scholarly journals Enhancing digestibility of corn fed to pigs at two stages of growth through management of particle size using a hammermill or a roller mill

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-21
Author(s):  
Jesus A Acosta ◽  
Amy L Petry ◽  
Stacie A Gould ◽  
Cassandra K Jones ◽  
Charles R Stark ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Roller Mill ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Different Response ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Two Stages

Abstract The experimental objective was to determine the role of mean particle size (PS), grinding method, and body weight (BW) category on nutrient, fiber, and energy digestibility of corn. A total of 48 barrows were housed in individual pens and randomly assigned to one of six dietary treatments for 11 d at two BW categories (55 kg and 110 kg). The six treatments consisted of corn ground at three different targeted mean PSs (300, 500, and 700 µm) using either a roller mill or a hammermill. Fecal samples were collected for the last 3 d of each feeding period. Titanium dioxide was used as an indigestible marker. Digestibility data were analyzed as a linear mixed model using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Finishing pigs had greater apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE), and N than growing pigs (P = 0.02, P = 0.01, and P <0.01, respectively). The ATTD of DM, GE, and N was similar in pigs fed hammermilled corn across all PS treatments. However, in roller-milled corn, they increased as PS was reduced (P < 0.05). The ATTD of acid-hydrolyzed ether extract (AEE) in growing pigs was similar between corn ground at 700 and 500 µm, but it was increased by further reducing PS to 300 µm (P < 0.05). In finishing pigs, the ATTD of AEE increased as mean PS decreased from 700 to 300 µm (P < 0.05). The ATTD of AEE was similar in hammermilled corn at all three PS treatments. On the other hand, the ATTD of AEE was similar in corn ground in a roller mill to 700 and 500 µm, but it increased when PS was reduced to 300 µm (P < 0.05). In conclusion, reducing PS of corn with a roller mill increased digestibility of energy and nutrients, but there was less effect using a hammermill. It is possible that differences in SD, distribution, chemical composition, and the shape of the particles resulting from the two grinding processes help to explain the different response.

scholarly journals Effects of grinding method and particle size of wheat grain on energy and nutrient digestibility in growing and finishing pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 682-693 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesus A Acosta ◽  
Amy L Petry ◽  
Stacie A Gould ◽  
Cassandra K Jones ◽  
Charles R Stark ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Roller Mill

Abstract Feed grains are processed to improve their value in pig diets by exposing kernel contents to enzymatic and microbial action. The objective of this study was to quantify the effect of reducing mean particle size (PS) of wheat grain ground with two different grinding methods (GMs) on the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients and energy in growing and finishing pigs. Forty-eight barrows were housed in individual pens for 11 d for two periods. Pigs were randomly assigned to a 3 × 2 × 2 factorial experimental design: three target mean PS of wheat grain (300, 500, and 700 µm), two GMs (roller mill and hammermill), and two body weight (BW) periods (growing period; initial BW of 54.9 ± 0.6 kg and finishing period; initial BW of 110.7 ± 1.4 kg). Diets contained one of six hard red wheat grain samples, vitamins, minerals, and titanium dioxide as an indigestible marker. Feed allowance provided 2.5 (for the two lightest pigs in each treatment) or 2.7 (for the remaining six pigs in each treatment) times the estimated daily maintenance energy requirement for each growth stage. Fecal samples were collected for the last 3 d of each period. Data were analyzed as a linear mixed model with pig as a random effect and PS, GM, and BW period and their interactions as fixed effects utilizing the MIXED procedure of SAS. Growing pigs had greater (P < 0.05) ATTD of dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE), N, acid hydrolyzed ether extract (AEE), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) by lowering mean PS from 700 to 500 μm using either a roller mill or a hammermill. However, digestibility did not increase when PS was reduced from 500 to 300 μm, except for AEE (P < 0.05). Finishing pigs had greater ATTD of DM, GE, N, AEE, and NDF by lowering mean PS with a hammermill from 700 to 500 μm (P < 0.05), but it was greater for 500 μm than for 300 μm (P < 0.05). Using a roller mill reduced the ATTD of DM and NDF by lowering PS from 700 to 300 μm (P < 0.05). The ATTD of GE decreased by lowering PS from 700 to 500 μm with a roller mill (P < 0.05) for finishing pigs. The ATTD of N and AEE for finishing pigs were similar from 700 to 300 μm when ground by a roller mill. These data suggest that the PS that maximized digestibility for a hammermill is 500 μm for both growing and finishing pigs. However, for the roller mill, the PS resulting in the best digestibility were 500 and 700 μm for growing and finishing pigs, respectively.

