scholarly journals Manipulations of the olfactory circuit highlight the role of sensory stimulation in regulating sleep amount

SLEEP ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia T Hsu ◽  
Juliana Tsz Yan Choi ◽  
Amita Sehgal
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Deprivation ◽  
Sensory Stimulation ◽  
Neuronal Population ◽  
Projection Neurons ◽  
Neural Activation ◽  
Olfactory Pathway ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Olfactory Input ◽  
Circuit Components ◽  
Sleep Amount

Abstract Study Objectives While wake duration is a major sleep driver, an important question is if wake quality also contributes to controlling sleep. In particular, we sought to determine whether changes in sensory stimulation affect sleep in Drosophila. As Drosophila rely heavily on their sense of smell, we focused on manipulating olfactory input and the olfactory sensory pathway. Methods Sensory deprivation was first performed by removing antennae or applying glue to antennae. We then measured sleep in response to neural activation, via TRPA1, or inhibition, via KIR2.1, of subpopulations of neurons in the olfactory pathway. Genetically restricting manipulations to adult animals prevented developmental effects. Results We find that olfactory deprivation reduces sleep, largely independently of mushroom bodies that integrate olfactory signals for memory consolidation and have previously been implicated in sleep. However, specific neurons in the lateral horn, the other third order target of olfactory input, affect sleep. Also, activation of inhibitory second order projection neurons increases sleep. No single neuronal population in the olfactory processing pathway was found to bidirectionally regulate sleep, and reduced sleep in response to olfactory deprivation may be masked by temperature changes. Conclusions These findings demonstrate that Drosophila sleep is sensitive to sensory stimulation, and identify novel sleep-regulating neurons in the olfactory circuit. Scaling of signals across the circuit may explain the lack of bidirectional effects when neuronal activity is manipulated. We propose that olfactory inputs act through specific circuit components to modulate sleep in flies.

Sensory Deprivation and Schizophrenia

1959 ◽  
Vol 105 (438) ◽  
pp. 235-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Harris
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Work ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Sensory Deprivation ◽  
Sensory Stimulation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Therapeutic Procedures

Much interest has been displayed in the past few years in the effect on human subjects of reduction, or as far as possible, abolition of sensory stimulation, so that virtual isolation from the environment is produced. Recent comprehensive reviews have appeared, dealing with experimental work (Solomon et al. 1957) and conditions arising incidentally in the course of various therapeutic procedures (Grünthal 1957), and it is therefore unnecessary to deal with the topic at length here.

scholarly journals Optimization of sensory stimulation for neuronal population activity

2010 ◽  
Vol 11 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Noelia Montejo ◽  
Jean-Luc Blanc ◽  
Yann Mahnoun ◽  
Jean-Michel Brezun ◽  
Nicolas Catz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Stimulation ◽  
Neuronal Population ◽  
Population Activity

scholarly journals Shifts in broadband power and alpha peak frequency observed during long-term isolation

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Weber ◽  
Timo Klein ◽  
Vera Abeln
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Deprivation ◽  
Peak Frequency ◽  
Neuronal Population ◽  
Confined Space ◽  
Eyes Closed ◽  
Eyes Open ◽  
Eeg Recordings ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Alpha Peak

Abstract Prolonged periods of social isolation and spatial confinement do not only represent an issue that needs to be faced by a few astronauts during space missions, but can affect all of us as recently shown during pandemic situations. The fundamental question, how the brain adapts to periods of sensory deprivation and re-adapts to normality, has only received little attention. Here, we use eyes closed and eyes open resting-state electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings to investigate how neural activity is altered during 120 days of isolation in a spatially confined, space-analogue environment. After disentangling oscillatory patterns from 1/f activity, we show that isolation leads to a reduction in broadband power and a flattening of the 1/f spectral slope. Beyond that, we observed a reduction in alpha peak frequency during isolation, but did not find strong evidence for isolation-induced changes that are of oscillatory nature. Critically, all effects reversed upon release from isolation. These findings suggest that isolation and concomitant sensory deprivation lead to an enhanced cortical deactivation which might be explained by a reduction in the mean neuronal population firing rate.

