scholarly journals Long-Term Effects of Drainage, Bedding, and Fertilization on Growth of Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda L.) in the Coastal Plain of Virginia

2005 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 205-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas R. Fox ◽  
Kevin H. Kyle ◽  
Lisa J. Andrews ◽  
W. Michael Aust ◽  
James A. Burger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Coastal Plain ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Site Preparation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Lime Treatment

Abstract A site preparation study was established in 1968 at three locations in the Coastal Plain of Virginia. Three treatments were installed in a randomized complete block design: (1) chop, (2) bed, and (3) ditch. In 1978, four fertilizer treatments were superimposed on the site preparation study: (1) check, (2) phosphorus (P) only, (3) P + nitrogen (N), and (4) P + N + lime, converting it into a split-plot design. At age 33 years, height of the dominant loblolly pine in the ditch treatment was significantly greater than in the other site preparation treatments. However, there were no differences in stand density, diameter at breast height (dbh), basal area, or volume because of site preparation. This contrasts with the data collected at age 21 years, when total volume in both the bed treatment and the ditch treatment was greater than in the chop treatment. Changes in water table depths through time were the probable cause for decreased response to bedding and ditching. There was a large response to fertilization through age 33 years in this study. The P + N + lime treatment had significantly greater dbh, basal area, and volume than the other fertilizer treatments, which significantly increased pine stumpage value. The size of the growth response was greater at age 33 years than it was at age 21 years. Soil and foliage analysis suggests that the sustained growth response at this site was due to the added Ca. South. J. Appl. For. 29(4):205–214.

Loblolly pine and mixed hardwood stand dynamics for 27 years following chemical, mechanical, and manual site preparation

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 2126-2132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenn R. Glover ◽  
Bruce R. Zutter
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Site Preparation ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Fayette County ◽  
Stand Basal Area

A site-preparation study installed in 1959 in Fayette County, Alabama, U.S.A., provides data to evaluate long-term effects of varying densities of hardwood on loblolly pine (Pinustaeda L.) plantation growth, yield, and stand structure. Six treatments (hand girdle; bulldoze scarification; herbicide applied to axe frill, chain frill, and with an injector; and an untreated check) were installed as a randomized complete block with five replications. Periodic measurements of pine and hardwood size and density show that higher hardwood densities existing early in the pine plantation had a substantial negative effect on loblolly pine survival and basal area yield, with the bulldoze and herbicide treatments having less hardwood and higher survival and stand basal area. Pine total height and diameter at breast height were reduced by increasing hardwood density early in the life of the plantation, but size of surviving trees differed little among treatments at later ages, except on plots where most pine trees were suppressed by hardwoods. Strong relationships between pine basal area per hectare at age 27 and both number of hardwood stems at age 3 and percentage of stand basal area in hardwood at age 6 were noted. These relationships indicate promise for predicting long-term growth and yield of loblolly pine plantations from early measures of hardwood interference.

Loblolly Pine Plantation Development is Influenced by Site Preparation and Soils in the West Gulf Coastal Plain

1989 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
James D. Haywood ◽  
James D. Burton
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Coastal Plain ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Site Preparation ◽  
Additional Treatment ◽  
Phosphorus Fertilization ◽  
Gulf Coastal Plain ◽  
The West ◽  
Burn Treatment ◽  
Growing Seasons

Abstract Productivity of upland loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations was studied under seven site preparation treatments and five soil classes, with and without fertilizer, in the West Gulf Coastal Plain. Generally, the chop-burn-harrow and shear-windrow-harrow treatments resulted in themost basal area (ave. 112 ft²/ac), but the chop-burn-harrow treatment produced the most fiber (2,109 ft³/ac) after 12 growing seasons. Harrowing as an additional treatment after chopping-and-burning increased productivity by 394 ft³/ac over the chop-burn treatment. The leastproductive treatments were underplant-inject and shear-windrow. Generally, basal area per acre was comparatively high on the silty, slowly permeable clay, and very slowly permeable clay soils (ave. 105 ft ²/ac). Two of the soils, silty and slowly permeable clay, had comparatively highvolume production (ave. 1,878 ft³/ac). The least productive sites had gravelly subsoils. Generally, phosphorus fertilization did not influence pine productivity. South. J. Appl. For. 13(1):17-21.

scholarly journals Twelve-Year Results of a Loblolly Pine Site Preparation Study in the Piedmont and Upper Coastal Plain of South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama

2002 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stacey W. Martin ◽  
Barry D. Shiver
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Coastal Plain ◽  
Chemical Treatment ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Site Preparation ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Vegetation Control ◽  
Stand Basal Area