scholarly journals The influence of xylanase on the fermentability, digestibility, and physiochemical properties of insoluble corn-based fiber along the gastrointestinal tract of growing pigs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy L Petry ◽  
Nichole F Huntley ◽  
Michael R Bedford ◽  
John F Patience
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
High Fiber ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Digesta Viscosity ◽  
The Impact

Abstract In theory, supplementing xylanase in corn-based swine diets should improve nutrient and energy digestibility and fiber fermentability, but its efficacy is inconsistent. The experimental objective was to investigate the impact of xylanase on energy and nutrient digestibility, digesta viscosity, and fermentation when pigs are fed a diet high in insoluble fiber (>20% neutral detergent fiber; NDF) and given a 46-d dietary adaptation period. Three replicates of 20 growing gilts were blocked by initial body weight, individually housed, and assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments: a low-fiber control (LF) with 7.5% NDF, a 30% corn bran high-fiber control (HF; 21.9% NDF), HF+100 mg xylanase/kg [HF+XY, (Econase XT 25P; AB Vista, Marlborough, UK)] providing 16,000 birch xylan units/kg; and HF+50 mg arabinoxylan-oligosaccharide (AXOS) product/kg [HF+AX, (XOS 35A; Shandong Longlive Biotechnology, Shandong, China)] providing AXOS with 3-7 degrees of polymerization. Gilts were allowed ad libitum access to fed for 36-d. On d 36, pigs were housed in metabolism crates for a 10-d period, limit fed, and feces were collected. On d 46, pigs were euthanized and ileal, cecal, and colonic digesta were collected. Data were analyzed as a linear mixed model with block and replication as random effects, and treatment as a fixed effect. Compared with LF, HF reduced the apparent ileal digestibility (AID), apparent cecal digestibility (ACED), apparent colonic digestibility (ACOD), and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE), crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), NDF, and hemicellulose (P<0.01). Relative to HF, HF+XY improved the AID of GE, CP, and NDF (P<0.05), and improved the ACED, ACOD, and ATTD of DM, GE, CP, NDF, ADF, and hemicellulose (P<0.05). Among treatments, pigs fed HF had increased hindgut DM disappearance (P=0.031). Relative to HF, HF+XY improved cecal disappearance of DM (162 vs. 98g; P=0.008) and NDF (44 vs. 13g; P<0.01). Pigs fed xylanase had a greater proportion of acetate in cecal digesta and butyrate in colonic digesta among treatments (P<0.05). Compared with LF, HF increased ileal, cecal, and colonic viscosity, but HF+XY decreased ileal viscosity compared with HF (P<0.001). In conclusion, increased insoluble corn-based fiber decreases digestibility, reduces cecal fermentation, and increases digesta viscosity, but supplementing xylanase partially mitigated that effect.

205 Dietary Strategies to Limit Average Daily Gain of Late Finishing Pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 64-64
Author(s):  
Devin Goehring ◽  
Katherine A McCormick ◽  
Julie Mahoney ◽  
Rodney Hinson
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Compensatory Gain ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Dietary Strategies ◽  
Daily Gain

Abstract A total of 2,164 pigs [DNA610 x DNA241; initially 100.7 ± 2.14 kg body weight (BW)] were used in a 54.1 ± 3.85-day study to determine dietary strategies to limit average daily gain (ADG) in late finishing pigs raised in a commercial environment. Mixed-sex pens (20.0 ± 0.85 pigs/pen) balanced by initial BW and gender ratio were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments fed ad libitum with 27 replications each: (1) Nutritionally replete corn soybean-meal control (CTRL), (2) Treatment 1 with 21% reduced lysine and other amino acids (AAR), (3) Corn/vitamin/mineral diet (CVM), and (4) Treatment 3 fed for 21 days then switched to CTRL. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design using a linear mixed model. Relative to CTRL, feeding AAR or CVM for 21 days reduced ADG (P < 0.001), average daily feed intake (ADFI; P = 0.005), and gain-to-feed (G:F, P < 0.001). Over 55-days, AAR and CVM diets reduced (P < 0.001) cumulative ADG, ADFI, G:F, and final BW compared to CTRL. Transitioning to CTRL diet from CVM diet after 21-days increased ADG (P < 0.001) and improved G:F (P < 0.001) from day 21 to marketing compared to 55-day CTRL, AAR, and CVM; nevertheless, the compensatory CTRL period was insufficient for the 21-day CVM fed pigs to fully compensate resulting in reduced cumulative BW, ADG (P < 0.001) and poorer G:F (P < 0.001) than the 55-day CTRL. All holding strategies decreased (P < 0.001) carcass yield, hot carcass weight (HCW), and loin depth compared to CTRL. Utilizing a CVM diet for 21 or 55 days increased (P < 0.001) backfat compared to CTRL or AAR. In summary, utilizing lysine deficient or corn/vitamin/mineral diets can limit ADG along with poorer G:F. Transitioning to a non-holding diet after feeding a corn/vitamin/mineral diet for 21-days resulted in compensatory gain, but reductions in growth performance and carcass traits remained evident.

