scholarly journals Growth After Thinning a 35-Year-Old Natural Stand to Different Loblolly Pine and Hardwood Basal Areas

1997 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 168-174
Author(s):  
Michael G. Shelton ◽  
Paul A. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Timber Production ◽  
Product Class ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Timber Products ◽  
Total Growth ◽  
Area And Volume

Abstract Growth was monitored for 4 yr in a thinned stand in southern Arkansas with three pine basal areas (70, 85, and 100 ft2/ac) and three hardwood basal areas (0, 15, and 30 ft2/ac); pretreatment basal areas averaged 119 and 33 ft2/ac for pines and hardwoods, respectively. Treatments were arranged in a 3 X 3 factorial randomized complete block design with three replicates, yielding 27 permanent 0.20 ac plots. Growth variables were regressed with residual pine and hardwood basal areas. Pine basal area and volume growth increased with the pine stocking level after thinning and decreased with the level of retained hardwoods. For basal area and merchantable volume, hardwood growth largely compensated for losses in the pine component, and thus, hardwood retention had little net effect on the total growth of the stand. The greatest impact of hardwood retention was on the stand's sawtimber growth, because hardwoods did not contribute to this product class. Each 1 ft2/ac of retained hardwood basal area reduced pine sawtimber growth by 6 to 10 bd ft Doyle/ac/yr, depending on the pine stocking. Because large differences existed in the value of timber products, retaining 15 and 30 ft2/ac of hardwoods reduced the value of timber production by 13 and 24%, respectively, at 4 yr after thinning. South. J. Appl. For. 21(4):168-174.

scholarly journals The effect of Broussonetia papyrifera invasion on the regeneration of selected native timber species in a tropical moist forest in Uganda

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davis Mark Ssemanda ◽  
Enock Ssekuubwa
Keyword(s):  
Tropical Forests ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Timber Production ◽  
Timber Species ◽  
Production Potential ◽  
Broussonetia Papyrifera ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Moist Forest

Abstract Broussonetia papyrifera has been identified as one of the top invasive species in some African tropical forests with potentially devastating impacts on the conservation and timber production potential of the forests. This study determined the effect of B. papyrifera on the regeneration of selected native timber species in Mabira Forest Reserve, Uganda. The abundance, basal area and population structure of the timber species were compared between areas invaded and uninvaded by B. papyrifera. Employing a complete randomized block design, a total of forty plots (30 x 30 m each), and equally distributed between invaded and uninvaded areas with similar habitat conditions were surveyed. Counts of seedlings were recorded and diameter of saplings and trees measured. Generalized linear models were used to analyze the abundance, tree basal area and size class distributions of the selected species. The study revealed that the effects of B. papyrifera invasion vary depending on the growth stage and species studied. Overall, B. papyrifera invasion significantly reduced tree abundance and basal area, and suppressed the regeneration of some but not all the selected species. Our results demonstrate that if the spread of B. papyrifera is not abated, it will lower the conservation and timber production potential of tropical forests. Therefore, we call for interventions to control the spread of B. papyrifera to the uninvaded parts of the forests and halt its multiplication in invaded areas so as to enhance the regeneration and growth of timber species.

scholarly journals Response of Loblolly Pine Plantations to Late-Rotation Fertilization and Herbicide Applications in North Louisiana

2000 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 166-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger A. Williams ◽  
Kenneth W. Farrish
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Pine Plantations ◽  
Discount Rates ◽  
Rates Of Return ◽  
Age Class ◽  
North Louisiana