Abstract A designed experimental study was installed at 25 separate locations in the Piedmont and Upper Coastal Plain regions of South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama with the objective of evaluating the effects of different site preparation treatments, both chemical and mechanical, on growth and yield of cutover site-prepared loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations. The following six site preparation treatments were included: (1) burn, (2) chop and burn, (3) shear, pile and disk, (4) chop, herbicide and burn, (5) herbicide and burn, and (6) herbicide, burn and complete vegetation control. The herbicide, burn and complete vegetation control treatment significantly increased mean dbh, mean height, stand basal area, and total and merchantable volume compared to all other treatments. The burn-only treatment consistently ranked worst compared to all other treatments. There were significant differences in mean dbh, mean height, stand basal area, and total and merchantable volume between: (1) the herbicide and burn, which is an operational chemical treatment, and (2) the average of the chop and burn treatment and the shear, pile and disk treatment, which are operational mechanical treatments. In all cases the operational chemical treatment performed significantly better than the average of the two operational mechanical treatments. Average 12-yr-old merchantable volumes (ft3/ac) across all locations by treatment were: burn (846), chop and burn (1,445), shear, pile and disk (1,740), chop, herbicide and burn (1,669), herbicide and burn (1,919), and herbicide, burn and complete vegetation control (2,546). There were no apparent trends in percent fusiform infection levels across site preparation treatment intensity levels. South. J. Appl. For. 26(1):32–36.

Long-term effects of stand density management and genotype on wood properties of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) in the mid-South USA

2021 ◽  
Vol 491 ◽  
pp. 119176
Author(s):  
Michael A. Blazier ◽  
Thomas Hennessey ◽  
Laurence Schimleck ◽  
Scott Abbey ◽  
Ryan Holbrook ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Stand Density Management ◽  
Pinus Taeda L

scholarly journals Bedding and Fertilization Ameliorate Effects of Designated Wet-Weather Skid Trails after Four Years for Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda) Plantations

1998 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 222-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Michael Aust ◽  
James A. Burger ◽  
William H. McKee ◽  
Gregory A. Scheerer ◽  
Mark D. Tippett
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Water Movement ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Site Preparation ◽  
Site Productivity ◽  
Mechanical Site Preparation ◽  
Wet Weather ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Study Sites

Abstract Wet-weather harvesting operations on wet pine fiats can cause soil disturbances that may reduce long-term site productivity. Site preparation and fertilization are often recommended as ameliorative practices for such disturbances, but few studies have actually quantified their effects on restoration. The purposes of this study were to quantify the effects of wet-weather harvest traffic in designated skid trails on soil properties and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) growth, and to evaluate the ameliorative effects of site preparation. Study sites were established on wet pine flats of the lower Coastal Plain within the Francis Marion National Forest (Berkeley County, SC). Treatments were arranged in a split-split plot within a randomized complete block design. Treatments were two levels of traffic (nontrafficked, trafficked), four levels of mechanical site preparation (none, disking, bedding, disking + bedding), and two levels of fertilization (none, 337 kg /ha of 10-10-10 fertilizer). initially, the trafficking increased soil bulk densities and reduced soil water movement and subsequent growth of loblolly pine (years 1 and 2). Bedding combined with fertilization restored site productivity to non trafficked levels within 4 yr, but disking or fertilization treatments alone were not effective at ameliorating the traffic effects. The effectiveness of the bedding and fertilization treatments for amelioration of traffic effects was probably facilitated by the relatively small area of disturbed skid trails (<10%) found on these sites. Areas having more severe disturbance or higher percentages of disturbance might not be ameliorated as rapidly. South. J. Appl. For. 22(4):222-226.

scholarly journals Response of Loblolly Pine Plantations to Late-Rotation Fertilization and Herbicide Applications in North Louisiana

2000 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 166-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger A. Williams ◽  
Kenneth W. Farrish
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Pine Plantations ◽  
Discount Rates ◽  
Rates Of Return ◽  
Age Class ◽  
North Louisiana

Abstract Late-rotation fertilization was studied over a 6 yr period in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations in north Louisiana. Fertilizer (150 lb/ac of nitrogen and 50 lb/ac of phosphorus) and herbicide (hexazinone, 2.5 lb ai/ac) were applied to five loblolly pine plantations in the 25-yr-old age class (25-26 yr), and five plantations in the 30-yr-old age class (30-32 yr). The study was established as a randomized block design with three blocks in each plantation. Three treatments studied were fertilizer (F), fertilizer+herbicide (FH), and herbicide (H), which were compared to a control. Diameter and volume growth responded significantly to treatments F and FH in both age classes. A greater per-tree response occurred in the 25-yr-old age class as a result of the additive effect of recent thinnings. The use of herbicide in treatments FH and H did not cause a significant increase in growth response. The growth response in treatment FH was not significantly different from the response in treatment F, nor was the growth response in treatment H significantly different from the control. In the 25-yr-old age class the response to fertilization (treatments F and FH) was allocated primarily to the larger trees. Treatments F and FH increased total volume growth (lb) by 48 and 55 ft3/ac/yr, respectively, over control plots while treatment H increased growth by 15 ft3/ac/yr. In the 30-yr-old age class, the response was distributed more evenly among all diameter classes. Treatments F and FH increased total volume growth on average of 58 and 60 ft³/ac/yr, respectively, over control plots while treatment H increased growth by 17 ft3/ac/yr. An economic analysis was performed using discount rates of 8% and 12%, and current prices and costs at the time of the study. Rates of return ranged from 29.6 to 38.8% under various economic scenarios (discount rates, prices and costs) in the 25-yr-old age class. The net present value equivalent to an annual income (EAI) gain for each of the 6 yr of the study ranged from $34.07-$60.54/ac/yr. These same economic scenarios produced rates of return of 23.3 to 31.9% in the 30-yr-old age class, with an EAI range of $18.98-$40.03/ac/yr. South. J. Appl. For. 24(3):166-175.

