Effects of glyphosate-based herbicides and their active ingredients on earthworms, water infiltration and glyphosate leaching are influenced by soil properties

Abstract Background Glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) are among the most often used pesticides. The hundreds of GBHs used worldwide consist of the active ingredient (AI) glyphosate in form of different salts, possibly other AIs, and various mostly undisclosed co-formulants. Pesticide risk assessments are commonly performed using single AIs or GBHs at standard soil conditions without vegetation. In a greenhouse experiment, we established a weed population with common amaranth (Amaranthus retroflexus) to examine the effects of three GBHs (Roundup LB Plus, Roundup PowerFlex, Touchdown Quattro) and their corresponding AIs (salts of glyphosate isopropylammonium, potassium, diammonium) on the activity and physiological biomarkers (glutathione S-transferase, GST; acetylcholine esterase, AChE) of an ecologically relevant earthworm species (Lumbricus terrestris). GBHs and AIs were applied at recommended doses; hand weeding served as control. Experiments were established with two soil types differing in organic matter content (SOM; 3.0% vs. 4.1%) and other properties. Results Earthworm activity (casting and movement activity) decreased after application of glyphosate formulations or active ingredients compared to hand weeding. We found no consistent pattern that formulations had either higher or lower effects on earthworm activity than their active ingredients; rather, differences were substance-specific. Earthworm activity was little affected by soil organic matter levels. Biomarkers remained unaffected by weed control types; GST but not AChE was decreased under high SOM. Water infiltration after a simulated heavy rainfall was interactively affected by weed control types and SOM. Leachate amount was higher after application of formulations than active ingredients and was higher under low SOM. Glyphosate concentrations in soil and leachate were strongly affected by application of formulations or active ingredients and varied with SOM (significant weed control type x SOM interaction). Conclusions We found that both commercial formulations and pure active ingredients can influence earthworms with consequences on important soil functions. Glyphosate products showed increased, reduced or similar effects than pure glyphosate on particular soil functions; soil properties can substantially alter this. Especially at lower SOM, heavy rainfalls could lead to more glyphosate leaching into water bodies. A full disclosure of co-formulants would be necessary to further decipher their specific contributions to these inconsistent effects.

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Effect of Clay, Soil Organic Matter, and Soil pH on Initial and Residual Weed Control with Flumioxazin

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11071326 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 1326

Author(s):

Calvin F. Glaspie ◽

Eric A. L. Jones ◽

Donald Penner ◽

John A. Pawlak ◽

Wesley J. Everman

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Soil Organic Matter ◽

Weed Control ◽

Soil Ph ◽

Organic Matter Content ◽

Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽

Matter Content ◽

Weed Species ◽

Soil Organic Matter Content ◽

Field Soils

Greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of soil organic matter content and soil pH on initial and residual weed control with flumioxazin by planting selected weed species in various lab-made and field soils. Initial control was determined by planting weed seeds into various lab-made and field soils treated with flumioxazin (71 g ha−1). Seeds of Echinochloa crus-galli (barnyard grass), Setaria faberi (giant foxtail), Amaranthus retroflexus (redroot pigweed), and Abutilon theophrasti (velvetleaf) were incorporated into the top 1.3 cm of each soil at a density of 100 seeds per pot, respectively. Emerged plants were counted and removed in both treated and non-treated pots two weeks after planting and each following week for six weeks. Flumioxazin control was evaluated by calculating percent emergence of weeds in treated soils compared to the emergence of weeds in non-treated soils. Clay content was not found to affect initial flumioxazin control of any tested weed species. Control of A. theophrasti, E. crus-galli, and S. faberi was reduced as soil organic matter content increased. The control of A. retroflexus was not affected by organic matter. Soil pH below 6 reduced flumioxazin control of A. theophrasti, and S. faberi but did not affect the control of A. retroflexus and E. crus-galli. Flumioxazin residual control was determined by planting selected weed species in various lab-made and field soils 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks after treatment. Eight weeks after treatment, flumioxazin gave 0% control of A. theophrasti and S. faberi in all soils tested. Control of A. retroflexus and Chenopodium album (common lambsquarters) was 100% for the duration of the experiment, except when soil organic matter content was greater than 3% or the soil pH 7. Eight weeks after treatment, 0% control was only observed for common A. retroflexus and C. album in organic soil (soil organic matter > 80%) or when soil pH was above 7. Control of A. theophrasti and S. faberi decreased as soil organic matter content and soil pH increased. Similar results were observed when comparing lab-made soils to field soils; however, differences in control were observed between lab-made organic matter soils and field organic matter soils. Results indicate that flumioxazin can provide control ranging from 75–100% for two to six weeks on common weed species.