Abstract Late-rotation fertilization was studied over a 6 yr period in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations in north Louisiana. Fertilizer (150 lb/ac of nitrogen and 50 lb/ac of phosphorus) and herbicide (hexazinone, 2.5 lb ai/ac) were applied to five loblolly pine plantations in the 25-yr-old age class (25-26 yr), and five plantations in the 30-yr-old age class (30-32 yr). The study was established as a randomized block design with three blocks in each plantation. Three treatments studied were fertilizer (F), fertilizer+herbicide (FH), and herbicide (H), which were compared to a control. Diameter and volume growth responded significantly to treatments F and FH in both age classes. A greater per-tree response occurred in the 25-yr-old age class as a result of the additive effect of recent thinnings. The use of herbicide in treatments FH and H did not cause a significant increase in growth response. The growth response in treatment FH was not significantly different from the response in treatment F, nor was the growth response in treatment H significantly different from the control. In the 25-yr-old age class the response to fertilization (treatments F and FH) was allocated primarily to the larger trees. Treatments F and FH increased total volume growth (lb) by 48 and 55 ft3/ac/yr, respectively, over control plots while treatment H increased growth by 15 ft3/ac/yr. In the 30-yr-old age class, the response was distributed more evenly among all diameter classes. Treatments F and FH increased total volume growth on average of 58 and 60 ft³/ac/yr, respectively, over control plots while treatment H increased growth by 17 ft3/ac/yr. An economic analysis was performed using discount rates of 8% and 12%, and current prices and costs at the time of the study. Rates of return ranged from 29.6 to 38.8% under various economic scenarios (discount rates, prices and costs) in the 25-yr-old age class. The net present value equivalent to an annual income (EAI) gain for each of the 6 yr of the study ranged from $34.07-$60.54/ac/yr. These same economic scenarios produced rates of return of 23.3 to 31.9% in the 30-yr-old age class, with an EAI range of $18.98-$40.03/ac/yr. South. J. Appl. For. 24(3):166-175.

Thinned Loblolly Pine Stand Growth Improved by Early Hardwood Suppression

1991 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-27
Author(s):  
Terry R. Clason
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Growth Data ◽  
Stand Growth ◽  
Pinus Taeda L

Abstract A hardwood suppression treatment applied to a 7-year-old, loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantation enhanced projected productivity through a 35-year rotation that included three commercial thinnings. By age 22, growth data showed that hardwood removal treatments had larger pines and smaller hardwoods than check treatments. Fifteen-year pine basal area and merchantable volume growth on hardwood removal plots exceeded the check plots by 25 and 27%. Projected growth between ages 22 and 35 indicated that 28 years after early hardwood removal thinned plantation merchantable volume yields improved by 840 ft³ per acre. South. J. Appl. For. 15(1):22-27.

Fertilization of Established Southern Pine Stands: Effects of Single and Split Nitrogen Treatments

1993 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 135-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric J. Jokela ◽  
Stephen C. Stearns-Smith
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Pinus Elliottii ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Southern Pine ◽  
N Application ◽  
Pine Stands ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
Nitrogen Treatments

Abstract Data from six fertilizer trials established in semimature southern pine stands (five slash pine, Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii; one loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L.) were analyzed to determine the efficacy of single vs. split fertilizer treatments. Both fertilizer treatments supplied an elemental equivalent of 200 lb nitrogen (N)/ac and 50 lb phosphorus (P)/ac; however, the first treatment was delivered as a single dose, and the second treatment was a split N application (i.e., 50 lb N and 50 lb P/ac (initial); 150 lb N/ac (2 yr later). Cumulative responses of fertilized plots were still significantly greater than the controls in five trials after 8 yr and averaged 43% (15.7 ft²/ac) and 39% (607 ft³/ac) for basal area and stand volume growth, respectively. In general, no significant differences in either the magnitude or duration of response were detected between the single and split N fertilizer treatments. This suggests that delaying a portion of the N application for 2 yr will not diminish the level of growth responses attained. Therefore, land managers have flexibility in using either application method when implementing midrotation fertilizer prescriptions. South. J. Appl. For. 17(3):135-138.