scholarly journals Can the digestibility of corn distillers dried grains with solubles fed to pigs at two stages of growth be enhanced through management of particle size using a hammermill or a roller mill?

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesus A Acosta ◽  
Amy L Petry ◽  
Stacie A Gould ◽  
Cassandra K Jones ◽  
Charles R Stark ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Roller Mill ◽  
Distillers Dried Grains ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Fiber Components ◽  
Corn Distillers ◽  
Corn Ddgs

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the impact of reducing the mean particle size (PS) of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) with a hammermill (HM) or with a roller mill (RM) on the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE), N, acid hydrolyzed ether extract (AEE), and fiber components in growing and finishing pigs. Twenty-four growing barrows were housed in individual pens and were randomly assigned to a 3 × 2 factorial design (n = 8): three grinding methods [either corn DDGS ground with an HM to a PS of 450 μm; corn DDGS ground with an RM to a PS of 450 μm; and corn DDGS with a PS of 670 μm (not further ground)] and two body weight (BW) periods (growing pigs with an average initial BW of 54.7 ± 0.9 kg, and finishing pigs with an average initial BW of 107.8 ± 1.5 kg BW). Fecal samples were collected for each BW period in the last 3 d of an 11-d feeding period. Titanium dioxide was used as an indigestible marker. Digestibility data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Results showed that finishing pigs tended to have better ATTD of DM than growing pigs (P = 0.09) and had increased ATTD of GE and N than growing pigs (P = 0.03 and P < 0.01, respectively). On the other hand, growing pigs had better ATTD of AEE than finishing pigs (P = 0.01). Pig BW period did not affect the ATTD of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and hemicellulose. Reducing the mean PS of corn DDGS with either HM or RM (from 670 to 450 µm) improved the ATTD of DM and GE (P < 0.01 and P < 0.01), tended to improve the ATTD of N (P = 0.08), and improved the ATTD of AEE (P < 0.01). No effect of reducing PS was observed for the ATTD of NDF, ADF, or hemicellulose. There were no differences between HM and RM in any of the ATTD variables tested. In conclusion, reducing PS of corn DDGS from 670 to 450 μm either with an HM or with an RM improved the digestibility of DM, GE, and AEE and modestly improved the digestibility of N in growing and finishing pigs. However, reducing the PS of corn DDGS did not affect the digestibility of fiber components.

scholarly journals PSIV-1 Apparent and Standardized Ileal Digestibility of Amino Acids in Dry Extruded-Expelled Soybean Meal Fed to Growing Pigs Without or With Organic Acids and Multi-Carbohydrase

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 275-276
Author(s):  
Jichen Song ◽  
Charles Martin Nyachoti
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Interactive Effect ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Final Model ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Main Effects

Abstract Dry extruded-expelled soybean meal (DESBM) is an attractive feed ingredient for swine not only as a protein source but also as a good source of energy because of its high fat content. Apparent (AID) and standardized (SID) ileal amino acid (AA) digestibility in DESBM fed without or with organic acid (OA) and a multicarbohydrase (MC) supplementation to growing pigs were determined. Ten ileal-cannulated barrows (17.3 ± 0.4 kg BW) were randomly assigned to 1 of 5 dietary treatments in a replicated 5 × 4 incomplete Latin square design with 4 periods, each consisting of 5 d of adaptation and 2 d of ileal digesta collection. Four cornstarch-based diets with 44.4% DESBM as the only source of AA, without or with OA and MC supplementation, and a 5% casein-cornstarch diet were used. All diets contained 0.3% titanium dioxide. Data were analyzed using the MIXED model procedures of SAS, with the final model including OA, MC, and the interaction between OA and MC as the main effects. The SID of indispensable AA in DESBM fed to growing pigs were: Arg, 93.2%; His, 85.1%; Ile, 87.1%; Leu, 87.6%; Lys, 88.7%; Met, 87.8%; Phe, 88.4%; Thr, 81.4%; Trp, 73.6%; Val, 84.5%. OA supplementation decreased the AID and SID (P < 0.05) of Arg, Ile, Asp, and Glu, and tended (P < 0.10) to decrease the AID and SID of Phe, Trp, Cys, Gly, and Tyr. MC supplementation did not affect the AID and SID of AA, and no interactive effect on AA digestibility was observed between OA and MC supplementation. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of OA and MC showed no positive effects on improving AA digestibility in DESBM fed to growing pigs.

