scholarly journals Compatible Stem Taper, Volume, and Weight Equations for Young Longleaf Pine Plantations in Southwest Georgia

2007 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 187-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Brooks ◽  
Lichun Jiang ◽  
Alexander Clark
Keyword(s):  
Longleaf Pine ◽  
Pinus Palustris ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Average Error ◽  
Nonlinear Fitting ◽  
Fitting Procedure ◽  
Stem Taper ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Intensively Managed ◽  
Generalized Newton

Abstract Outside and inside bark diameter measurements were recorded from tree disks obtained at 0-, 0.5-, 2.0-, 4.5-, 6.0-, 16.6-, and at 4-ft-height intervals above 6 ft to a 2-in. diameter outside bark top diameter on 42 longleaf pine trees selected from intensively managed longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) plantations in Dougherty and Worth Counties in southwest Georgia. Trees were sampled from unthinned, cutover stands in their 11th and 14th growing season, which are currently part of an existing growth and yield study. Sample trees ranged from 2 to 7 in. in diameter and from 18 to 40 ft in total height. Parameters for a segmented polynomial taper and compatible cubic foot volume and weight equation were simultaneously estimated using a seemingly unrelated nonlinear fitting procedure to volumes based on a generalized Newton formula and an overlapping bolt methodology. Average error was approximately 0.25 in., 0.04 ft3, and 2.5 lb for taper, volume, and weight estimation, respectively.

scholarly journals Diurnal Pine Bark Structure Dynamics Affect Properties Relevant to Firebrand Generation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Pokswinski ◽  
Michael R. Gallagher ◽  
Nicholas S. Skowronski ◽  
E. Louise Loudermilk ◽  
Joseph J. O'Brien ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Longleaf Pine ◽  
Pinus Palustris ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Diurnal Changes ◽  
Solar Exposure ◽  
Structure Changes ◽  
Pitch Pine ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Bark Structure

Firebrands are an important agent of wildfire spread and structure fire ignitions at the wildland urban interface. Bark flake morphology has been highlighted as an important, yet poorly characterized factor in firebrand generation, transport, deposition, and ignition of unburned material. Using pine species where bark flakes are the documented source of embers, we conducted experiments to investigate how bark structure changes in response to diurnal drying. Over a 3-day period in a longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) stand in Florida, we recorded changes in temperature, moisture content and structure of bark across different facing aspects of mature pine trees to examine the effects of varying solar exposure on bark moisture. We further compared results to bark drying in a pitch pine (Pinus rigida Mill.) plantation in New Jersey. Under all conditions, bark peeled and lifted away from the tree trunk over the study periods. Tree bole aspect and the time of day interacted to significantly affect bark peeling. General temperature increases and moisture content decreases were significantly different between east and west aspects in pitch pine, and with time of day and aspect in longleaf pine. These results illustrate that bark moisture and flakiness is highly dynamic on short time scales, driven largely by solar exposure. These diurnal changes likely influence the probability of firebrand production during fire events via controls on moisture (ignition) and peeling (lofting).

Effects of overstory competition on canopy recruitment patterns of naturally regenerated longleaf pine on two site types

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (7) ◽  
pp. 624-635
Author(s):  
Patrick J. Curtin ◽  
Benjamin O. Knapp ◽  
Steven B. Jack ◽  
Lance A. Vickers ◽  
David R. Larsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Longleaf Pine ◽  
Pinus Palustris ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
High Density ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Overstory Trees

Recent interest in continuous cover forest management of longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) ecosystems raises questions of long-term sustainability because of uncertainty in rates of canopy recruitment of longleaf pine trees. We destructively sampled 130 naturally regenerated, midstory longleaf pines across an 11 300 ha, second-growth longleaf pine landscape in southwestern Georgia, United States, to reconstruct individual tree height growth patterns. We tested effects of stand density (using a competition index) and site quality (based on two site classifications: mesic and xeric) on height growth and demographics of midstory trees. We also compared height growth of paired midstory and overstory trees to infer stand regeneration and recruitment dynamics. In low-density stands, midstory trees were younger and grew at greater rates than trees within high-density stands. Midstory trees in low-density stands were mostly from a younger regeneration cohort than their paired overstory trees, whereas midstory–overstory pairs in high-density stands were mostly of the same cohort. Our results highlight the importance of releasing midstory longleaf pine trees from local competition for sustained height growth in partial-harvesting management systems. They also demonstrate patterns of long-term persistence in high-density stands, indicating flexibility in the canopy recruitment process of this shade-intolerant tree species.

