Herbicides for Southern Pine Seedbeds

1986 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 152-157
Author(s):  
David B. South
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Forest Nursery ◽  
The South ◽  
Southern Pine ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Nursery Management ◽  
Mineral Spirits ◽  
Forest Nurseries ◽  
Hand Weeding

Abstract Prior to 1970, nursery managers relied primarily on methyl bromide fumigation, mineral spirits, and hand-weeding for weed control. Since 1970, registration of herbicides for use in forest nurseries has been facilitated by tests conducted by the Auburn University Southern Forest Nursery Management Cooperative. Various herbicides can be applied prior to sowing, just after sowing, or after emergence of the pine seedlings. It has been estimated that for all nurseries in the South, use of these herbicides has reduced weed control costs by over two million dollars per year. This paper describes some of the herbicides that have been registered for use in southern pine nurseries. South. J. Appl. For. 10:152-57, Aug. 1986.

scholarly journals Economic Returns in Plasticulture Tomato Production from Crucifer Cover Crops as a Methyl Bromide Alternative for Weed Management

2010 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 764-771 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjeev K. Bangarwa ◽  
Jason K. Norsworthy ◽  
Ronald L. Rainey ◽  
Edward E. Gbur
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Net Returns ◽  
Hand Weeding ◽  
Oriental Mustard

The phase-out of methyl bromide required an effective and economically viable alternative for weed management in polyethylene-mulched tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). A field experiment was conducted to compare economics of tomato production associated with crucifer (Brassicaceae) cover crops under low-density polyethylene mulch (LDPE) and virtually impermeable film (VIF) mulch with a standard treatment of methyl bromide:chloropicrin (67:33) at 350 lb/acre. Three crucifer cover crops, ‘Seventop’ turnip (Brassica rapa), ‘Pacific Gold’ oriental mustard (Brassica juncea), and Caliente [a blend of brown mustard (B. juncea) and white mustard (Sinapis alba)], were evaluated in combination with hand-weeding. Because of marginal weed control from crucifer cover crops, hand-weeding cost in all cover crop plots, regardless of mulch type, increased from $380.54/acre to $489.10/acre over that in methyl bromide plots. However, total weed management costs in the untreated control and cover crops with LDPE treatments were $17.82/acre to $111.33/acre lower than methyl bromide. Because of mulch expenses, VIF mulch increased the total weed management cost by $328.16/acre over LDPE mulch in the untreated control and cover crop treatments. Because of equivalent marketable yield, gross returns ($21,040.43/acre) were identical in all treatments. Preplant fumigation with methyl bromide provided $6260.90/acre of net returns in tomato production. The untreated control, ‘Seventop’ turnip, ‘Pacific Gold’ oriental mustard, and Caliente mustard under LDPE treatment were $54/acre, $54/acre, $98/acre, and $147/acre more profitable, respectively, than methyl bromide. However, in all other treatments under VIF, net returns relative to methyl bromide were reduced from $181/acre to $274/acre. Therefore, regardless of soil amendment with crucifer cover crops, hand-weeding can serve as an economically viable alternative to methyl bromide for weed control in LDPE-mulched tomato production, depending on the nature and level of pest infestation, labor availability, and wages.

scholarly journals Protection of oil flax of weeds

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (184) ◽  
pp. 38-44
Author(s):  
A.S. Bushnev ◽  
◽  
G.I. Orekhov ◽  
S.P. Podlesny ◽  
Yu.V. Mamyrko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Black Soil ◽  
The South ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Rostov Region ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
3.0 T ◽  
Hand Weeding

