Nutrient status and winter hardiness of red spruce foliage

1989 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 754-758 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard M. Klein ◽  
Timothy D. Perkins ◽  
Helen L. Myers
Keyword(s):  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Cloud Water ◽  
Winter Hardiness ◽  
Red Spruce ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Freezing Injury ◽  
Ion Leakage ◽  
Anthropogenic Nitrogen

Increased ecosystem loading with inorganic nitrogen compounds derived from anthropogenic sources has been proposed to prolong vegetative growth of spruce, rendering them more susceptible to winter injury. Severely nutrient-deficient 4-year-old red spruce (Picearubens Sarg.) seedlings and adequately fertilized seedlings were provided with synthetic cloud water lacking or containing nitrate, ammonium, or both, for a full growing season, and then exposed to normal winter chilling. Needles from these seedlings were stressed at −25 or −30 °C, and freezing injury was measured as ion leakage. Cloud water condensates had no effect on hardiness of needles of either nutrient status. Initially nutrient-sufficient seedlings transferred to nutrient-deficient conditions also exhibited no change in hardiness. Severely nutrient-deficient seedlings had needles that were significantly more sensitive to winter injury than seedlings under nutrient-sufficient conditions. Improving the nutrient status of initially nitrogen-deficient seedlings reduced their sensitivity to freezing injury. Based upon experimental results and consideration of the amounts of inorganic nitrogen reaching upper-elevation conifer forests, there is no evidence to support the hypothesis that anthropogenic nitrogen supplies significantly reduce winter hardiness of spruce foliage. It is improbable that winter injury due to elevated anthropogenic nitrogen is a causal factor in contemporary forest decline.

scholarly journals Available Nutrient Status of Soil as Influenced by Combined Application of Humic Acid and Inorganic Nitrogen

2021 ◽  
pp. 209-217
Author(s):  
K. Sai Manjeera ◽  
P. Venkata Subbaiah ◽  
P. R. K. Prasad ◽  
M. Sree Rekha
Keyword(s):  
Humic Acid ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Recommended Dose ◽  
Available N ◽  
Combined Application ◽  
Agricultural College ◽  
College Farm ◽  
Available Nutrient Status

A field experiment was carried out to study the influence of different levels of humic acid (10, 20, 30 kg ha-1) and inorganic N fertilizer viz., 100 % of recommended dose and 75 % of recommended dose on chemical properties of soil under direct sown rice at Agricultural college farm, Bapatla during 2019. The experiment was laid out in RBD with ten treatments replicated thrice with BPT-5204 variety of rice as test crop. Soil samples collected at tillering, panicle initiation and harvest stages of crop were analyzed for chemical properties like available N, P2O5, K2O, Sulphur and cationic micro-nutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu). Results indicated that increased availability of N, P2O5, K2O, Sulphur and cationic micro-nutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu) were observed with the treatment T6 involving 100% RDN and HA @ 30 kg ha-1.

Effects of anthropogenic nitrogen discharge on dissolved inorganic nitrogen transport in global rivers

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 1493-1513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuang Liu ◽  
Zhenghui Xie ◽  
Yujin Zeng ◽  
Bin Liu ◽  
Ruichao Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Transport ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Anthropogenic Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Discharge

Effects of chronic N fertilization on foliar membranes, cold tolerance, and carbon storage in montane red spruce

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (8) ◽  
pp. 1351-1359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul G Schaberg ◽  
Donald H DeHayes ◽  
Gary J Hawley ◽  
Paula F Murakami ◽  
G Richard Strimbeck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Picea Rubens ◽  
Control Plot ◽  
Membrane Stability ◽  
Red Spruce ◽  
Freezing Injury ◽  
N Addition ◽  
Cell Membrane Stability ◽  
Induced Changes