scholarly journals Effects of Substitution of Corn with Ground Brown Rice on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, and Gut Microbiota of Growing-Finishing Pigs

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 375
Author(s):  
Sheena Kim ◽  
Jin Ho Cho ◽  
Younghoon Kim ◽  
Hyeun Bum Kim ◽  
Minho Song
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Brown Rice ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Dietary Treatments

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of replacing corn with brown rice on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass characteristics, and gut microbiota of growing and finishing pigs. A total of 100 growing pigs (23.80 ± 2.96 kg BW; 10 weeks of age) were randomly allotted to 4 dietary treatments (5 pigs/pen; 5 replicates/treatment) in a randomized complete block design (block = BW) as follows: corn-soybean meal basal diet (CON) and replacing corn with 50% (GBR50), 75% (GBR75), and 100% (GBR100) of ground brown rice. Each trial phase was for 6 weeks. During the growing period, there were no differences on growth performance and nutrient digestibility among dietary treatments. Similarly, no differences were found on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and carcass characteristics of pigs during the finishing period among dietary treatments. As a result of the beta diversity analysis, microbial populations were not clustered between CON and GBR100 during the growing phase, but clustered into two distinct groups of CON and GBR100 during the finishing phase. In conclusion, brown rice can be added to the diets of growing-finishing pigs by replacing corn up to 100% without negatively affecting growth performance of the pigs; additionally, this may have an effect on changes in pig intestinal microbiota if continued for a long time.

Effect of flavor supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profiles, and carcass quality in growing–finishing pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-139
Author(s):  
Xiang Ao ◽  
Yan Lei ◽  
In Ho Kim
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Carcass Quality ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Average Body ◽  
Blood Profiles

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of supplementation of different flavors (apple and anise) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profiles, and carcass quality in growing–finishing pigs. A total of 96 growing pigs [(Yorkshire × Landrace) × Duroc] with an average body weight (BW) of 28.2 ± 0.7 kg were randomly assigned to one of the following three treatments: (1) CON, basal diet; (2) APF, basal diet + 0.05% apple flavor; (3) ANF, basal diet + 0.05% anise flavor, according to their BW and sex in this 15 wk experiment. There were eight replications (pens) per treatment and four pigs per pen (two barrows and two gilts). During week 0–5, pigs fed ANF diets had greater (p < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake than those fed CON and APF diets. Dietary ANF treatment increased (p < 0.05) ADG during 0–15 wk compared with CON treatment. At the end of 5 wk, the apparent total tract digestibility of nitrogen in ANF treatment was improved (p < 0.05) compared with that in CON treatment. Dietary treatments did not affect the studied traits of carcass and meat quality. The inclusion of anise flavor increased ADG, but apple flavor had no effect on growth performance in growing–finishing pigs.

Evaluation of Driver Comprehension and Visual Attention of the Flashing Yellow Arrow Display for Permissive Right Turns

2019 ◽  
Vol 2673 (8) ◽  
pp. 397-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hisham Jashami ◽  
David S. Hurwitz ◽  
Christopher Monsere ◽  
Sirisha Kothuri
Keyword(s):  
Visual Attention ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Probit Model ◽  
Flashing Yellow Arrow ◽  
Different Response ◽  
Turning Maneuver ◽  
Yellow Arrow ◽  
Right Turns