Potential seed yield of the modern oil flax varieties is equal to 2.5–3.0 t per ha, and its real meanings in 2019 in average in Russia was 0.83 t per ha, in the Southern federal region – 0.77 t per ha. One of the reasons of such low productivity of the crop is poorly effective measures of weed control. We studied the methods of herbicides application to select the most effective ones in 2019–2020 in a zone of unstable moistening (Krasnodar) on leached black soil and in a zone of insufficient moistening of the south of Russia (Oporny settl., Rostov region) on typical black soil in sowings of oil flax varieties FLIZ and Raduga bred at VNIIMK. We established the best way of a chemical plant protection of oil flax against weeds is a separate application of the herbicides Secator Turbo, MD (0.1 I per ha) and Miura, EC (1.2 l per ha). This variant did not demonstrate a negative effect of preparations on the crop and caused yield increase up to 0.20 t per ha. Also the high flax productivity, at the level of control variant with hand weeding of crops, were stated under separate application of the herbicides Magnum and Miura, Tifi and Miura. We recommended using these methods of herbicides application in zones of unstable and insufficient moistening of the south of Russia. We do not recommend to treat the crops with the herbicide Tifi after before-soeing application of Frontier Optima or Dual Gold and with tank mixture Magnum + Miura, Tifi + Miura, Secator Turbo + Miura due to their phytotoxic impact on the crop and negative effect on the indicators of plant productivity.

scholarly journals Chloropicrin as a soil fumigant in forest nurseries

1997 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 489-494 ◽  
Author(s):  
David B. South ◽  
William A. Carey ◽  
Scott A. Enebak
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
The United States ◽  
Herbicidal Activity ◽  
Soil Fumigant ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Ozone Depleting Substance ◽  
Class 1 ◽  
Nursery Management ◽  
Forest Nurseries

Chloropicrin has been tested as a soil fumigant in forest nurseries throughout the world. From 1944 to the late 1960's, tests were conducted in Australia, Canada, Netherlands, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States. Since 1985, studies have been conducted in Georgia, Mississippi, South Carolina, Texas, Virginia, Washington and Wisconsin. In Wisconsin, chloropicrin reduced soilborne pathogens as effectively as twice as much methyl bromide. Advantages of chloropicrin as a soil fumigant in southern pine nurseries include: efficacy similar to methyl bromide (in regards to reduction in fungi, nematodes and insects), an increase in Trichoderma populations, it is not a Class 1 ozone depleting substance, and no plastic tarp is required. Adding chloropicrin to other fumigants has increased the spectrum of biological activity. A disadvantage of chloropicrin is that it has less herbicidal activity than methyl bromide. Key words: fungicide, methyl bromide, disease, nursery management, seedbeds

Seedling Production Trends and Fusiform Rust Control Practices at Southern Nurseries, 1981-1991

1993 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 207-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Carey ◽  
Walter D. Kelley
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Systemic Fungicide ◽  
Seedling Production ◽  
Forest Nursery ◽  
Southern Pine ◽  
Fusiform Rust ◽  
Average Percentage ◽  
Rust Infection ◽  
Harvest Dates ◽  
Nursery Management

Abstract Southern pine seedling production and fusiform rust control practices within the Auburn University Southern Forest Nursery Management Cooperative were summarized from annual questionnaires since 1981 and projected for the South. Production peaked at approximately 1.6 billion seedlings in 1987 and 1988 and declined about 31% to 1.1 billion seedlings in 1991. The systemic fungicide triadimefon (Bayleton®) replaced contact fungicides for control of fusiform rust during this period. Before triadimefon, the average percentage of rust-infected seedlings for southern nurseries was estimated at 2.5% (Rowan 1977); after triadimefon the average rust incidence has been only 0.2%. Sowing and harvest dates have not changed since 1981 and loblolly (Pinus taeda) and slash pines (P. elliotii) continue to account for 75% and 20% of southern seedling production, respectively. Reducing the rust infection percentage from 2.5% to 0.2% decreases by approximately 30 million the number of infected seedlings annually. South. J. Appl. For. 17(4):207-211.

Efficacy and Economics of Herbicide Programs Compared to Methyl Bromide for Weed Control in Polyethylene-Mulched Bell Pepper

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 284-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pratap Devkota ◽  
Jason K. Norsworthy ◽  
Ron Rainey
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Bell Pepper ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Net Profit ◽  
Potential Alternative ◽  
Hand Weeding ◽  
Herbicide Programs

