Rapid freezing injury in red spruce: seasonal changes in sensitivity and effects of temperature range

2000 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 187-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. Strimbeck ◽  
D. H. DeHayes
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Red Spruce ◽  
Freezing Injury ◽  
Rapid Freezing ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Effects Of Temperature

Nutrient status and winter hardiness of red spruce foliage

1989 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 754-758 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard M. Klein ◽  
Timothy D. Perkins ◽  
Helen L. Myers
Keyword(s):  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Cloud Water ◽  
Winter Hardiness ◽  
Red Spruce ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Freezing Injury ◽  
Ion Leakage ◽  
Anthropogenic Nitrogen

Increased ecosystem loading with inorganic nitrogen compounds derived from anthropogenic sources has been proposed to prolong vegetative growth of spruce, rendering them more susceptible to winter injury. Severely nutrient-deficient 4-year-old red spruce (Picearubens Sarg.) seedlings and adequately fertilized seedlings were provided with synthetic cloud water lacking or containing nitrate, ammonium, or both, for a full growing season, and then exposed to normal winter chilling. Needles from these seedlings were stressed at −25 or −30 °C, and freezing injury was measured as ion leakage. Cloud water condensates had no effect on hardiness of needles of either nutrient status. Initially nutrient-sufficient seedlings transferred to nutrient-deficient conditions also exhibited no change in hardiness. Severely nutrient-deficient seedlings had needles that were significantly more sensitive to winter injury than seedlings under nutrient-sufficient conditions. Improving the nutrient status of initially nitrogen-deficient seedlings reduced their sensitivity to freezing injury. Based upon experimental results and consideration of the amounts of inorganic nitrogen reaching upper-elevation conifer forests, there is no evidence to support the hypothesis that anthropogenic nitrogen supplies significantly reduce winter hardiness of spruce foliage. It is improbable that winter injury due to elevated anthropogenic nitrogen is a causal factor in contemporary forest decline.

Red Spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) Cold Hardiness and Freezing Injury Susceptibility

2001 ◽  
pp. 495-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald H. DeHayes ◽  
Paul G. Schaberg ◽  
G. Richard Strimbeck
Keyword(s):  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Picea Rubens ◽  
Red Spruce ◽  
Freezing Injury

Effects of temperature on growth of north-east Pacific moon jellyfish ephyrae, Aurelia labiata (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa)

2005 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 569-573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chad L. Widmer
Keyword(s):  
Good Condition ◽  
Bell Diameter ◽  
Optimal Temperature ◽  
Moon Jellyfish ◽  
Poor Condition ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
North East ◽  
East Pacific ◽  
Optimal Temperature Range ◽  
Effects Of Temperature

The effects of ten different water temperatures on the growth of newly released ephyrae of Aurelia labiata were explored. Ephyrae grown at 21°C showed the greatest growth, increasing in bell diameter from about 4.0 mm to 14.5 mm in 14 days and remained in good condition for the duration of the experiment. Ephyrae subjected to other temperatures grew at different rates. Ephyrae maintained at 8°C gradually decreased in size during the experiment, shrinking in bell diameter from about 4.0 mm to 3.8 mm by day 14, but remained in apparent good condition. Ephyrae reared at 22.5°C and above everted their bells, were in poor condition, and were unable to feed or swim effectively by about day ten. In this study the optimal temperature range for rearing A. labiata ephyrae was 12°C—21°C, which corresponds with the reported range for this species.

scholarly journals Effects of temperature, humidity, and diurnal temperature range on influenza incidence in a temperate region

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji‐Eun Park ◽  
Woo‐Sik Son ◽  
Yeonhee Ryu ◽  
Soo Beom Choi ◽  
Okyu Kwon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diurnal Temperature Range ◽  
Temperate Region ◽  
Diurnal Temperature ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Effects Of Temperature

scholarly journals Seasonal changes in antioxidants in red spruce as affected by ozone

1990 ◽  
Vol 115 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. HAUSLADEN ◽  
N. R. MADAMANCHI ◽  
S. FELLOWS ◽  
R. G. ALSCHER ◽  
R. G. AMUNDSON
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Red Spruce

Effects of chronic N fertilization on foliar membranes, cold tolerance, and carbon storage in montane red spruce

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (8) ◽  
pp. 1351-1359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul G Schaberg ◽  
Donald H DeHayes ◽  
Gary J Hawley ◽  
Paula F Murakami ◽  
G Richard Strimbeck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Picea Rubens ◽  
Control Plot ◽  
Membrane Stability ◽  
Red Spruce ◽  
Freezing Injury ◽  
N Addition ◽  
Cell Membrane Stability ◽  
Induced Changes