scholarly journals A Height–Diameter Curve for Longleaf Pine Plantations in the Gulf Coastal Plain

2009 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 164-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Leduc ◽  
Jeffery Goelz
Keyword(s):  
Longleaf Pine ◽  
Pinus Palustris ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Average Height ◽  
Yield Model ◽  
Gulf Region ◽  
Volume Calculation ◽  
Sigmoidal Curve ◽  
Quadratic Mean Diameter

Abstract Tree height is a critical component of a complete growth-and-yield model because it is one of the primary components used in volume calculation. To develop an equation to predict total height from dbh for longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) plantations in the West Gulf region, many different sigmoidal curve forms, weighting functions, and ways of expressing height and diameter were explored. Most of the functional forms tried produced very similar results, but ultimately the form developed by Levakovic was chosen as best. Another useful result was that scaling diameters by the quadratic mean diameter on a plot and height by the average height of dominant and codominant trees in the target stand resulted in dramatically better fits than using these variables in their raw forms.

Silviculture that sustains: the nexus between silviculture, frequent prescribed fire, and conservation of biodiversity in longleaf pine forests of the southeastern United States

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (11) ◽  
pp. 2724-2736 ◽  
Author(s):  
R J Mitchell ◽  
J K Hiers ◽  
J J O'Brien ◽  
S B Jack ◽  
R T Engstrom
Keyword(s):  
Prescribed Fire ◽  
Prescribed Burning ◽  
Longleaf Pine ◽  
Pinus Palustris ◽  
Natural Disturbance ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Patterns And Processes ◽  
Conservation Of Biodiversity

The longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) forest ecosystems of the US southeastern Coastal Plain, among the most biologically diverse ecosystems in North America, originally covered over 24 × 106 ha but now occupy less than 5% of their original extent. The key factor for sustaining their high levels of diversity is the frequent application of prescribed fire uninterrupted in time and space. Pine fuels, critical to application of fire and regulated by canopy distribution, provide the nexus between silviculture and fire management in this system. Typical silvicultural approaches for this type were, in large part, developed to maximize the establishment and growth of regeneration as well as growth and yield of timber, with much less regard to how those practices might influence the ability to sustain prescribed burning regimes or the associated biodiversity. However, many landholdings in the region now include conservation of biodiversity as a primary objective with sustained timber yield as an important but secondary goal. This review synthesizes the literature related to controls of biodiversity for longleaf pine ecosystems, and silvicultural approaches are compared in their ability to sustain natural disturbance such as fire and how closely they mimic the variation, patterns, and processes of natural disturbance regimes while allowing for regeneration.

scholarly journals Influence of Pine Straw Harvesting, Prescribed Fire, and Fertilization on a Louisiana Longleaf Pine Site

2009 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 115-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
James D. Haywood
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Prescribed Burning ◽  
Longleaf Pine ◽  
Pinus Palustris ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Prescribed Burn ◽  
Straw Management ◽  
Pine Straw ◽  
Main Plot ◽  
Direct Seeded

Abstract This research was initiated in a 34-year-old, direct-seeded stand of longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) to study how pine straw management practices (harvesting, fire, and fertilization) affected the longleaf pine overstory and pine straw yields. A randomized complete block split-plot design was installed with two main plot treatments: (1) no fertilization and (2) fertilization with 45 lb N and 50 lb P/ac in April 1991 and May 1997 and with 50 lb P and 72 lb K/ac in April 2004. There were four subplot treatments: (1) control—no activity except a standwide thinning in June 1999, (2) prescribed burn 6 times from March 1991 through May 2004, (3) prescribed burned as in subplot treatment 2 and pine straw harvested in early 1992 and 1993, and (4) annual harvest of pine straw 13 times from early 1992 through April 2006. Fertilization did not affect longleaf pine growth and yield over the 15-year study. Subplot management also did not influence longleaf pine growth possibly because the adverse effects that competition, repeated prescribed burning, and litter removal have on longleaf pine growth could not be separated among subplot treatments. Fertilization did not directly affect pine straw yields; however, it appeared that pine straw yields decreased over time.