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Organic Matter Clogging Results in Undeveloped Hardpan and Soil Mineral Leakage in the Rice Terraces in the Philippine Cordilleras

Water ◽

10.3390/w12113158 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (11) ◽

pp. 3158

Author(s):

Tomoyo Kurozumi ◽

Yasushi Mori ◽

Hiroaki Somura ◽

Milagros O-How

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Soil Analysis ◽

Influencing Factor ◽

Soil Layer ◽

Organic Matter Content ◽

Matter Content ◽

Water Infiltration ◽

Soil Conditions ◽

Infiltration Process ◽

Soil Nutrition

Rice terraces in Cordillera, Philippines, a world cultural heritage site, are threatened by the risk of collapse. It is crucial to manage these rice terraces for their conservation, while simultaneously practicing traditional farming. We examined the soil environment and investigated its effects on rice terrace conservation, by focusing on the hardpan condition; infiltration process, which is related to the collapse of rice terraces; and soil nutrition conditions in these sites. Field survey and soil analysis revealed that in areas where the hardpan was not sufficiently developed and water infiltration was effectively suppressed, organic matter content was significantly high, suggesting organic matter clogging. In these rice terraces, the amounts of P, K, Ca, and Mn were significantly low, showing the mineral leaching under reductive soil conditions. Therefore, hardpan formation, rather than organic matter clogging, is essential for the suppression of infiltration and prevention of potential terrace collapse. Because hardpan formation or organic matter clogging cannot be identified from the surface of flooded rice paddies, it is difficult to identify the influencing factor. Thus, we suggest that the hard soil layer should be checked before the planting season and drainage is allowed after the cropping season in the rainy season.

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Soil Management by Cover Crops in Vineyards for Climate Change Adaptation

Proceedings ◽

10.3390/proceedings2019030026 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 30 (1) ◽

pp. 26

Author(s):

Marqués ◽

Bienes ◽

Ruiz-Colmenero

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Organic Matter ◽

Soil Moisture ◽

Soil Organic Matter ◽

Climate Change Adaptation ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Water Infiltration ◽

Soil Conditions ◽

Grass Cover ◽

Rainfall Events

The wine captures grapes variety nature and vinification techniques, but other aspects of soil, climate and terrain are equally important for the terroir expression as a whole. Soil supplies moisture, nitrogen, and minerals. Particularly nitrogen obtained through mineralization of soil organic matter and water uptake are crucial for grape yield, berry sugar, anthocyanin and tannin concentration, hence grape quality and vineyard profitability. Different climatic conditions, which are predicted for the future, can significantly modify this relationship between vines and soils. New climatic conditions under global warming predict higher temperatures, erratic and extreme rainfall events, and drought spells. These circumstances are particularly worrisome for typical thin soils of the Mediterranean environment. This study reports the effect of permanent grass cover in vineyards to maintain or increase soil organic matter and soil moisture. The influence of natural and simulated rainfalls on soils was studied. A comparison between minimum tillage (MT) and permanent grass cover crop (GC) of the temperate grass Brachypodium distachyon was done. Water infiltration, water holding capacity, organic carbon sequestration and protection from extreme events, were considered in a sloping vineyard located in the south of Madrid, Spain. The MT is the most widely used cultivation method in the area. The tradition supports this management practice to capture and preserve water in soils. It creates small depressions that accumulate water and eventually improves water infiltration. This effect was acknowledged in summer after recent MT cultivation; however, it was only short-lived as surface roughness declined after rainfalls. Especially, intense rainfall events left the surface of bare soil sealed. Consequently, the effects depend on the season of the year. In autumn, a rainy season of the year, MT failed to enhance infiltration. On the contrary, B. distachyon acted as a physical barrier, produced more infiltration (22% increase) and fewer particles detachment, due to increased soil structure stability and soil organic matter (50% increase). The GC efficiently protected soil from high-intensity events (more than 2 mm min-1). Besides, soil moisture at 35 cm depth was enhanced with GC (9% more than tillage). On average, soil moisture in GC was not significantly different from MT. These effects of GC on soil conditions created local micro-environmental conditions that can be considered advantageous as a climate change adaptation strategy, because they improved water balance, maintained a sustainable level of soil organic matter, therefore organic nitrogen, all these factors crucial for improving wine quality.

