scholarly journals The Role of the Rodent Lateral Orbitofrontal Cortex in Simple Pavlovian Cue-Outcome Learning Depends on Training Experience

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marios C Panayi ◽  
Simon Killcross
Keyword(s):  
Orbitofrontal Cortex ◽  
Behavioral Control ◽  
Complex Environments ◽  
Training Experience ◽  
Flexible Control ◽  
Outcome Relationship ◽  
Associative Blocking ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Critical Structure

Abstract The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is a critical structure in the flexible control of value-based behaviors. OFC dysfunction is typically only detected when task or environmental contingencies change, against a backdrop of apparently intact initial acquisition and behavior. While intact acquisition following OFC lesions in simple Pavlovian cue-outcome conditioning is often predicted by models of OFC function, this predicted null effect has not been thoroughly investigated. Here, we test the effects of lesions and temporary muscimol inactivation of the rodent lateral OFC on the acquisition of a simple single cue-outcome relationship. Surprisingly, pretraining lesions significantly enhanced acquisition after overtraining, whereas post-training lesions and inactivation significantly impaired acquisition. This impaired acquisition to the cue reflects a disruption of behavioral control and not learning since the cue could also act as an effective blocking stimulus in an associative blocking procedure. These findings suggest that even simple cue-outcome representations acquired in the absence of OFC function are impoverished. Therefore, while OFC function is often associated with flexible behavioral control in complex environments, it is also involved in very simple Pavlovian acquisition where complex cue-outcome relationships are irrelevant to task performance.

scholarly journals The role of the rodent lateral orbitofrontal cortex in simple Pavlovian cue-outcome learning depends on training experience

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marios C. Panayi ◽  
Simon Killcross
Keyword(s):  
Orbitofrontal Cortex ◽  
Behavioural Control ◽  
Complex Environments ◽  
Training Experience ◽  
Flexible Control ◽  
Null Effect ◽  
Outcome Relationship ◽  
Associative Blocking ◽  
Critical Structure

AbstractThe orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is a critical structure in the flexible control of value-based behaviours. OFC dysfunction is typically only detected when task or environmental contingencies change, against a backdrop of apparently intact initial acquisition and behaviour. While intact acquisition following OFC lesions in simple Pavlovian cue-outcome conditioning is often predicted by models of OFC function, this predicted null effect has not been thoroughly investigated. Here we test the effects of lesions and temporary muscimol inactivation of the rodent lateral OFC on the acquisition of a simple single cue-outcome relationship. Surprisingly, pre-training lesions significantly enhanced acquisition after over-training whereas post-training lesions and inactivation significantly impaired acquisition. This impaired acquisition to the cue reflects a disruption of behavioural control and not learning since the cue could also act as an effective blocking stimulus in an associative blocking procedure. These findings suggest that even simple cue-outcome representations acquired in the absence of OFC function are impoverished. Therefore, while OFC function is often associated with flexible behavioural control in complex environments, it is also involved in very simple Pavlovian acquisition where complex cue-outcome relationships are irrelevant to task performance.

scholarly journals Cortical and thalamic influences on striatal involvement in instructed, serial reversal learning; implications for the organisation of flexible behaviour.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brendan Williams ◽  
Anastasia Christakou
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Cognitive Flexibility ◽  
Reversal Learning ◽  
Orbitofrontal Cortex ◽  
Dorsal Striatum ◽  
Response Strategy ◽  
Flexible Control ◽  
The Right ◽  
Serial Reversal

Cognitive flexibility is essential for enabling an individual to respond adaptively to changes in their environment. Evidence from human and animal research suggests that the control of cognitive flexibility is dependent on an array of neural architecture. Cortico-basal ganglia circuits have long been implicated in cognitive flexibility. In particular, the role of the striatum is pivotal, acting as an integrative hub for inputs from the prefrontal cortex and thalamus, and modulation by dopamine and acetylcholine. Striatal cholinergic modulation has been implicated in the flexible control of behaviour, driven by input from the centromedian-parafascicular nuclei of the thalamus. However, the role of this system in humans is not clearly defined as much of the current literature is based on animal work. Here, we aim to investigate the roles corticostriatal and thalamostriatal connectivity in serial reversal learning. Functional connectivity between the left centromedian-parafascicular nuclei and the associative dorsal striatum was significantly increased for negative feedback compared to positive feedback. Similar differences in functional connectivity were observed for the right lateral orbitofrontal cortex, but these were localised to when participants switched to using an alternate response strategy following reversal. These findings suggest that connectivity between the centromedian-parafascicular nuclei and the striatum may be used to generally identify potential changes in context based on negative outcomes, and the effect of this signal on striatal output may be influenced by connectivity between the lateral orbitofrontal cortex and the striatum.