In the absence of an effective alternative to methyl bromide (MeBr), weeds cause a significant economic loss in bell pepper production. A study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and economics of PRE followed by (fb) POST-directed (POST-DIR) herbicide programs compared with MeBr for weed control in low-density polyethylene (LDPE) mulched bell pepper production. Imazosulfuron at 0.112, 0.224, and 0.336 kg ai ha−1andS-metolachlor at 1.6 kg ai ha−1were PRE-applied fb POST-DIR applied mixture of trifloxysulfuron + halosulfuron at 0.008 and 0.027 kg ai ha−1, respectively, at 4 wk after transplanting (WATP). The standard MeBr treatment (67 and 33% mixture of MeBr + chloropicrin) was applied at 390 kg ai ha−1. In addition, a weed-free (hand weeding) and a non-treated control were used for comparison.S-metolachlor-containing herbicide program controlled Palmer amaranth ≥ 90%, large crabgrass ≥ 78%, and yellow nutsedge ≥ 90%, which were comparable to MeBr. After POST-DIR herbicide application, bell pepper was injured ≥ 17% with theS-metolachlor-containing herbicide program at 6 WATP; however, the crop later recovered. Marketable bell pepper yield in plots treated withS-metolachlor (≥ 29.9 ton ha−1) was comparable to those treated with MeBr. Economic evaluation of the imazosulfuron herbicide programs demonstrated the loss of ≥ $7,300 ha−1. Conversely, theS-metolachlor-containing herbicide program was profitable with a net return of $9,912 ha−1. In addition, theS-metolachlor herbicide program generated a net profit of $173 ha−1compared to the MeBr application. Therefore, PRE-appliedS-metolachlor fb POST-DIR applied trifloxysulfuron + halosulfuron is a potential alternative to MeBr for weed management in LDPE-mulched bell pepper production given the weed spectrum evaluated in this study.

Economic Aspects of Nursery Seed Efficiency

1987 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-109
Author(s):  
David B. South
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Economic Aspects ◽  
Forest Nursery ◽  
Present Value ◽  
Adequate Funding ◽  
Genetically Improved ◽  
Nursery Practices ◽  
Nursery Management ◽  
Forest Nurseries

Abstract Advancements in forest nursery management practices are directly tied to the value of the seeds used. When seed value is low and seeds are plentiful (as with wild seeds), old nursery practices that produce 5 plantable seedlings for 10 pure live seeds sown may be economically acceptable.However, with genetically improved seeds having a present value of 2 to 10 cents per seed, better nursery practices must be employed to provide optimum seed utilization. At some nurseries that produce 25 million seedlings and with seed costs of 0.5 cents per pure live seed, increasing nurseryseed efficiency by 10% could result in saving more than $20,000 annually. Also, if increasing nursery seed efficiency results in planting an additional 3,500 acres with improved seedlings, the increase in present value of future volume gains could easily amount to $90,000 peryear. To achieve the goal of producing 8 to 9 seedlings for every 10 pure live seeds sown, forest nurseries must have adequate funding to maintain the best personnel and equipment. South. J. Appl. For. 11(2):106-109.

Control of Charcoal Root Rot with Methyl Bromide in Forest Nurseries

1979 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 104-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. P. Seymour ◽  
C. E. Cordell
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Green Manure ◽  
Macrophomina Phaseolina ◽  
Potential Production ◽  
Charcoal Rot ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Forest Nurseries ◽  
Serious Disease

Abstract Charcoal root rot. caused by the fungus Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Gold. (Sclerotium bataticola Taub.) is the most serious disease of pine seedlings in Florida nurseries and produces significant losses throughout the South. All major southern pine species are susceptible. In 1976, there was increasing evidence that pine seedlings from nurseries heavily infested with charcoal rot presented a problem to landowners because of costs incurred in replacing diseased seedlings and from loss of potential production in establishing plantings. The disease is most effectively controlled by fumigation of nursery soils with a mixture of 67 percent methyl bromide and 33 percent chloropicrin at 350 lb/acre (392 kg/ha) under 2 mil polyethylene covers. Rotation with charcoal rot-resistant green manure cover crops such as millet or rye is also recommended.

scholarly journals Pathogenicity and Virulence of Pythium Species Obtained from Forest Nursery Soils on Douglas-Fir Seedlings

Plant Disease ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 97 (6) ◽  
pp. 744-748 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerry E. Weiland ◽  
Bryan R. Beck ◽  
Anne Davis
Keyword(s):  
Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
The United States ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Tree Seedlings ◽  
Pythium Species ◽  
Forest Nursery ◽  
Damping Off ◽  
Greenhouse Study ◽  
Forest Nurseries