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Cropping system effects on soil quality in the Great Plains: Synthesis from a regional project

Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems ◽

10.1079/raf2005125 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 49-59 ◽

Cited By ~ 61

Author(s):

B.J. Wienhold ◽

J.L. Pikul ◽

M.A. Liebig ◽

M.M. Mikha ◽

G.E. Varvel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Soil Properties ◽

Great Plains ◽

Management Practices ◽

Assessment Tool ◽

Soil Management ◽

Assessment Tools ◽

Soil Functions ◽

Organic C ◽

Environmental Function

AbstractSoils perform a number of essential functions affecting management goals. Soil functions were assessed by measuring physical, chemical, and biological properties in a regional assessment of conventional (CON) and alternative (ALT) management practices at eight sites within the Great Plains. The results, reported in accompanying papers, provide excellent data for assessing how management practices collectively affect agronomic and environmental soil functions that benefit both farmers and society. Our objective was to use the regional data as an input for two new assessment tools to evaluate their potential and sensitivity for detecting differences (aggradation or degradation) in management systems. The soil management assessment framework (SMAF) and the agro-ecosystem performance assessment tool (AEPAT) were used to score individual soil properties at each location relative to expected conditions based on inherent soil-forming factors and to compute index values that provide an overall assessment of the agronomic and environmental impact of the CON and ALT practices. SMAF index values were positively correlated with grain yield (an agronomic function) and total organic matter (an agronomic and environmental function). They were negatively correlated with soil nitrate concentration at harvest (an indicator of environmental function). There was general agreement between the two assessment tools when used to compare management practices. Users can measure a small number of soil properties and use one of these tools to easily assess the effectiveness of soil management practices. A higher score in either tool identifies more environmentally and agronomically sustainable management. Temporal variability in measured indicators makes dynamic assessments of management practices essential. Water-filled pore space, aggregate stability, particulate organic matter, and microbial biomass were sensitive to management and should be included in studies aimed at improving soil management. Reductions in both tillage and fallow combined with crop rotation has resulted in improved soil function (e.g., nutrient cycling, organic C content, and productivity) throughout the Great Plains.

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Effects of direct drilling and reduced cultivation on soil conditions for root growth

Outlook on Agriculture ◽

10.1177/003072707300700410 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 184-189 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

R Q Cannell ◽

J R Finney

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Root Growth ◽

Mechanical Strength ◽

Soil Properties ◽

Structural Stability ◽

Bulk Soil ◽

Soil Conditions ◽

Uncultivated Soil ◽

Direct Drilling ◽

Indirect Relationship

The two aspects of soil conditions and root growth in reduced cultivation systems are reviewed. Generally, an uncultivated soil is characterized by increased mechanical strength, reduced porosity greater moisture, more organic matter and structural stability at the surface, more earthworms and the development of nutrient gradients. Effects on root growth are much more variable and reflect the indirect relationship that exists between bulk soil properties and root growth.

