Evaluation of Driver Comprehension and Visual Attention of the Flashing Yellow Arrow Display for Permissive Right Turns

2019 ◽  
Vol 2673 (8) ◽  
pp. 397-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hisham Jashami ◽  
David S. Hurwitz ◽  
Christopher Monsere ◽  
Sirisha Kothuri
Keyword(s):  
Visual Attention ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Probit Model ◽  
Flashing Yellow Arrow ◽  
Different Response ◽  
Turning Maneuver ◽  
Yellow Arrow ◽  
Right Turns

This research explored driver comprehension and behaviors in Oregon with respect to right-turn signal displays focusing on the Flashing Yellow Arrow (FYA) in a driving simulator. A counterbalanced, factorial design was chosen to explore three independent variables: signal indication type and active display, length of the right-turn bay, and presence of pedestrians. Driver decision-making and visual attention were considered. Data were obtained from 46 participants (21 women, 25 men) turning right 736 times in 16 experimental scenarios. A Mixed-effects Ordered Probit Model and a Linear mixed model were used to examine the influence of driver demographics on observed performance. Results suggest that the FYA indication improves driver comprehension and behavioral responses to the permissive right-turn condition. When presented with the FYA indication in the presence of pedestrians, nearly all drivers exhibited caution while turning and yielding to pedestrians and stopping when necessary. For the same turning maneuver, drivers presented with a circular green (CG) indication were less likely to exhibit correct behavior. At least for Oregon drivers, another clear finding was a general lack of understanding of the steady red arrow (SRA) display for right turns. Most drivers assume the SRA indication requires a different response than the circular red (CR) and remain stopped during the entire red interval, thus resulting in efficiency losses. These findings suggest that transportation agencies could potentially improve driver yielding behavior and pedestrian safety at signalized intersections with high volumes of permissive right turns from exclusive right-turn lanes by using the FYA display in lieu of a steady CG display.

scholarly journals The Effects of Ethnically Congruent Music on Eye Movements and Food Choice—A Cross-Cultural Comparison between Danish and Chinese Consumers

Foods ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1109
Author(s):  
Danni Peng-Li ◽  
Raymond C. K. Chan ◽  
Derek V. Byrne ◽  
Qian Janice Wang
Keyword(s):  
Visual Attention ◽  
Food Choice ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Semantic Networks ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Western Music ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Eastern Music

Musical fit refers to the congruence between music and attributes of a food or product in context, which can prime consumer behavior through semantic networks in memory. The vast majority of research on this topic dealing with musical fit in a cultural context has thus far been limited to monocultural groups in field studies, where uncontrolled confounds can potentially influence the study outcome. To overcome these limitations, and in order to explore the effects of ethnically congruent music on visual attention and food choice across cultures, the present study recruited 199 participants from China (n = 98) and Denmark (n = 101) for an in-laboratory food choice paradigm with eye-tracking data collection. For each culture group, the study used a between-subject design with half of the participants listening to only instrumental “Eastern” music and the other half only listening to instrumental “Western” music, while both groups engaged in a food choice task involving “Eastern” and “Western” food. Chi-square tests revealed a clear ethnic congruency effect between music and food choice across culture, whereby Eastern (vs. Western) food was chosen more during the Eastern music condition, and Western (vs. Eastern) food was chosen more in the Western music condition. Furthermore, results from a generalized linear mixed model suggested that Chinese participants fixated more on Western (vs. Eastern) food when Western music was played, whereas Danish participants fixated more on Eastern (vs. Western) food when Eastern music was played. Interestingly, no such priming effects were found when participants listened to music from their own culture, suggesting that music-evoked visual attention may be culturally dependent. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that ambient music can have a significant impact on consumers’ explicit and implicit behaviors, while at the same time highlighting the importance of culture-specific sensory marketing applications in the global food industry.