We evaluated the influence of protracted low-level nitrogen (N) fertilization on foliar membrane-associated calcium (mCa), sugar and starch concentrations, membrane stability, winter cold tolerance, and freezing injury of red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) trees growing in six experimental plots on Mount Ascutney, Vermont. For 12 consecutive years before this evaluation, each plot received one of three treatments: 0, 15.7, or 31.4 kg N·ha–1·year–1 supplied as NH4Cl. In comparison with trees from control plots, the current-year foliage of trees from N-addition plots had lower mCa concentrations, higher levels of electrolyte leakage, reduced cold tolerance, and greater freezing injury. Levels of mCa, membrane stability, and cold tolerance did not differ between N treatments, but trees in high-N treated plots experienced greater freezing injury. Although no differences in carbohydrate nutrition were detected in September, foliar sugar and starch concentrations from trees in N-treated plots were higher than control plot trees in January. We propose that foliar mCa deficiencies reduced cell membrane stability, decreased cold tolerance, and increased freezing injury for trees in N addition plots relative to controls. Declines in mCa may also help account for increases in respiration previously measured. Because soil, root, and mycorryhizal conditions were not evaluated, it is unknown how treatment-induced changes in these compartments may have influenced the alterations in foliar mCa and physiological parameters measured in this study.

Red spruce soil solution chemistry and root distribution across a cloud water deposition gradient

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 893-904 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.D. Joslin ◽  
M.H. Wolfe
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Base Cation ◽  
Cloud Water ◽  
Red Spruce ◽  
High Cloud ◽  
Ion Concentrations ◽  
Soil Solutions ◽  
Cloud Water Deposition ◽  
Deposition Gradient

The decline of red spruce (Picearubens Sarg.) at high elevations in eastern North America has been linked in time and space with exposure to acidic cloud water. To investigate the belowground effects of a cloud water deposition gradient between two mature red spruce stands on the summit of Whitetop Mountain, Virginia, the chemistries of precipitation, throughfall, and soil solution were monitored over a 2-year period, and fine-root distributions were characterized. Deposition of water, sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium in throughfall and stemflow was from 15 to 55% greater at the site with greater exposure to cloud water deposition (high cloud site), depending upon the particular ion and year. Soil solution nitrate concentrations were highly variable over time, and base cation, Al, and H ion concentrations were highly correlated with nitrate in both organic and mineral horizons at both sites. Soil solution nitrate, base cation, Al, and H ion concentrations were two to six times greater during periods of low soil moisture in the summer–autumn of 1987 and 1988 than during the remainder of the study period. In the mineral soil solutions, the high cloud site had significantly higher (p < 0.001) concentrations of nitrate and Al, and significantly lower (p < 0.05) Ca:Al and Mg:Al ratios. The high cloud stand also had shallower root systems, with fine-root biomass less than 40% of that of the low cloud stand (p < 0.05) at all depths greater than 18 cm. Soil solutions collected from below 15 cm at the high cloud site had a mean Ca:Al ratio less than 0.5 and Al concentrations that during dry periods, frequently approached or exceeded the literature values for the toxicity threshold for red spruce root growth. Restricted root development in the high cloud stand was apparently the result of this unfavorable chemical environment.

scholarly journals Nutrient chemistry and eutrophication risk assessment of the Ghaghara River, India

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nirdesh Kumar Ravi ◽  
Atul Srivastava ◽  
Kirpa Ram ◽  
Pawan Kumar Jha
Keyword(s):  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
River System ◽  
Ganga River ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Phosphate Limitation ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Specific Yield ◽  
Dissolved Silica ◽  
Molar Ratios ◽  
Nutrient Chemistry

Abstract This study was carried out to evaluate the eutrophication risk associated with the nutrient flux from the Ghaghara river by using nutrient molar ratios and indicators for coastal eutrophication potential values. The concentration of ammonium (3–8 times), nitrate (3–10 times), and phosphate (3–4.5 times) in the Ghaghara river were higher than the reported value for the unpolluted rivers indicating the contribution from the anthropogenic sources. The dissolved nutrients concentration showed significant seasonal variations in the Ghaghara river system. The specific yield of nitrate-N, phosphate-P, and dissolved silica-Si from the Ghaghara river were 0.49, 0.03 and 0.96 tons km−2 yr−1 respectively. The average molar ratio for dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN)/Dissolved inorganic Phosphate (DIP) was above 16:1, indicated phosphate limitation in biological productivity. In contrast, an average molar ratio of Dissolved inorganic Silica (DSi)/DIN of 4.6 ± 4.4 favored the diatom growth in the Ghaghara river. The negative value of P-ICEP (-2.93 kg C. km−2day−1) indicated phosphate limitation in the Ghaghara river. The positive value of N-ICEP (1.71 kg C·km−2day−1) indicates an excess of nitrogen over silica transport from the Ghaghara river to the Ganga river, which can create an eutrophication problem in the Ganga river.