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Weed Control in Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) with Soil-applied Herbicides Affected by a Prolonged and Limited rainfall

Poljoprivreda ◽

10.18047/poljo.27.2.1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 27 (2) ◽

pp. 3-14

Author(s):

Zvonko Pacanoski ◽

◽

Arben Mehmeti ◽

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Chenopodium Album ◽

Field Trials ◽

Early Spring ◽

Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽

Soil Conditions ◽

Weed Species ◽

Polygonum Aviculare ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Solanum Nigrum L

The field trials were carried out in the Bitola and Titov Veles regions during two sunflower growing seasons (2018 and 2019) to estimate a weed control in sunflower with the soil‒applied herbicides, influenced by a prolonged and limited rainfall. Polygonum aviculare L., Solanum nigrum L., Chenopodium album L., Amaranthus retroflexus L., Portulaca oleracea L., and Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv. were the most dominant weeds in both regions. The efficacy of PRE-em herbicides varied among the weed species, treatments, periods of efficacy estimation, regions, and years. The overall performances of the PRE-em herbicides were correlated with weather and soil conditions. The inconsistent weather patterns between the two years of the study likely influenced the weed control. All weeds in 2018 in the Bitola region were poorly controlled (<77% and <62%, 28 and 56 days after application, respectively) due to a higher amount of rainfall (57 mm) during the 10 days of the 1st decade after herbicide application. The herbicide efficacy has only produced a marginal control of weeds in 2019 in the Titov Veles region as well (<68% and <59%, 28 and 56 days after application, respectively), due to the drought conditions observed in this region in early spring and in mid-spring. A PREem application followed by a heavy rainfall resulted in a sunflower injury in the Bitola region in 2018, ranging from 9 to 28% across the PRE-em treatments seven days after emergence. The injuries by oxyfluorfen and dimethenamid-P were more serious (24 and 28%, respectively). The sunflower achene yields for each treatment in both regions generally reflected an overall weed control and crop injury.

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PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN SERBUK BATA MERAH TERHADAP NILAI CBR

PROKONS Jurusan Teknik Sipil ◽

10.33795/prokons.v14i2.298 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 47

Author(s):

Muhammad Rayhan Agustian Arif ◽

A'isyah Salimah ◽

Putera Agung Maha Agung

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Organic Matter ◽

Soft Soil ◽

Soil Conditions ◽

Soil Functions ◽

A Value ◽

Brick Powder ◽

Cbr Test ◽

Loose Sediments

Abstract Soil is a collection of minerals, organic matter and relatively loose sediments that are located above the bedrock. Based on the particle size, it is divided into four types, namely gravel, sand, silt and clay. The role of soil is very important in a construction because the soil functions as a support for the loads that are above it, so that the soil is expected to have a good bearing capacity. In this study, the soil taken is soft soil in Hambalang, Bogor where the soil conditions in the area are hard in the dry season and soft in the rainy season, so it is necessary to review the CBR (California Bearing Ratio) value. In this study, using waste from red brick as an additive to soft soil. CBR testing is appropriate (SNI 1744: 2012), with the CBR Laboratory test soaked and unsoaked. Along with the addition of% red brick powder, the CBR values of soaked and unsoaked (top and bottom) have increased, so that the addition of% content of red brick powder is 15% respectively got a value of 4.55% and 4.9% (soaked) and 17.94% and 19.70 (unsoaked). So, from this CBR test, it was found that the effect of adding red brick powder increases CBR tilapia soaked and unsoaked soft soil of Hambalang. Keywords: Soft Soil, Red Brick Powder,CBR soaked, CBR unsoaked

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PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN SERBUK BATA MERAH TERHADAP NILAI CBR

PROKONS Jurusan Teknik Sipil ◽

10.33795/prokons.v14i2.273 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 47

Author(s):

Muhammad Rayhan Agustian Arif ◽

A'isyah Salimah ◽

Putera Agung Maha Agung

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Organic Matter ◽

Soft Soil ◽

Soil Conditions ◽

Soil Functions ◽

A Value ◽

Brick Powder ◽

Cbr Test ◽

Loose Sediments

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Patterns of change in soil organic matter, physical properties and crop productivity under tillage practices and cropping systems in Bangladesh