This research explored driver comprehension and behaviors in Oregon with respect to right-turn signal displays focusing on the Flashing Yellow Arrow (FYA) in a driving simulator. A counterbalanced, factorial design was chosen to explore three independent variables: signal indication type and active display, length of the right-turn bay, and presence of pedestrians. Driver decision-making and visual attention were considered. Data were obtained from 46 participants (21 women, 25 men) turning right 736 times in 16 experimental scenarios. A Mixed-effects Ordered Probit Model and a Linear mixed model were used to examine the influence of driver demographics on observed performance. Results suggest that the FYA indication improves driver comprehension and behavioral responses to the permissive right-turn condition. When presented with the FYA indication in the presence of pedestrians, nearly all drivers exhibited caution while turning and yielding to pedestrians and stopping when necessary. For the same turning maneuver, drivers presented with a circular green (CG) indication were less likely to exhibit correct behavior. At least for Oregon drivers, another clear finding was a general lack of understanding of the steady red arrow (SRA) display for right turns. Most drivers assume the SRA indication requires a different response than the circular red (CR) and remain stopped during the entire red interval, thus resulting in efficiency losses. These findings suggest that transportation agencies could potentially improve driver yielding behavior and pedestrian safety at signalized intersections with high volumes of permissive right turns from exclusive right-turn lanes by using the FYA display in lieu of a steady CG display.

213 Increased Standardized Ileal Digestible Isoleucine to Lysine Ratio Improved Feed Efficiency in Pigs Fed Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles from 11 to 80 kg

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 84-84
Author(s):  
Pengcheng Xue ◽  
Chad M Pilcher ◽  
Qingyun Li ◽  
Kari L Saddoris-Clemons
Keyword(s):  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Orthogonal Contrasts ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Feeding Diets ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
The Impact

Abstract An experiment was conducted to determine the impact of dietary SID Ile to Lys ratio on the performance pigs from 11 to 80 kg of BW. A total of 1,092 pigs (initial BW = 11.1, SEM = 0.6 kg; 14 pens/treatment; 13 pigs/pen) were used in an 80d trial with a randomized complete block design. Dietary treatments were in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement containing 2 levels of DDGS (0 and 25%) and 3 levels of SID Ile/Lys (0.54, 0.58, and 0.62). Energy and nutrient levels of all treatments were formulated at equal levels that met or exceeded NRC (2012) requirements. The SID Ile/Lys ratio was controlled by crystalline Ile. The MIXED procedures of SAS 9.4 were employed for statistical analysis. Orthogonal contrasts were used to test for main effects of DDGS and SID Ile/Lys. In the results, formulating with 25% DDGS decreased FBW, ADG, and ADFI (P &lt; 0.05) of growing pigs. The average FBW of treatments without and with 25% DDGS were 81.7 and 78.6 kg, respectively. The ADG of diets without and with DDGS were 0.88 vs 0.84 kg/d, respectively. The ADFI of treatments without DDGS were 1.85 kg/day, while the counterparts of treatments fed diets containing 25% DDGS were 1.79 kg/d. Feeding diets containing 25% DDGS tended to decrease Gain:Feed (0.477 vs. 0.472; P &lt; 0.10). Increasing the level of SID Ile/Lys (from 0.54 to 0.62) linearly increased Gain:Feed in pigs fed diets containing 25% DDGS (0.467, 0.471, 0.477, respectively; P &lt; 0.05). In summary, this study demonstrated feeding diets containing 25% DDGS decreased the performance of growing pigs by reducing ADG and ADFI. Greater SID Ile/Lys in diets may help reduce the negative impact of DDGS diets in grow-finishing pigs by improving feed efficiency.

Phosphorus digestibility in low-phytate barley fed to finishing pigs

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Thacker ◽  
B. G. Rossnagel ◽  
V. Raboy
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Acclimatization Period ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Phytate Content

Twenty-four crossbred barrows (Camborough 15 Line female × Canabred sire) weighing an average of 51.3 ± 5.1 kg were used in a trial conducted during two periods according to a completely randomized block design. The pigs were assigned to one of six dietary treatments comprised of a normal two-rowed, hulled variety of barley (CDC Bold) or three low-phytate genotypes selected to contain approximately 68, 41 or 3% of the normal level of phytate. A normal hulless barley (CDC Dawn) and a hulless genotype selected to contain 54% of the normal phytate content were also included. The diets fed contained 99.5% barley and 0.5% chromic oxide. The marked feed was provided for a 7-d acclimatization period, followed by a 3-d fecal collection. At the conclusion of the first replicate, the pigs were assigned to different treatments and the procedure was repeated resulting in eight observations per treatment. Selection for phytate content had no effects on the apparent fecal digestibility of dry matter, crude protein or gross energy (P > 0.05). The digestibility coefficients for dry matter and energy were significantly higher for the hulless varieties of barley than the hulled genotypes. Phosphorus digestibility increased as the level of phytate in the barley declined. The linear relationship relating phosphorus digestibility (y) to phytate content (x) was: y = 67.7 − 12.54x       (r2= 0.64; P < 0.0001).

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