scholarly journals Isotopic constraints on the atmospheric sources and formation of nitrogenous species in clouds influenced by biomass burning

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (19) ◽  
pp. 12221-12234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunhua Chang ◽  
Yan-Lin Zhang ◽  
Jiarong Li ◽  
Chongguo Tian ◽  
Linlin Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Deposition ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Cloud Water ◽  
Cloud Formation ◽  
Transformation Mechanism ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Nutrient Deposition

Abstract. Predicting tropospheric cloud formation and subsequent nutrient deposition relies on understanding the sources and processes affecting aerosol constituents of the atmosphere that are preserved in cloud water. However, this challenge is difficult to address quantitatively based on the sole use of bulk chemical properties. Nitrogenous aerosols, mainly ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3-), play a particularly important role in tropospheric cloud formation. While dry and wet (mainly rainfall) deposition of NH4+ and NO3- are regularly assessed, cloud water deposition is often underappreciated. Here we collected cloud water samples at the summit of Mt. Tai (1545 m above sea level) in eastern China during a long-lasting biomass burning (BB) event and simultaneously measured for the first time the isotopic compositions (mean ±1σ) of cloud water nitrogen species (δ15N-NH4+ = −6.53 ‰ ± 4.96 ‰, δ15N-NO3- = −2.35 ‰ ± 2.00 ‰, δ18O-NO3- = 57.80 ‰ ± 4.23 ‰), allowing insights into their sources and potential transformation mechanism within the clouds. Large contributions of BB to the cloud water NH4+ (32.9 % ± 4.6 %) and NO3- (28.2 % ± 2.7 %) inventories were confirmed through a Bayesian isotopic mixing model, coupled with our newly developed computational quantum chemistry module. Despite an overall reduction in total anthropogenic NOx emission due to effective emission control actions and stricter emission standards for vehicles, the observed cloud δ15N-NO3- values suggest that NOx emissions from transportation may have exceeded emissions from coal combustion. δ18O-NO3- values imply that the reaction of OH with NO2 is the dominant pathway of NO3- formation (57 % ± 11 %), yet the contribution of heterogeneous hydrolysis of dinitrogen pentoxide was almost as important (43 % ± 11 %). Although the limited sample set used here results in a relatively large uncertainty with regards to the origin of cloud-associated nitrogen deposition, the high concentrations of inorganic nitrogen imply that clouds represent an important source of nitrogen, especially for nitrogen-limited ecosystems in remote areas. Further simultaneous and long-term sampling of aerosol, rainfall, and cloud water is vital for understanding the anthropogenic influence on nitrogen deposition in the study region.

Cumulative effects of pulp mill and municipal effluents on epilithic biomass and nutrient limitation in a large northern river ecosystem

2000 ◽  
Vol 57 (7) ◽  
pp. 1342-1354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Garry J Scrimgeour ◽  
Patricia A Chambers
Keyword(s):  
Point Source ◽  
Nutrient Limitation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Soluble Reactive Phosphorus ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Reactive Phosphorus