Distracted driving impairs police patrol officer driving performance

2015 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 505-516 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen M. James
Keyword(s):  
Police Officers ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Driving Performance ◽  
Distracted Driving ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Police Patrol ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The Impact

Purpose – Most US states exempt police officers from restrictive distracted laws, and most agencies require officers to use mobile data computers while driving. The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of a text-based distraction task on officer driving performance. Design/methodology/approach – Experienced police patrol officers (n=80) participated in controlled laboratory experiments during which they drove a high-fidelity driving simulator on four separate occasions; twice immediately following five consecutive 10:40 hour patrol shifts (fatigued condition) and again 72 hours after completing the last shift in a cycle (rested condition). In each condition, officers drove identical, counterbalanced 15-minute courses with and without distraction tasks. The research used a within- and between-subjects design. Findings – A generalized linear mixed-model analysis of driving performance showed that officers’ distracted driving performance had significantly greater lane deviation (F=88.58, df=1,308, p < 0.001), instances of unintentionally leaving assigned driving lane (F=64.76, df=1,308, p < 0.001), and braking latency (F=200.82, df=1,308, p < 0.001) than during non-distracted drives. These measures are leading indicators for collision risk. Research limitations/implications – Simulated driving tasks presented were generally less challenging than patrol driving and likely underestimate the impact of distraction on police driving. Originality/value – Police officers appear to drive significantly worse while distracted, and their routine experience with using text-based communication devices while driving does not mitigate the risks associated with doing so. Study results suggest that policing organizations should modify policies, practices, training, and technologies to reduce the impact of distraction on officers’ driving. Failing to do so exposes officers and the communities they serve to unnecessary hazards and legal liabilities.

scholarly journals The Predictive Role of Executive Functions and Psychological Factors on Chronic Pain after Orthopaedic Surgery: A Longitudinal Cohort Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 685 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emanuele Maria Giusti ◽  
Chiara Manna ◽  
Giorgia Varallo ◽  
Roberto Cattivelli ◽  
Gian Mauro Manzoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Attention ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Pain Intensity ◽  
State Anxiety ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Pain Catastrophizing ◽  
Surgical Pain ◽  
Chronic Post Surgical Pain ◽  
Psychological Risk

Prevention and treatment of chronic post-surgical pain should be based on the early identification of patients at risk. The presence of a deficit in executive functions, along with the presence of psychological risk factors, could impair the use of appropriate pain coping strategies and might facilitate the transition to chronic post-surgical pain. A longitudinal cohort study was implemented. Patients listed for orthopaedic surgery were enrolled. Variables measured before surgery were pain intensity, the sensory, affective, cognitive and mixed components of pain, state and trait variables associated with the psychological status of the patient, fear of movement, pain catastrophizing, visual attention and cognitive flexibility. Pain intensity and the components of pain were re-evaluated after surgery and after three months. A linear mixed model was used to assess the predictors of pain intensity, and a multivariate linear mixed model was used to assess the predictors of the pain components. 167 patients were enrolled. Controlling for sex, age, pain duration and surgical procedure, catastrophizing and visual attention were predictors of pain intensity at follow-up. The sensory component of pain was predicted by state anxiety, healthcare-related fears, pain catastrophizing and visual attention. Anxiety and catastrophizing were predictors of the affective and evaluative components of pain. The mixed component of pain was predicted by state anxiety, healthcare-related fears and pain catastrophizing. Executive functions, along with psychological risk factors, shape the course of post-surgical pain. The efficacy of preventive and rehabilitation treatment could be possibly enhanced if these factors are treated.

Driving Simulators for Evaluation of Novel Traffic-Control Devices: Protected–Permissive Left-Turn Signal Display Analysis

2003 ◽  
Vol 1844 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Noyce ◽  
Christopher R. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Control ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Driving Simulators ◽  
Left Turn ◽  
Flashing Yellow Arrow ◽  
Green Ball ◽  
Other Information ◽  
Control Devices ◽  
Research Show ◽  
Yellow Arrow

A study evaluated drivers’ comprehension of several experimental five-section protected–permissive left-turn (PPLT) signal displays. A full-scale driving simulator and static driver study were used. Study methods were compared while evaluating drivers’ comprehension and response to various combinations of five-section PPLT signal-display arrangements (horizontal, vertical, and cluster) and permissive left-turn indications (green ball, flashing red ball, flashing yellow ball, flashing red arrow, and flashing yellow arrow). The results showed that the type of five-section PPLT signal display arrangement has very little effect on driver comprehension of the permissive left-turn maneuver. The type of permissive indication used in five-section PPLT signal displays had a significant effect on driver comprehension, since the green ball, flashing yellow ball, and flashing yellow arrow were the best understood. When combining five-section PPLT signal-display arrangements and permissive indications, the five-section horizontal arrangement with a flashing-yellow-ball permissive indication had the highest level of driver comprehension. The lack of surrounding driving cues in the static driver study led to significantly higher fail-critical (serious) response rates. The green-ball permissive indication had a driver comprehension rate over 30% lower in the static study, clearly showing that drivers do not correctly comprehend the meaning of the green ball (assume it is protected) and use other information to make left-turn decisions while driving. The findings of this research show that driving simulation provides an effective study method and effectively replicates the actual driving environment. Simulators should be considered when conducting driver comprehension analyses.