Pythium species are common soilborne oomycetes that occur in forest nursery soils throughout the United States. Numerous species have been described from nursery soils. However, with the exception of P. aphanidermatum, P. irregulare, P. sylvaticum, and P. ultimum, little is known about the potential for other Pythium species found in nursery soils to cause damping-off of tree seedlings. A greenhouse study was conducted to evaluate the pathogenicity and virulence of 44 Pythium isolates representing 16 species that were originally recovered from soil at three forest nurseries in Washington and Oregon. Seeds of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) were planted into soil infested with each of the isolates. Seedling survival, the number of surviving seedlings with necrotic root lesions, and taproot length were evaluated 4 weeks later. Responses of Douglas-fir to inoculation varied significantly depending on Pythium species and isolate. Eight species (P. dissotocum, P. irregulare, P. aff. macrosporum, P. mamillatum, P. aff. oopapillum, P. rostratifingens, P. sylvaticum, and P. ultimum var. ultimum) significantly reduced the number of surviving seedlings compared to the noninoculated treatment. However, all Pythium species caused a greater percentage of seedlings to develop root lesions (total mean 40%) than was observed from noninoculated seedlings (17%). Taproot length varied little among Pythium treatments and was not a useful character for evaluating pathogenicity. Results confirm the ability of P. irregulare, P. mamillatum, and P. ultimum var. ultimum to cause damping-off of Douglas-fir seedlings, and are indicative that other species such as P. dissotocum, P. aff. macrosporum, P. aff. oopapillum, P. rostratifingens, and P. sylvaticum may also be responsible for seedling loss.

scholarly journals Effects of glyphosate-based herbicides and their active ingredients on earthworms, water infiltration and glyphosate leaching are influenced by soil properties

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Johann G. Zaller ◽  
Maureen Weber ◽  
Michael Maderthaner ◽  
Edith Gruber ◽  
Eszter Takács ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Soil Functions ◽  
Active Ingredients ◽  
Hand Weeding ◽  
Earthworm Activity

Abstract Background Glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) are among the most often used pesticides. The hundreds of GBHs used worldwide consist of the active ingredient (AI) glyphosate in form of different salts, possibly other AIs, and various mostly undisclosed co-formulants. Pesticide risk assessments are commonly performed using single AIs or GBHs at standard soil conditions without vegetation. In a greenhouse experiment, we established a weed population with common amaranth (Amaranthus retroflexus) to examine the effects of three GBHs (Roundup LB Plus, Roundup PowerFlex, Touchdown Quattro) and their corresponding AIs (salts of glyphosate isopropylammonium, potassium, diammonium) on the activity and physiological biomarkers (glutathione S-transferase, GST; acetylcholine esterase, AChE) of an ecologically relevant earthworm species (Lumbricus terrestris). GBHs and AIs were applied at recommended doses; hand weeding served as control. Experiments were established with two soil types differing in organic matter content (SOM; 3.0% vs. 4.1%) and other properties. Results Earthworm activity (casting and movement activity) decreased after application of glyphosate formulations or active ingredients compared to hand weeding. We found no consistent pattern that formulations had either higher or lower effects on earthworm activity than their active ingredients; rather, differences were substance-specific. Earthworm activity was little affected by soil organic matter levels. Biomarkers remained unaffected by weed control types; GST but not AChE was decreased under high SOM. Water infiltration after a simulated heavy rainfall was interactively affected by weed control types and SOM. Leachate amount was higher after application of formulations than active ingredients and was higher under low SOM. Glyphosate concentrations in soil and leachate were strongly affected by application of formulations or active ingredients and varied with SOM (significant weed control type x SOM interaction). Conclusions We found that both commercial formulations and pure active ingredients can influence earthworms with consequences on important soil functions. Glyphosate products showed increased, reduced or similar effects than pure glyphosate on particular soil functions; soil properties can substantially alter this. Especially at lower SOM, heavy rainfalls could lead to more glyphosate leaching into water bodies. A full disclosure of co-formulants would be necessary to further decipher their specific contributions to these inconsistent effects.

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