scholarly journals Growth After Thinning a 35-Year-Old Natural Stand to Different Loblolly Pine and Hardwood Basal Areas

1997 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 168-174
Author(s):  
Michael G. Shelton ◽  
Paul A. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Timber Production ◽  
Product Class ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Timber Products ◽  
Total Growth ◽  
Area And Volume

Abstract Growth was monitored for 4 yr in a thinned stand in southern Arkansas with three pine basal areas (70, 85, and 100 ft2/ac) and three hardwood basal areas (0, 15, and 30 ft2/ac); pretreatment basal areas averaged 119 and 33 ft2/ac for pines and hardwoods, respectively. Treatments were arranged in a 3 X 3 factorial randomized complete block design with three replicates, yielding 27 permanent 0.20 ac plots. Growth variables were regressed with residual pine and hardwood basal areas. Pine basal area and volume growth increased with the pine stocking level after thinning and decreased with the level of retained hardwoods. For basal area and merchantable volume, hardwood growth largely compensated for losses in the pine component, and thus, hardwood retention had little net effect on the total growth of the stand. The greatest impact of hardwood retention was on the stand's sawtimber growth, because hardwoods did not contribute to this product class. Each 1 ft2/ac of retained hardwood basal area reduced pine sawtimber growth by 6 to 10 bd ft Doyle/ac/yr, depending on the pine stocking. Because large differences existed in the value of timber products, retaining 15 and 30 ft2/ac of hardwoods reduced the value of timber production by 13 and 24%, respectively, at 4 yr after thinning. South. J. Appl. For. 21(4):168-174.

Effect of midrotation fertilization on growth and specific gravity of loblolly pine

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 928-935 ◽  
Author(s):  
Finto Antony ◽  
Lewis Jordan ◽  
Richard F. Daniels ◽  
Laurence R. Schimleck ◽  
Alexander Clark ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Wood Property ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Fertilization Rate ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Property Changes

Wood properties and growth were measured on breast-height cores and on disks collected at different heights from a thinned and fertilized midrotation loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda L.) plantation in the lower Coastal Plain of North Carolina. The study was laid out in a randomized complete-block design receiving four levels of nitrogen (N) fertilizer: unfertilized control and 112, 224, and 336 kg/ha plus 28 kg/ha of phosphorus with each treatment. The effect of fertilization was analyzed for the whole-disk and for a 4 year average following fertilization on data collected from breast-height cores and from disks. The fertilization treatments did not significantly affect whole-disk wood properties but significantly increased radial growth. Fertilization rate of 336 kg/ha N significantly reduced 4 year average ring specific gravity and latewood specific gravity. Wood properties of trees that received 112 and 224 kg/ha N were not affected following treatment. There was no height related trend in wood property changes due to fertilization. Fertilization significantly increased ring basal area and earlywood basal area. In summary, there was a decline in wood properties and an increase in basal area growth immediately after fertilization; both depended on the rate of fertilizer applied irrespective of height.

Changes in site productivity and the recovery of soil properties following wet- and dry-weather harvesting disturbances in the Atlantic Coastal Plain for a stand of age 10 years

2007 ◽  
Vol 37 (8) ◽  
pp. 1336-1348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark H. Eisenbies ◽  
James A. Burger ◽  
W. Michael Aust ◽  
Steven C. Patterson
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Coastal Plain ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Site Preparation ◽  
Atlantic Coastal Plain ◽  
Site Productivity ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Wet Weather ◽  
Wet Pine Flats

Wet-weather logging can cause severe soil physical disturbances and redistribute residues. Although some research indicates negative effects of such disturbances on individual tree growth, the long-term resilience and resistance of soils and the ameliorative effects of site preparation are not fully understood. Three 20 ha loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda L.) plantations located on fertile wet pine flats on the coastal plain of South Carolina were subjected to five treatment combinations of harvest (wet and dry) and site preparation. Mean tree heights were 10.2–11.5 m, and stand biomass ranged between 95 and 143 Mg/ha. A rank diagnostic indicates that wet-weather harvesting did not significantly change site productivity between rotations, and bedding improved site productivity. At the polypedon scale (0.04 ha), there were no significant differences in tree height, biomass, or the rank diagnostic among classes of soil physical disturbances or harvesting residues when bedding was employed. On nonbedded sites, some levels of disturbance appeared to be superior to minimally disturbed sites. Based on 10 year results, wet pine flats are apparently resistant and resilient to the effects of wet-weather harvesting.

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