China and the Gender Gap Index

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 10-22
Author(s):  
Binli Chen ◽  
Hailan He
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Education ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Rapid Improvement ◽  
Active Life Expectancy ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Political Empowerment ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Education Enrollment ◽  
World Economic

China’s rank falling in the Global Gender Gap Index of the World Economic Forum has aroused the domestic scholar’s controversy. Based on the data provided by the Global Gender Gap Report, this article will describe the gender inequality in China by comparing its overall index scores and scores in the fields of economic participation and opportunity, education attainment, health and survival, and political empowerment with other countries, and then examining the reasons for China’s falling in rank through the score changes of sub-dimensions and indicators. Analysis of the data suggests that China has not kept up with the rate of improvement in the overall index, and in the four fields, compared to the original 112 countries, the upper-middle income countries, and the Asian and Pacific countries. Over the 13 years covered by the report, China’s score experienced a rapid improvement from 2006 to 2009 and a decline after 2013. China’s high sex ratio at birth, further expansion of gender inequality in active life expectancy, and an enlarged gender gap in secondary education caused China’s lagging overall score and ranking. In addition, the inclusion of measures such as secondary education enrollment, political empowerment, and other indicators also led to the backward ranking of China to some extent.

scholarly journals Gender Equity, Women Education and National Development in Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Ezinna ◽  
Christopher Ugwuibe ◽  
Chikaodili Ugwoke
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Equity ◽  
National Development ◽  
Central Position ◽  
Access To Education ◽  
Equity In Education ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
The Impact

<p>Gender equity in education generates a push force that accelerates progress across sectors and goals; thus sustainable development. Gender equality constitutes central position in both national and international programmes as an accelerator for achieving development. Women’s place in national development appears subordinated. Thus, this study examined gender equity in education in Nigeria and the impact on national development. Specifically, the study sought to determine the degree of women access to education, ascertain the impact of women education on socio-economic development and determine the factors that constitute barriers to women education in Nigeria. The study discovered that educated women serve as stabilizing factor in national development and recommended ‘soft competition technique’ as the approach that will grant women the needed equity in national development in Nigeria. </p>

scholarly journals Impact of Demographic Structure on Economic Development of Ukrainian Coastal Regions

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1798
Author(s):  
Patrik Rovný ◽  
Serhiy Moroz ◽  
Jozef Palkovič ◽  
Elena Horská
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Demographic Structure ◽  
Coastal Regions ◽  
Azov Sea ◽  
Economic State ◽  
Demographic Shifts ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Conflict Period

The main aim of our paper is to study peculiarities of two periods, i.e., the pre-conflict period (2004–2013) and conflict period (2014–2018), in the context of the impact of the demographic structure of the population on the economic growth and development of coastal regions of Ukraine. In the first step of the analysis, we investigate the relationship between the demographic shifts and selected economic indicators, using the Pearson’s correlation coefficient. In the next step of the analysis, we focus on the quantification of the impact of demographic indicators on the economic variables, based on the panel model with fixed effects. The received results confirm that the influence of the demographic stricture on the economic state of coastal regions changed significantly in the conflict period in comparison with the pre-conflict period, especially concerning income, unemployment, and the openness of the economy. Additionally, our findings show that while economic differences existed between the Azov Sea regions and the Black Sea regions in the pre-conflict period, they disappeared due to the economic deterioration of the Azov Sea regions during the conflict period. It is concluded that war affects adversely the population’s demographic structure, which inhibits the growth and economic development of Ukrainian coastal regions.

scholarly journals Economic uncertainty and tourism consumption

2020 ◽  
pp. 135481662098151
Author(s):  
Canh Phuc Nguyen ◽  
Su Dinh Thanh ◽  
Bach Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Theory Of Reasoned Action ◽  
Reasoned Action ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Tourism Development ◽  
Economic Uncertainty ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Domestic Tourism

This study examines the influence of economic uncertainty on tourism. The key hypothesis to test is that while economic uncertainty reduces outbound tourism, it may boost domestic tourism due to the economic-stagnant effects. Utilizing the framework of the theory of reasoned action to analyze a global sample of 124 countries over the period 1996–2017, we find some initial evidence showing that an increase in economic uncertainty encourages domestic tourism while reducing outbound tourism in the global sample. Notably, while these effects are consistent in the upper-middle-income economies, an increase in uncertainty has a positive impact on both domestic and outbound tourism in lower-middle-income economies and a negative impact on both domestic and outbound tourism in higher-income economies. The key implementation of this study is that tourism development is not always associated with economic development and stability; sometimes it could be a signal of economic stagnancy and inactiveness.