Sensory Stimulation and the Blind Infant

1973 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 119-126
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Sensory Deprivation ◽  
Sensory Stimulation ◽  
Adequate Stimulation

To develop properly, it is necessary for the infant, and particularly the infant who is blind, to be provided with a rich environment of sensory stimulation. When such stimulation is absent, as evidenced by the findings of researchers in sensory deprivation, a variety of undesirable behaviors can result. Parents can be helped in a variety of ways to provide their child with adequate stimulation. The concept of an infant curriculum, as developed by Barsch, is suggested as a particularly useful means of insuring that appropriate kinds and amounts of sensory stimulation are provided at each developmental stage.

Convergence of Olfactory Inputs within the Central Nervous System of a Cartilaginous and a Bony Fish: An Anatomical Indicator of Olfactory Sensitivity

2020 ◽  
Vol 95 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 139-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria Camilieri-Asch ◽  
Kara E. Yopak ◽  
Alethea Rea ◽  
Jonathan D. Mitchell ◽  
Julian C. Partridge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory Nerve ◽  
Axon Diameter ◽  
Olfactory Pathway ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Olfactory Input ◽  
Bamboo Shark ◽  
The Brain

The volume of the olfactory bulbs (OBs) relative to the brain has been used previously as a proxy for olfactory capabilities in many vertebrate taxa, including fishes. Although this gross approach has predictive power, a more accurate assessment of the number of afferent olfactory inputs and the convergence of this information at the level of the telencephalon is critical to our understanding of the role of olfaction in the behaviour of fishes. In this study, we used transmission electron microscopy to assess the number of first-order axons within the olfactory nerve (ON) and the number of second-order axons in the olfactory peduncle (OP) in established model species within cartilaginous (brownbanded bamboo shark, <i>Chiloscyllium punctatum</i> [CP]) and bony (common goldfish, <i>Carassius auratus</i> [CA]) fishes. The total number of axons varied from a mean of 18.12 ± 7.50 million in the ON to a mean of 0.38 ± 0.21 million in the OP of CP, versus 0.48 ± 0.16 million in the ON and 0.09 ± 0.02 million in the OP of CA. This resulted in a convergence ratio of approximately 50:1 and 5:1, respectively, for these two species. Based on astroglial ensheathing, axon type (unmyelinated [UM] and myelinated [M]) and axon size, we found no differentiated tracts in the OP of CP, whereas a lateral and a medial tract (both of which could be subdivided into two bundles or areas) were identified for CA, as previously described. Linear regression analyses revealed significant differences not only in axon density between species and locations (nerves and peduncles), but also in axon type and axon diameter (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.05). However, UM axon diameter was larger in the OPs than in the nerve in both species (<i>p</i> = 0.005), with no significant differences in UM axon diameter in the ON (<i>p</i> = 0.06) between species. This study provides an in-depth analysis of the neuroanatomical organisation of the ascending olfactory pathway in two fish taxa and a quantitative anatomical comparison of the summation of olfactory information. Our results support the assertion that relative OB volume is a good indicator of the level of olfactory input and thereby a proxy for olfactory capabilities.

Sensory Deprivation and Sensory Reinforcement with Shock

1966 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 803-808 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon M. Harrington ◽  
Glenn R. Kohler
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Deprivation ◽  
Normal Animal ◽  
Sensory Stimulation ◽  
Sensory Reinforcement ◽  
Shuttle Box ◽  
As Effects

Groups of rats were raised from weaning under normal animal colony conditions and conditions of reduced sensory stimulation. In a shuttle box groups of 5, 2, and 2 showed acquisition for mild shock proportional to degree of deprivation ( P < .02). In a second experiment 16 deprived animals preferred shock more than did 14 nondeprived animals ( P < .01). Nondeprived rats preferred shock to no shock ( P < .01). The results are interpreted as effects of arousal and satiation.

scholarly journals FMRP regulates experience-dependent maturation of callosal synaptic connections and bilateral cortical synchrony

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhe Zhang ◽  
Jeffrey Rumschlag ◽  
Carrie R Jonak ◽  
Devin K Binder ◽  
Khaleel A Razak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fragile X ◽  
Sensory Deprivation ◽  
Sensory Stimulation ◽  
Brain Dysfunction ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Synaptic Function ◽  
Excitatory Synapses ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Interhemispheric Connectivity ◽  
Eeg Recordings