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859616000265 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 155 (2) ◽

pp. 216-238 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

MD. KHAIRUL ALAM ◽

N. SALAHIN ◽

S. ISLAM ◽

R. A. BEGUM ◽

M. HASANUZZAMAN ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Soil Organic Matter ◽

Organic Carbon ◽

Soil Properties ◽

Crop Yields ◽

Soil Depth ◽

Cropping Systems ◽

Water Infiltration ◽

Zero Tillage ◽

Tillage Practices

SUMMARYConservation agriculture (CA) is inadequately developed for rice-based cropping systems widely practiced in Bangladesh. The current drawback is the implementation of CA for all crops including rice (Oryza sativaL., ecotype ‘transplanted aman’ [T. aman]) to increase rice–wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) rotation productivity. It is important to identify the best combination of tillage types and cropping systems to achieve a high yield of component crops and improve soil health. Three tillage practices, assigned to main experimental plots [namely, zero tillage (ZT), conventional tillage using a rotary tiller (CT) and deep tillage using a chisel plough (DT)] and three different cropping systems, assigned to sub-plots [namely, WFT: wheat–fallow–T. aman, WMT: wheat–mungbean (Vigna radiataL. Wilczek)–T. aman and WDT: wheat–dhaincha (Sesbania rostrata)–T. aman], were tested. After 4 years, ZT under WDT and WMT significantly increased soil organic matter (SOM) at 0–150 mm depth, and these replicates also held the highest levels of total organic carbon. Soil organic carbon (C) increased at a rate of 1.17 and 1.14 t/ha/y in ZT under WDT and WMT, respectively, while CT and DT under WFT were almost unchanged. After 4 years, SOM build-up by the three-crop system (WDT and WMT) under ZT helped conserve soil moisture and improve other soil properties, such as reduction in soil strength and bulk density and increase plant available water content, thus maintaining an optimum soil water infiltration rate. Zero tillage under WMT and WDT showed significant improvements in root mass density of rice and wheat at increased soil depth. The WDT and WMT plots under DT consistently gave the highest yield followed by WDT and WMT under CT, in contrast with ZT under WMT or WDT, which showed the highest improvement in crop yields over the years. In summary, minimum soil disturbance together with incorporation of a legume/green manure crop into the rice–wheat system as well as the retention of their residues increased soil C status, improved soil properties and maximized grain yields.

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The influence of litter crusts on soil properties and hydrological processes in a sandy ecosystem

Hydrology and Earth System Sciences ◽

10.5194/hess-23-2481-2019 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 23 (5) ◽

pp. 2481-2490 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Yu Liu ◽

Zeng Cui ◽

Ze Huang ◽

Hai-Tao Miao ◽

Gao-Lin Wu

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Soil Organic Matter ◽

Soil Properties ◽

Organic Matter Content ◽

Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽

Matter Content ◽

Water Infiltration ◽

Hydrological Processes ◽

Desert Ecosystems ◽

Positive Effects

Abstract. Litter crusts are integral components of the water budget in terrestrial ecosystems, especially in arid areas. This innovative study is designed to quantify the ecohydrological effectiveness of litter crusts in desert ecosystems. We focus on the positive effects of litter crusts on soil water holding capacity and water interception capacity compared with biocrusts. Litter crusts significantly increased soil organic matter compared to biocrusts and bare lands, by 2.4 times and 3.8 times, respectively. Higher organic matter content resulted in increased soil porosity and decreased soil bulk density. Meanwhile, soil organic matter can help to maintain maximum infiltration rates. Litter crusts significantly increased the water infiltration rate under high water supply. Our results suggested that litter crusts significantly improve soil properties, thereby influencing hydrological processes. Litter crusts play an important role in improving hydrological effectiveness and provide a microhabitat conducive to vegetation restoration in dry sandy ecosystems.

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