scholarly journals WholeTree Substrates Derived from Three Species of Pine in Production of Annual Vinca

2008 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenn B. Fain ◽  
Charles H. Gilliam ◽  
Jeff L. Sibley ◽  
Cheryl R. Boyer
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Longleaf Pine ◽  
Pinus Palustris ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Pinus Elliottii ◽  
Slash Pine ◽  
Pine Bark ◽  
Hammer Mill ◽  
Horticultural Crops ◽  
Pine Trees

The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential for use of container substrates composed of processed whole pine trees (WholeTree). Three species [loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), slash pine (Pinus elliottii), and longleaf pine (Pinus palustris)] of 8- to 10-year-old pine trees were harvested at ground level and the entire tree was chipped with a tree chipper. Chips from each tree species were processed with a hammer mill to pass through a 0.374-inch screen. On 29 June 2005 1-gal containers were filled with substrates, placed into full sun under overhead irrigation, and planted with a single liner (63.4 cm3) of ‘Little Blanche’ annual vinca (Catharanthus roseus). The test was repeated on 27 Aug. 2005 with ‘Raspberry Red Cooler’ annual vinca. Pine bark substrate had about 50% less air space and 32% greater water holding capacity than the other substrates. At 54 days after potting (DAP), shoot dry weights were 15% greater for plants grown in 100% pine bark substrate compared with plants grown in the three WholeTree substrates. However, there were no differences in plant growth indices for any substrate at 54 DAP. Plant tissue macronutrient content was similar among all substrates. Tissue micronutrient content was similar and within sufficiency ranges with the exception of manganese. Manganese was highest for substrates made from slash pine and loblolly pine. Root growth was similar among all treatments. Results from the second study were similar. Based on these results, WholeTree substrates derived from loblolly pine, slash pine, or longleaf pine have potential as an alternative, sustainable source for producing short-term horticultural crops.

scholarly journals Effect of Time Elapsed after Prescribed Burning in Longleaf Pine Stands on Potential Prey of the Red-Cockaded Woodpecker

1998 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 175-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirsten C. New ◽  
James L. Hanula
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Prescribed Burning ◽  
Longleaf Pine ◽  
Pinus Palustris ◽  
Picoides Borealis ◽  
Litter Layer ◽  
Prescribed Burns ◽  
Arthropod Diversity ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Red Cockaded Woodpecker

Abstract The effects of dormant and growing season prescribed burns on the potential arthropod prey of the red-cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis) were studied in longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) stands on the upper Coastal Plain of South Carolina. Sampling was conducted 0, 1, 2, or 3 yr post-burn. Stands were burned once during the winters of 1991, 1992, 1993, and 1994 or in the summer of 1992. Four types of traps sampled arthropods in the litter layer, the herbaceous understory, and on the bole of pine trees. Woodpecker prey abundance and biomass were sampled continuously from June 30, 1993 to June 30, 1994. Overall arthropod diversity was sampled seasonally in June, October, January, and April of the same year. The different trap types had similar arthropod diversity and evenness, but most had low faunal overlap which indicates that they effectively sampled different parts of the arthropod community. When captures from all trap and prey types were combined for each plot no significant differences were found among winter burned plots or between winter and summer burned plots. However, certain prey types were affected by burning. Among stands burned in winter, spider abundance was highest in samples from the soil/litter layer of stands burned 3 yr prior to sampling. Comparison of stands burned in winter 1992 to those burned in the summer showed that the winter 1992 burns had higher spider and ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) biomass on the tree boles. Spiders appeared to be the only group affected by winter burning while spiders and ants were affected by the summer burning. In general, time elapsed after the prescribed burns were applied had little effect on the primary arthropod prey of the red-cockaded woodpecker. South. J. Appl. For. 22(3):175-183.

scholarly journals Diurnal Pine Bark Structure Dynamics Affect Properties Relevant to Firebrand Generation

Fire ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Pokswinski ◽  
Michael R. Gallagher ◽  
Nicholas S. Skowronski ◽  
E. Louise Loudermilk ◽  
Joseph J. O’Brien ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Longleaf Pine ◽  
Pinus Palustris ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Diurnal Changes ◽  
Solar Exposure ◽  
Structure Changes ◽  
Pitch Pine ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Bark Structure