Reduced structural and functional interhemispheric connectivity correlates with the severity Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) behaviors in humans. Little is known of how ASD-risk genes regulate callosal connectivity. Here we show that Fmr1, whose loss-of-function leads to Fragile X Syndrome (FXS), cell autonomously promotes maturation of callosal excitatory synapses between somatosensory barrel cortices. Postnatal, cell-autonomous deletion of Fmr1 in postsynaptic Layer (L) 2/3 or L5 neurons results in a selective weakening of AMPA receptor- (R), but not NMDA receptor-, mediated synaptic function, indicative of increased 'silent', or immature, callosal synapses. Sensory deprivation by contralateral whisker trimming normalizes callosal input strength, suggesting that experience-driven activity of postsynaptic Fmr1 KO L2/3 neurons weakens callosal synapses. In contrast to callosal inputs, synapses originating from local L4 and L2/3 circuits are normal, revealing an input-specific role for postsynaptic Fmr1 in promoting callosal synaptic connectivity. Multielectrode EEG recordings in awake Fmr1 KO mice find reduced coherence of bilateral neural oscillations in beta and gamma frequencies during rest and sensory stimulation, reflecting reduced interhemispheric integration. Our findings reveal the cellular and synaptic mechanisms by which loss of Fmr1 leads to reduced interhemispheric connectivity and suggests a novel biomarker of brain dysfunction in FXS.

scholarly journals Physiological and pathological brain activation in the anesthetized rat produces hemodynamic-dependent cortical temperature increases that can confound the BOLD fMRI signal

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel S. Harris ◽  
Luke W. Boorman ◽  
Devashish Das ◽  
Aneurin J. Kennerley ◽  
Paul S. Sharp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Core Temperature ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Sensory Stimulation ◽  
Blood Oxygenation ◽  
Experimental Methodology ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Bold Fmri ◽  
Fmri Signal ◽  
Acute Seizures ◽  
Cortical Temperature

AbstractAnesthetized rodent models are ubiquitous in pre-clinical neuroimaging studies. However, because the associated cerebral morphology and experimental methodology results in a profound negative brain-core temperature differential, cerebral temperature changes during functional activation are likely to be principally driven by local inflow of fresh, core-temperature, blood. This presents a confound to the interpretation of blood-oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data acquired from such models, since this signal is also critically temperature-dependent. Nevertheless, previous investigation on the subject is surprisingly sparse. Here, we address this issue through use of a novel multi-modal methodology in the urethane anesthetized rat. We reveal that sensory stimulation, hypercapnia and recurrent acute seizures induce significant increases in cortical temperature that are preferentially correlated to changes in total hemoglobin concentration, relative to cerebral blood flow and oxidative metabolism. Furthermore, using a phantom-based evaluation of the effect of such temperature changes on the BOLD fMRI signal, we demonstrate a robust inverse relationship between the two. These findings indicate that temperature increases, due to functional hyperemia, should be accounted for to ensure accurate interpretation of BOLD fMRI signals in pre-clinical neuroimaging studies.

scholarly journals Dense reconstruction of brain-wide neuronal population close to the ground truth

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhou Hang ◽  
Li Shiwei ◽  
Li Anan ◽  
Xiong Feng ◽  
Li Ning ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mouse Brain ◽  
Ground Truth ◽  
Neuronal Population ◽  
Projection Neurons ◽  
Neuronal Populations ◽  
Digital Reconstruction ◽  
Single Axon ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Human Labor ◽  
High Level

AbstractRecent progresses allow imaging specific neuronal populations at single-axon level across mouse brain. However, digital reconstruction of neurons in large dataset requires months of human labor. Here, we developed a tool to solve this problem. Our tool offers a special error-screening system for fast localization of submicron errors in densely packed neurites and along long projection across the whole brain, thus achieving reconstruction close to the ground-truth. Moreover, our tool equips algorithms that significantly reduce intensive manual interferences and achieve high-level automation, with speed 5 times faster compared to semi-automatic tools. We also demonstrated reconstruction of 35 long projection neurons around one injection site of a mouse brain at an affordable time cost. Our tool is applicable with datasets of 10 TB or higher from various light microscopy, and provides a starting point for the reconstruction of neuronal population for neuroscience studies at a single-cell level.

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