We evaluated the influence of protracted low-level nitrogen (N) fertilization on foliar membrane-associated calcium (mCa), sugar and starch concentrations, membrane stability, winter cold tolerance, and freezing injury of red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) trees growing in six experimental plots on Mount Ascutney, Vermont. For 12 consecutive years before this evaluation, each plot received one of three treatments: 0, 15.7, or 31.4 kg N·ha–1·year–1 supplied as NH4Cl. In comparison with trees from control plots, the current-year foliage of trees from N-addition plots had lower mCa concentrations, higher levels of electrolyte leakage, reduced cold tolerance, and greater freezing injury. Levels of mCa, membrane stability, and cold tolerance did not differ between N treatments, but trees in high-N treated plots experienced greater freezing injury. Although no differences in carbohydrate nutrition were detected in September, foliar sugar and starch concentrations from trees in N-treated plots were higher than control plot trees in January. We propose that foliar mCa deficiencies reduced cell membrane stability, decreased cold tolerance, and increased freezing injury for trees in N addition plots relative to controls. Declines in mCa may also help account for increases in respiration previously measured. Because soil, root, and mycorryhizal conditions were not evaluated, it is unknown how treatment-induced changes in these compartments may have influenced the alterations in foliar mCa and physiological parameters measured in this study.

SEASONAL ACCLIMATIZATION IN WILD RATS (RATUS NORVEGICUS)

1963 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 711-716 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Hart ◽  
O. Heroux
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Size Range ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Seasonal Acclimatization ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Wild Rats

Wild rats were collected from dumps at Cornwall, Ontario, and Kingston, Ontario, during summer and winter, and oxygen consumption was measured at various temperatures from 30 °C to −61 °C. Oxygen consumption varied with body weight0.83 over a size range of 100 to 400 g and was slightly but significantly higher for males than for females. The relation of oxygen consumption to temperature was similar in rats collected during summer and winter over the temperature range from 20° to about −10 °C but at lower and higher temperatures winter rats had higher metabolic rates. When tested at −40° the oxygen consumption of winter-caught rats was maintained for at least 50 minutes while that of the summer-caught rats declined progressively. It is concluded that wild rats exhibit a metabolic acclimatization to seasonal changes in their environment.

Kinetic Characteristics of Si3N4 CVD

1991 ◽  
Vol 250 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Y. Lee ◽  
J. R. Strife ◽  
R. D. Veltri
Keyword(s):  
Deposition Rate ◽  
Mass Spectroscopy ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Kinetic Characteristics ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Time Flow ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Temperature Time

AbstractThe CVD of Si3N4 from SiF4 and NH3 gaseous precursors was studied using a hotwall reactor in the temperature range of 1340 to 1490°C. The effects of temperature, time, flow rate, and SiF4/NH3 molar ratio on deposition rate and axial and radial deposition profiles were identified. The decomposition characteristics of pure NH3 and SiF4 were studied utilizing mass spectroscopy and compared to thermodynamic predictions.

On the Effect of Strain Rate and Temperature on the Yield Strength Anomaly in L21-structured Fe2AlMn

2008 ◽  
Vol 1128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus W. Wittmann ◽  
Janelle M. Chang ◽  
Yifeng Liao ◽  
Ian Baker
Keyword(s):  
Yield Strength ◽  
Strain Rate ◽  
Single Crystals ◽  
Yield Stress ◽  
Strain Rate Sensitivity ◽  
Rate Sensitivity ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Increasing Temperature

AbstractThe effects of strain rate and temperature on the yield strength of near-stoichiometric Fe2AlMn single crystals were investigated. In the temperature range 600-800K the yield stress increased with increasing temperature, a response commonly referred to as a yield strength anomaly. No strain rate sensitivity was observed below 750K, but at higher temperatures the yield stress increased with increasing strain rate. Possible mechanisms to explaining the effects of temperature and strain rate are discussed.

scholarly journals Midwinter dehardening of montane red spruce during a natural thaw

1995 ◽  
Vol 25 (12) ◽  
pp. 2040-2044 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.R. Strimbeck ◽  
D.H. DeHayes ◽  
J.B. Shane ◽  
G.J. Hawley ◽  
P.G. Schaberg
Keyword(s):  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Photosynthetic Capacity ◽  
Red Spruce ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Freezing Injury ◽  
Field Site ◽  
Risk Of Injury ◽  
Warm Weather ◽  
Cold Tolerant ◽  
Net Assimilation

We documented 3 to 14 °C of dehardening in current-year foliage of 10 mature, montane red spruce (Picearubens Sarg.) trees during a natural thaw from 12 to 21 January 1995. Mean cold tolerance was about −47 °C before the onset of thaw conditions, and individuals ranged from −38 to −52 °C. After 3 days of thaw, mean cold tolerance dropped to −39 °C, with a range of −32 to −44 °C. Trees did not regain prethaw levels of cold tolerance until sometime between 31 January and 9 February, or 10 to 20 days after subfreezing temperatures resumed. The least cold tolerant tree was at risk of injury when temperature at the field site fell to an estimated −33.8 °C on 6 February, and this same tree developed noticeably more injury than other trees when injury symptoms developed in late March. No evidence of dehardening was found in balsam fir (Abiesbalsamea (L.) Mill.) trees from the same stand. All red spruce trees also showed the potential for net assimilation of carbon during the thaw, as determined by measurement of photosynthetic capacity under laboratory conditions. From the abrupt and substantial dehardening and persistence of the dehardened state, we conclude that dehardening during periods of warm weather may be a significant factor in freezing injury and decline of montane red spruce populations.

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