Firebrands are an important agent of wildfire spread and structure fire ignitions at the wildland urban interface. Bark flake morphology has been highlighted as an important yet poorly characterized factor in firebrand generation, transport, deposition, and ignition of unburned material. Using pine species where bark flakes are the documented source of embers, we conducted experiments to investigate how bark structure changes in response to diurnal drying. Over a three-day period in a longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) stand in Florida, we recorded changes in temperature, moisture content, and structure of bark across different facing aspects of mature pine trees to examine the effects of varying solar exposure on bark moisture. We further compared results to bark drying in a pitch pine (Pinus rigida Mill.) plantation in New Jersey. Under all conditions, bark peeled and lifted away from the tree trunk over the study periods. Tree bole aspect and the time of day interacted to significantly affect bark peeling. General temperature increases and moisture content decreases were significantly different between east and west aspects in pitch pine, and with time of day and aspect in longleaf pine. These results illustrate that bark moisture and flakiness is highly dynamic on short time scales, driven largely by solar exposure. These diurnal changes likely influence the probability of firebrand production during fire events via controls on moisture (ignition) and peeling (lofting).

Monoterpene persistence in the sapwood and heartwood of longleaf pine stumps: assessment of differences in composition and stability under field conditions

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (7) ◽  
pp. 1357-1365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas L. Eberhardt ◽  
Philip M. Sheridan ◽  
Jolie M. Mahfouz
Keyword(s):  
Longleaf Pine ◽  
Pinus Palustris ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Decay Resistance ◽  
Mass Spectrometry Analysis ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Spectrometry Analysis ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Long Time ◽  
And Function

Monoterpenes in exudates, phloem, and sapwood have received considerable attention relative to the active defenses of pine trees. However, little is known about the composition and function of the heartwood monoterpenes. To address this deficiency, monoterpene contents and relative compositions were determined for sapwood and heartwood samples from longleaf pine ( Pinus palustris Mill.) stumps monitored in the field for a 1 year period postharvest. Gas chromatography – mass spectrometry analysis of sapwood and heartwood sample extracts showed the total monoterpene contents for both declined at essentially the same rate. For sapwood, α-pinene continued to comprise about 75% of all compounds detected, while the proportion of β-pinene declined with time (15%–7%). For the heartwood, lower proportions of both α- and β-pinenes (64% and 10%, respectively) were offset by higher proportions of other monoterpenes (e.g., limonene, α-terpineol, borneol). The low proportion of β-pinene in very old turpentine and lightwood stump samples further suggested the lower stability of this particular monoterpene. While it has not been specifically demonstrated that the monoterpenes have an active role in the decay resistance of longleaf pine stump heartwood, these compounds do persist for a very long time and thus are available should they serve this function.

scholarly journals Old-Field Longleaf Pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) Long-Term Growth and Yield Response to Midrotation Fertilization

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 726-736
Author(s):  
David C Clabo ◽  
E David Dickens ◽  
David J Moorhead
Keyword(s):  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Longleaf Pine ◽  
Pinus Palustris ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Agricultural Fields ◽  
Old Field ◽  
Stem Quality

Abstract Longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) is frequently planted on former agricultural fields throughout the southeastern United States. Limited information is available on the long-term growth and yield as well as stem quality of longleaf pine growing on these sites with and without midrotation fertilization. The objectives of this study were (1) to determine the growth rates, wood yields, and stem quality of old-field longleaf pine and (2) to quantify growth improvements provided by midrotation fertilization. Study sites were established on former agricultural fields in Screven and Tift County, Georgia in unthinned longleaf pine stands planted during December 1986. Three treatments including a control, single full dose, and split dose of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium were applied prior to thinning. Assessments of diameter at breast height, height growth, volume, green weight, and basal area at both sites were conducted at ages 21, 23, 27, 30, and 32. After 32 years, results indicated no statistically significant improvements of any growth parameters compared to the control in relation to midrotation fertilization treatments, and stem defects occurred in approximately 29–35 percent of trees. The fast growth rate and low nutrient demand of longleaf pine on these sites obviate the need for midrotation fertilization.

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