scholarly journals Enhancing digestibility of corn fed to pigs at two stages of growth through management of particle size using a hammermill or a roller mill

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-21
Author(s):  
Jesus A Acosta ◽  
Amy L Petry ◽  
Stacie A Gould ◽  
Cassandra K Jones ◽  
Charles R Stark ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Roller Mill ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Different Response ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Two Stages

Abstract The experimental objective was to determine the role of mean particle size (PS), grinding method, and body weight (BW) category on nutrient, fiber, and energy digestibility of corn. A total of 48 barrows were housed in individual pens and randomly assigned to one of six dietary treatments for 11 d at two BW categories (55 kg and 110 kg). The six treatments consisted of corn ground at three different targeted mean PSs (300, 500, and 700 µm) using either a roller mill or a hammermill. Fecal samples were collected for the last 3 d of each feeding period. Titanium dioxide was used as an indigestible marker. Digestibility data were analyzed as a linear mixed model using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Finishing pigs had greater apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE), and N than growing pigs (P = 0.02, P = 0.01, and P &lt;0.01, respectively). The ATTD of DM, GE, and N was similar in pigs fed hammermilled corn across all PS treatments. However, in roller-milled corn, they increased as PS was reduced (P &lt; 0.05). The ATTD of acid-hydrolyzed ether extract (AEE) in growing pigs was similar between corn ground at 700 and 500 µm, but it was increased by further reducing PS to 300 µm (P &lt; 0.05). In finishing pigs, the ATTD of AEE increased as mean PS decreased from 700 to 300 µm (P &lt; 0.05). The ATTD of AEE was similar in hammermilled corn at all three PS treatments. On the other hand, the ATTD of AEE was similar in corn ground in a roller mill to 700 and 500 µm, but it increased when PS was reduced to 300 µm (P &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, reducing PS of corn with a roller mill increased digestibility of energy and nutrients, but there was less effect using a hammermill. It is possible that differences in SD, distribution, chemical composition, and the shape of the particles resulting from the two grinding processes help to explain the different response.

Evaluation of Flashing Yellow Arrow in Traffic Signal Displays with Simultaneous Permissive Indications

2005 ◽  
Vol 1918 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Knodler ◽  
David A. Noyce ◽  
Kent C. Kacir ◽  
Christopher L. Brehmer
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Control ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Left Turn ◽  
Flashing Yellow Arrow ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Control Devices ◽  
Common Application ◽  
Yellow Arrow ◽  
Comprehensive Study

The results of a comprehensive study on protected and permissive left-turn (PPLT) operations showed that the flashing yellow arrow (FYA) indication was an acceptable and recommended application for permissive left turns. As documented in NCHRP Report 493, an FYA permissive indication was recommended for implementation in the FHWA Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways (MUTCD). Research findings suggested that the FYA be implemented in an exclusive four-section vertical signal display centered over the left-turn lane, which differs from the most common application of PPLT signal displays. Many traffic engineers currently use a five-section clustered-arrangement shared signal head to meet MUTCD requirements of two signal heads per major approach. FYA implementation in the five-section display would require an interim retrofit requiring the FYA to be displayed simultaneously with the through-movement circular green (CG), circular yellow, or circular red indication. This research evaluated driver comprehension of the retrofit display and the resulting simultaneous indications by using a dynamic driving simulator and computer-based static experiments. A comparison of seven permissive left-turn scenarios featuring the CG or FYA permissive indications, or both, was completed. In total, 264 drivers evaluated 3,457 permissive left-turn scenarios. Results showed that simultaneous indications in the retrofit display did not affect the drivers’ understanding of the permissive indications. The drivers demonstrated an understanding of the yield requirement with simultaneous indications (with a 65% to 89% correct responses), providing evidence to suggest that the simultaneous indications would be suitable as an interim display to ease FYA implementation.