Effect of midrotation fertilization on growth and specific gravity of loblolly pine

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 928-935 ◽  
Author(s):  
Finto Antony ◽  
Lewis Jordan ◽  
Richard F. Daniels ◽  
Laurence R. Schimleck ◽  
Alexander Clark ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Wood Property ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Fertilization Rate ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Property Changes

Wood properties and growth were measured on breast-height cores and on disks collected at different heights from a thinned and fertilized midrotation loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda L.) plantation in the lower Coastal Plain of North Carolina. The study was laid out in a randomized complete-block design receiving four levels of nitrogen (N) fertilizer: unfertilized control and 112, 224, and 336 kg/ha plus 28 kg/ha of phosphorus with each treatment. The effect of fertilization was analyzed for the whole-disk and for a 4 year average following fertilization on data collected from breast-height cores and from disks. The fertilization treatments did not significantly affect whole-disk wood properties but significantly increased radial growth. Fertilization rate of 336 kg/ha N significantly reduced 4 year average ring specific gravity and latewood specific gravity. Wood properties of trees that received 112 and 224 kg/ha N were not affected following treatment. There was no height related trend in wood property changes due to fertilization. Fertilization significantly increased ring basal area and earlywood basal area. In summary, there was a decline in wood properties and an increase in basal area growth immediately after fertilization; both depended on the rate of fertilizer applied irrespective of height.

Modelling stand growth of radiata pine thinned to varying densities

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 1069-1076 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. D. Whyte ◽  
R. C. Woollons
Keyword(s):  
Negative Selection ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Radiata Pine ◽  
Projection Model ◽  
Stand Growth ◽  
Thinning Intensity ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Attainable Yield ◽  
Similar Yield

Growth trends in a radiata pine thinning experiment established 18 years ago in Kaingaroa Forest, New Zealand, are portrayed and analyzed. The six thinnings, to 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, and 700/ha, were carried out at age 7 years; four replicates of each thinning level were laid out in 0.2 ha plots in a randomized complete block design. The dbh outside bark of all trees and the heights of a sample of 12–15 trees per 0.1 ha inner plot were remeasured at least once each year up to age 20 and then at 2-year intervals thereafter. Mean top-height development after age 7 years was little affected by thinning intensity, although initial negative selection may have reduced the subsequent vigour of the most heavily thinned plots. Analysis of a Gompertz projection model for net basal area per hectare and a similar yield formulation indicated that thinning down to 300/ha progressively lowered basal-area production and the maximum attainable yield but did not impair the ability to capture fully the available growing space. The 200/ha treatment, however, was much impaired, and its asymptote was lowered to such an extent that its yield trajectory was continuing to fall away relative to the others. The analysis quantifies this reduction and could possibly allow estimates of how much production would be lost between 200 and 300/ha, so that due allowance could be made when predicting yields for routine thinning prescriptions within that range.

Effect of Mid-Rotation Fertilization on Stiffness and Strength of Loblolly Pine Wood

IAWA Journal ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Finto Antony ◽  
Laurence R. Schimleck ◽  
Richard F. Daniels ◽  
Alexander Clark
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Treatment Effect ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Modulus Of Elasticity ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Significant Treatment Effect ◽  
Significant Treatment ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Four Levels

Trees sampled from a loblolly pine mid-rotation fertilization trial were used in this study. The study was laid out in a randomized complete block design with four levels of nitrogen fertilizer as treatments: control (000N), 112 (112N), 224 (224N), and 336 (336N) kg/ha of nitrogen, with each treatment replicated in 4 blocks. Two trees were destructively sampled from each plot giving a total of 32 trees. Bolts 0.6 m in length were collected from each tree (3 bolts per tree); with the midpoint of each bolt at heights of 2.4, 7.3 and 12.2 m from the base of the tree (each bolt represented the midpoint of standard 4.9 m saw logs). Static bending samples with dimensions 25 by 25 by 406 mm (radial, tangential and longitudinal dimensions respectively) were cut from the bolts that included the 25 mm of wood produced immediately following fertilization. Data on modulus of elasticity (MOE, stiffness) and modulus of rupture (MOR, strength) were collected from clear static bending samples. Based on the analysis of variance, no significant treatment effect was observed on MOE and MOR. However, MOE and MOR decreased in wood produced immediately after fertilization for trees which received the highest level of fertilization (336N). A decreasing trend in MOE and MOR with height was also present.