Large-scale patterns in epilithic biomass and nutrient status were evaluated at 33 sites located upstream and downstream of point-source anthropogenic effluents in the Athabasca and Wapiti-Smoky rivers in Alberta, Canada. Multiple regression showed that epilithic chlorophyll a was significantly (p < 0.0001) related to concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen and marginally (p = 0.06) significantly related to soluble reactive phosphorus. Epilithic biomass was up to 50 times higher immediately downstream of point-source inputs compared with sites upstream and those 20-150 km downstream. Data from nutrient diffusing substrata showed that the epilithon at 18 of the 33 sites was nutrient limited, while 14 sites showed no nutrient limitation; interpretation of the remaining site was inconclusive. Of the 18 nutrient-limited sites, six were nitrogen limited, five were phosphorus limited, and seven were co-limited. Multiple discriminant function analysis showed that the combined concentration of soluble reactive phosphorus and dissolved inorganic nitrogen was a significant discriminator between deplete and replete sites.

scholarly journals Midwinter dehardening of montane red spruce during a natural thaw

1995 ◽  
Vol 25 (12) ◽  
pp. 2040-2044 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.R. Strimbeck ◽  
D.H. DeHayes ◽  
J.B. Shane ◽  
G.J. Hawley ◽  
P.G. Schaberg
Keyword(s):  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Photosynthetic Capacity ◽  
Red Spruce ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Freezing Injury ◽  
Field Site ◽  
Risk Of Injury ◽  
Warm Weather ◽  
Cold Tolerant ◽  
Net Assimilation

We documented 3 to 14 °C of dehardening in current-year foliage of 10 mature, montane red spruce (Picearubens Sarg.) trees during a natural thaw from 12 to 21 January 1995. Mean cold tolerance was about −47 °C before the onset of thaw conditions, and individuals ranged from −38 to −52 °C. After 3 days of thaw, mean cold tolerance dropped to −39 °C, with a range of −32 to −44 °C. Trees did not regain prethaw levels of cold tolerance until sometime between 31 January and 9 February, or 10 to 20 days after subfreezing temperatures resumed. The least cold tolerant tree was at risk of injury when temperature at the field site fell to an estimated −33.8 °C on 6 February, and this same tree developed noticeably more injury than other trees when injury symptoms developed in late March. No evidence of dehardening was found in balsam fir (Abiesbalsamea (L.) Mill.) trees from the same stand. All red spruce trees also showed the potential for net assimilation of carbon during the thaw, as determined by measurement of photosynthetic capacity under laboratory conditions. From the abrupt and substantial dehardening and persistence of the dehardened state, we conclude that dehardening during periods of warm weather may be a significant factor in freezing injury and decline of montane red spruce populations.

scholarly journals Temporal Effects of Biochar and Dairy Manure on Physicochemical Properties of Podzol: Case from a Silage-Corn Production Trial in Boreal Climate

Agriculture ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marli Vermooten ◽  
Muhammad Nadeem ◽  
Mumtaz Cheema ◽  
Raymond Thomas ◽  
Lakshman Galagedara
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Dairy Manure ◽  
Time Domain Reflectometry ◽  
Corn Production ◽  
Temporal Effects

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of biochar and dairy manure (DM) on physicochemical properties of podzolic soils, as well as to establish the relationships between selected physicochemical properties and soil electrical conductivity (EC) in a silage-corn production system. Nutrient requirements of the crop were met through different nutrient sources considering soil nutrient status, nutrient availability from DM (DM, DM + biochar) and regional crop nutrient recommendations. Experimental treatments included control, inorganic nitrogen (IN), IN + biochar, IN + DM, and IN + DM + biochar. DM was applied at 30,000 L ha−1, whereas biochar was applied at 20 Mg ha−1 and mixed within the top 20 cm of the soil. Disturbed soil samples as well as time domain reflectometry (TDR) measurements were collected from treatment plots on four field days. Results showed no significant (p > 0.05) treatment effects on soil pH and cation exchange capacity (CEC) within each field day. However, significant temporal effects were recorded for pH, EC, apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) and electrical conductivity of the soil solution (ECw). Soil depth (0–10 cm and 10–20 cm) had no significant effect on treatments. Significant positive correlations were recorded for EC with soil organic carbon and CEC (ECa, ECw 0–10 cm, & 10–20 cm, p = 0.000). Correlation results show that ECa measurements as a proxy to investigate the variability of key soil properties over large areas, but further investigation between ECa data and soil properties should be carried out to address uncertainties associated in predicting these properties.

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