The Role of Executive Function in Shaping Reinforcement Learning

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milena Rmus ◽  
Samuel McDougle ◽  
Anne Collins
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Reinforcement Learning ◽  
Instrumental Behavior ◽  
Complex Environments ◽  
Neural Computations ◽  
Human Decision ◽  
Brain And Behavior ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Brain

Reinforcement learning (RL) models have advanced our understanding of how animals learn and make decisions, and how the brain supports some aspects of learning. However, the neural computations that are explained by RL algorithms fall short of explaining many sophisticated aspects of human decision making, including the generalization of learned information, one-shot learning, and the synthesis of task information in complex environments. Instead, these aspects of instrumental behavior are assumed to be supported by the brain’s executive functions (EF). We review recent findings that highlight the importance of EF in learning. Specifically, we advance the theory that EF sets the stage for canonical RL computations in the brain, providing inputs that broaden their flexibility and applicability. Our theory has important implications for how to interpret RL computations in the brain and behavior.

Predicting Game-Attending Behavior in Amateur Athletes: The Moderating Role of Intention Stability

2013 ◽  
Vol 113 (2) ◽  
pp. 420-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wan Chen Lu ◽  
Chih-Fu Cheng ◽  
Lung Hung Chen
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Intention ◽  
Behavioral Control ◽  
Hierarchical Regression ◽  
Perceived Behavioral Control ◽  
Attending Behavior ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Weak Implications ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Moderating Role

The theory of planned behavior is a well-established theory in predicting human behavior. However, there is evidence of an inconsistent relationship between intention and behavior. Therefore, the purpose of the current study is to further investigate the gap between intention and behavior. The study proposes intention stability as the moderator. Participants ( N=154, M age = 23 yr., SD = 6.7) were recruited from Internet volleyball forums and local volleyball courts in Taiwan. Multiple hierarchical regression was used to analyze the data. The results indicated that perceived behavioral control significantly predicted game-attending behavior through intention. However, attitude and subjective norms did not significantly predict behavioral intention. In addition, intention stability moderated the relationship between intention and behavior and indicated the relationship between intention and behavior was strong when intention stability was high. On the contrary, when intention stability was low, the relationship between intention and behavior was weak. Implications and applications are discussed.

Biobehaviorism and Small Group Research

1984 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A. Emmert
Keyword(s):  
Small Group ◽  
Behavioral Control ◽  
Civic Life ◽  
Group Research ◽  
Norms And Values ◽  
Primary Reference ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Behavior

The small group is a major cause in the formation of attitudes, beliefs, and behavior. The group forms the primary reference for the individual in terms of the socialization of norms and values and the establishment of loyalties. This led Golembiewski (1978:28) to write:In this elemental sense, the group is a medium of control. It is a major context in which people develop their concepts of who they are, or to say almost the same thing, of how they relate to others. If for no other reason, this role of the small group implies its centrality in Political Science. For the quality of civic life basically depends upon the kind and quality of behavioral control.

Individual Differences in the Name Similarity Effect

2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-118
Author(s):  
Daniel J. Howard ◽  
Roger A. Kerin
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Impression Management ◽  
Interactive Effect ◽  
Purchase Intentions ◽  
Brand Attitude ◽  
Self Monitoring ◽  
Similarity Effect ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Usage Context

The name similarity effect is the tendency to like people, places, and things with names similar to our own. Although many researchers have examined name similarity effects on preferences and behavior, no research to date has examined whether individual differences exist in susceptibility to those effects. This research reports the results of two experiments that examine the role of self-monitoring in moderating name similarity effects. In the first experiment, name similarity effects on brand attitude and purchase intentions were found to be stronger for respondents high, rather than low, in self-monitoring. In the second experiment, the interactive effect observed in the first study was found to be especially true in a public (vs. private) usage context. These findings are consistent with theoretical expectations of name similarity effects as an expression of egotism manifested in the image and impression management concerns of high self-monitors.

The Influence of Attitudes, Subjective, Norms, and Behavior Controls on Intention to Choose Islamic Banks With Islamic Religiosity as a Moderating Variable (Case Study at Bri Syariah Purwokerto Customers)

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Akhmad Khoyrun Najakh ◽  
Dwiwiyati Astogini ◽  
Sri Martini
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Control ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Subjective Norm ◽  
Subjective Norms ◽  
Islamic Banks ◽  
Control Behavior ◽  
Before And After ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Number Of Customers

The purpose of this study was to analyze the influence of attitudes on the intention to choose Islamic banks, to analyze the effect of subjective norm on the intention to choose Islamic banks. to analyze the effect of the control behavior of the intention to choose the Islamic banks, to analyze the moderating influence of religiosity on the relationship attitudes, subjective norms and behavioral control of the intention to choose the Islamic banks . The method used is a survey with a sampling technique used purposive sampling with a sample size of this study was 100 respondents . Further analysis tools used in this study is multiple regression analysis using SPSS 16.0 software . Based on this study it can be concluded that the attitude does not affect to the intention of choose Bank BRISyariah. Subjective norm positive effect on intention choose Bank BRISyariah. Control behavior does not affect to the intention choose Bank BRISyariah. Relationship between Attitudes, Subjective Norms and Behavior Control with the intention to select Bank BRISyariah not moderated by religiosity.Based on these conclusions can be said that the Bank BRISyariah should improve understanding related to the subjective norm in order to increase the number of customers who use the services of Islamic Banking . Further research is recommended in order to follow up and develop this research to further explore the independent and dependent variables continued before and after behavioral intention or intention to perform a specific action .

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