Analyzing discontinuities in longitudinal count data: A multilevel generalized linear mixed model.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
James L. Peugh ◽  
Sarah J. Beal ◽  
Meghan E. McGrady ◽  
Michael D. Toland ◽  
Constance Mara
Keyword(s):  
Count Data ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Generalized Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Longitudinal Count Data

Predicting bycatch hotspots based on suitable habitat derived from fishery-independent data

2020 ◽  
Vol 641 ◽  
pp. 159-175
Author(s):  
J Runnebaum ◽  
KR Tanaka ◽  
L Guan ◽  
J Cao ◽  
L O’Brien ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Suitability ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Gulf Of Maine ◽  
Homarus Americanus ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
American Lobster ◽  
Suitable Habitat ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Suitability Index

Bycatch remains a global problem in managing sustainable fisheries. A critical aspect of management is understanding the timing and spatial extent of bycatch. Fisheries management often relies on observed bycatch data, which are not always available due to a lack of reporting or observer coverage. Alternatively, analyzing the overlap in suitable habitat for the target and non-target species can provide a spatial management tool to understand where bycatch interactions are likely to occur. Potential bycatch hotspots based on suitable habitat were predicted for cusk Brosme brosme incidentally caught in the Gulf of Maine American lobster Homarus americanus fishery. Data from multiple fisheries-independent surveys were combined in a delta-generalized linear mixed model to generate spatially explicit density estimates for use in an independent habitat suitability index. The habitat suitability indices for American lobster and cusk were then compared to predict potential bycatch hotspot locations. Suitable habitat for American lobster has increased between 1980 and 2013 while suitable habitat for cusk decreased throughout most of the Gulf of Maine, except for Georges Basin and the Great South Channel. The proportion of overlap in suitable habitat varied interannually but decreased slightly in the spring and remained relatively stable in the fall over the time series. As Gulf of Maine temperatures continue to increase, the interactions between American lobster and cusk are predicted to decline as cusk habitat continues to constrict. This framework can contribute to fisheries managers’ understanding of changes in habitat overlap as climate conditions continue to change and alter where bycatch interactions could occur.

Long-term seizure outcomes after pediatric temporal lobectomy: does brain MRI lesion matter?

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 200-208
Author(s):  
Ravindra Arya ◽  
Francesco T. Mangano ◽  
Paul S. Horn ◽  
Sabrina K. Kaul ◽  
Serena K. Kaul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Hippocampal Sclerosis ◽  
Brain Mri ◽  
Temporal Lobectomy ◽  
Seizure Freedom ◽  
Seizure Onset

OBJECTIVEThere is emerging data that adults with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) without a discrete lesion on brain MRI have surgical outcomes comparable to those with hippocampal sclerosis (HS). However, pediatric TLE is different from its adult counterpart. In this study, the authors investigated if the presence of a potentially epileptogenic lesion on presurgical brain MRI influences the long-term seizure outcomes after pediatric temporal lobectomy.METHODSChildren who underwent temporal lobectomy between 2007 and 2015 and had at least 1 year of seizure outcomes data were identified. These were classified into lesional and MRI-negative groups based on whether an epilepsy-protocol brain MRI showed a lesion sufficiently specific to guide surgical decisions. These patients were also categorized into pure TLE and temporal plus epilepsies based on the neurophysiological localization of the seizure-onset zone. Seizure outcomes at each follow-up visit were incorporated into a repeated-measures generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) with MRI status as a grouping variable. Clinical variables were incorporated into GLMM as covariates.RESULTSOne hundred nine patients (44 females) were included, aged 5 to 21 years, and were classified as lesional (73%), MRI negative (27%), pure TLE (56%), and temporal plus (44%). After a mean follow-up of 3.2 years (range 1.2–8.8 years), 66% of the patients were seizure free for ≥ 1 year at last follow-up. GLMM analysis revealed that lesional patients were more likely to be seizure free over the long term compared to MRI-negative patients for the overall cohort (OR 2.58, p < 0.0001) and for temporal plus epilepsies (OR 1.85, p = 0.0052). The effect of MRI lesion was not significant for pure TLE (OR 2.64, p = 0.0635). Concordance of ictal electroencephalography (OR 3.46, p < 0.0001), magnetoencephalography (OR 4.26, p < 0.0001), and later age of seizure onset (OR 1.05, p = 0.0091) were associated with a higher likelihood of seizure freedom. The most common histological findings included cortical dysplasia types 1B and 2A, HS (40% with dual pathology), and tuberous sclerosis.CONCLUSIONSA lesion on presurgical brain MRI is an important determinant of long-term seizure freedom after pediatric temporal lobectomy. Pediatric TLE is heterogeneous regarding etiologies and organization of seizure-onset zones with many patients qualifying for temporal plus nosology. The presence of an MRI lesion determined seizure outcomes in patients with temporal plus epilepsies. However, pure TLE had comparable surgical seizure outcomes for lesional and MRI-negative groups.

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