Maximum growth potential in loblolly pine: results from a 47-year-old spacing study in Hawaii

2010 ◽  
Vol 40 (10) ◽  
pp. 1914-1929 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa J. Samuelson ◽  
Thomas L. Eberhardt ◽  
John R. Butnor ◽  
Tom A. Stokes ◽  
Kurt H. Johnsen
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Carbon Gain ◽  
Native Range ◽  
Woody Root ◽  
Area And Volume

Growth, allocation to woody root biomass, wood properties, leaf physiology, and shoot morphology were examined in a 47-year-old loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda L.) density trial located in Maui, Hawaii, to determine if stands continued to carry the high density, basal area, and volume reported at younger ages and to identify potential factors controlling expression of maximum growth potential. Basal area and volume were similar among spacings (square: 1.8, 2.4, 3.0, and 3.7 m) and averaged 93 m2·ha–1 and 1076 m3·ha–1, respectively, and were double the maxima reported for loblolly pine in its native range. Spacing had a significant influence on density, quadratic mean diameter, and height. Ring-specific gravity and percent latewood were similar among spacing treatments but values were high compared to mainland stands. Leaf light-saturated net photosynthesis, dark respiration, stomatal conductance, and quantum yield were comparable with values reported for loblolly pine in its native range. Foliar calcium concentrations, specific leaf area, and flush number were high in the Hawaii study. Higher carrying capacity in Hawaii may be related to a more favorable climate conducive to year-round leaf carbon gain, high nutrient availability, increased flushing, and less allocation to belowground mass.

Growth of Loblolly Pine Stands After the First Five Years of Uneven-Aged Silviculture Using Single-Tree Selection

1994 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 128-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul A. Murphy ◽  
Michael G. Shelton
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Site Index ◽  
Single Tree ◽  
Single Tree Selection ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
North Louisiana ◽  
Positive Effect

Abstract The effects of three levels of residual basal area (40, 60, and 80 ft2/ac), maximum dbh (12, 16, and 20 in.) and site index (< 81 ft, 81 to 90 ft, and >90 ft) on the growth of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) stands after 5 yr of uneven-aged silviculture were determined from plots located in south Arkansas and north Louisiana. Designated levels of basal area and maximum dbh were achieved by harvesting; a q factor of 1.2 (using 1 in. dbh classes) was imposed on all plots as closely as possible. Stand-level models were developed for annual per acre net volume growth (merchantable cubic feet, sawtimber cubic feet, and sawtimber board feet, Doyle rule) and annual per acre survivor growth, ingrowth, and mortality components of basal area growth. Growth for all volume measures increased with an increase in basal area. Site index did not significantly affect merchantable cubic-foot growth but had a positive effect on sawtimber growth in both cubic feet and board feet, Doyle. Increases in maximum dbh decreased merchantable and sawtimber cubic-foot growth but increased growth for board-foot volume, Doyle. South. J. Appl. For. 18(3): 128-132.

Stand development following precommercial thinning and fertilization treatments in a western redcedar (Thuja plicata) dominated forest

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Constance A. Harrington ◽  
Warren D. Devine
Keyword(s):  
Volume Growth ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Site Quality ◽  
Thuja Plicata ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Western Redcedar ◽  
Large Trees ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Individual Trees ◽  
Area And Volume

Western redcedar (Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don.) is an important North American tree species, but little information is available on its long-term responses to silvicultural treatments. Stand responses (mortality, ingrowth, basal area and volume growth, and distributions of trees by diameter and height classes) were followed for 25 years after thinning and fertilization treatments (alone and in combination) were applied to a naturally regenerated, low site quality western redcedar stand on the Olympic Peninsula in western Washington, USA. Mortality was low overall, but the densest stands experienced competition-related mortality. Thinning resulted in additional stem recruitment; after 25 years, the number of ingrowth trees exceeded the number of trees in the cohort left after thinning. Fertilization (with nitrogen and phosphorus) flattened size distributions and skewed them to larger size classes. Thinning plus fertilization resulted in the largest individual trees and the most large trees, but also many trees in a wide range of diameter classes. The recruitment of a second cohort did not result in a two-storied stand. Fertilization without thinning resulted in the greatest stand basal area and volume, as well as trees with fewer live lower branches.

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