Political and Economic Effects on Greenhouse Gas Emissions – a Quantitative Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 313-341
Author(s):  
Ole Martin Lægreid
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Separation Of Powers ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Level Of Economic Development ◽  
High Level

AbstractThis study examines whether there is a curve linear relationship between economic development and greenhouse gas emissions, where poor and rich countries have low emissions while middle-income countries have high emissions. This is a controversial argument that suggests that persistent economic growth is the best means for achieving considerable emission reductions. The study contributes with new knowledge about the causes of variations in greenhouse gas emissions, by analyzing data for greenhouse gas emissions and testing economic explanations in relation to a broad array of political explanations. As the study demonstrates, there is a curve linear relationship between the level of economic development and greenhouse gas emissions, but the turning point – where a higher level of economic development starts to produce lower rather than higher emission levels – is far higher than previously thought. Among the study’s sample of countries, only the Scandinavian countries and Switzerland have experienced a sufficiently high level of economic development in order for increased wealth to result in lower emissions. Among the political impacts on greenhouse gas emissions, the study indicates that countries with consensual political systems produce lower emission levels than countries where the separation of powers is more centralized. A more robust “green” civil society leads to lower emissions in countries where the democratic system is functioning well, and ambitious targets regarding reduction of emissions in the Kyoto Protocol also seems to lower emissions.

Brain drain and economic growth: evidence of productivity growth from brain circulation

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-145
Author(s):  
Woosik Yu
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Brain Drain ◽  
Productivity Growth ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Brain Circulation ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Fixed Effects Regression ◽  
The Brain

This paper analyzes the effect of the so-called ‘brain drain’ on economic growth through the channel of growth in total factor productivity. We analyze panel data that measure the severity of brain drain, which are from IMD and the U.S. National Science Foundation. Our analysis shows that middle-income countries have more brain drain compared to the group of high-income countries. Also, emerging economies that grow fast tend to experience more brain drain. Our results from fixed effects regression models show that that brain drain has a significant and positive impact on economic growth, and the main channel is productivity growth. This can be considered as evidence of the positive effects of ‘brain circulation’, which is one of the brain drain phenomena that settlement of the talents in advanced countries can eventually help improve the productivity of home country by the sharing of advanced technologies and skills around them with colleagues in motherland. Therefore, a strategy of utilizing overseas resident talents should also be considered, alongside the brain-attraction policy.

scholarly journals Income Inequality and Population Health: A Global Gradient?

2018 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 536-553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michaela Curran ◽  
Matthew C. Mahutga
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Population Health ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Harmful Effect ◽  
Fixed Effects Models ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Lower Population ◽  
Cross National

Cross-national empirical research about the link between income inequality and population health produces conflicting conclusions. We address these mixed findings by examining the degree to which the income inequality and health relationship varies with economic development. We estimate fixed-effects models with different measures of income inequality and population health. Results suggest that development moderates the association between inequality and two measures of population health. Our findings produce two generalizations. First, we observe a global gradient in the relationship between income inequality and population health. Second, our results are consistent with income inequality as a proximate or conditional cause of lower population health. Income inequality has a 139.7% to 374.3% more harmful effect on health in poorer than richer countries and a significantly harmful effect in 2.1% to 53.3% of countries in our sample and 6.6% to 67.6% of the world’s population but no significantly harmful effect in richer countries.

scholarly journals A more complete picture: Rural residents’ relative support for seven forms of natural resource related economic development

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Mueller ◽  
Ann R. Tickamyer
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Social Exchange ◽  
Natural Resource ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Outdoor Recreation ◽  
Stated Preference ◽  
Mixed Logit ◽  
Rural Sociology ◽  
Rural Resident ◽  
General Support

Understanding rural resident support for various forms of natural resource related economic development has been a common research topic in rural sociology. However, the vast majority of research has only evaluated support for one form of natural resource use at a time. The little research that has explored support for a wide variety of uses has found that residents are likely to support many of the suggested forms of development. We assessed rural resident support for seven forms of natural resource development: commercial logging, natural gas, mining, real estate, wind energy, tourism, and outdoor recreation. Using social exchange theory, this study examines the influence of perceived impacts of development, industry trust, and perceived industry power on general support for the seven forms of natural resource-related economic development using a fixed effects generalized linear model among a sample of residents of rural Pennsylvania communities. Additionally, we use mixed logit discreet choice modeling to evaluate the drivers of relative support, meaning a stated preference for one form of development over other possible options. The drivers of general support and relative support were similar, with trust in industry and impacts to quality of life emerging as the primary drivers of both.

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