Turkey in the world

Turkey ◽  
2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Finkel
Keyword(s):  
Near East ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
The World

Where does Turkey fit into the world? A map is the obvious place to see where Turkey fits in the world. It lies at the intersection of several overlapping regions—the Balkans, the Caucasus, the Middle and Near East, and the Eastern Mediterranean. However, the...

Globals, Locals, and Mobals

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harm De Blij
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
River Basins ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Personal Risk ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Mass Migration ◽  
The World ◽  
Increasing Risk

Earth may be a planet of shrinking functional distances, but it remains a world of staggering situational differences. From the uneven distribution of natural resources to the unequal availability of opportunity, place remains a powerful arbitrator. Many hundreds of millions of farmers in river basins of Asia and Africa live their lives much as their distant ancestors did, still remote from the forces of globalization, children as well as adults still at high personal risk and great material disadvantage. Tens of millions of habitants of isolated mountain valleys from the Andes to the Balkans and from the Caucasus to Kashmir are as bound to their isolated abodes as their forebears were. Of the seven billion current passengers on Cruiseship Earth, the overwhelming majority (the myth of mass migration notwithstanding) will die very near the cabin in which they were born. In their lifetimes, this vast majority will have worn the garb, spoken the language, professed the faith, shared the health conditions, absorbed the education, acquired the attitudes, and inherited the legacy that constitutes the power of place: the accumulated geography whose formative imprint still dominates the planet. The regional impress of poverty continues to trap countless millions who are and will be born into it and who, globalization notwithstanding, cannot escape it. The “wealth gap” between the fortunate and the less fortunate, still largely a matter of chance and destiny, evinces a widening range resulting from the perpetuation of privilege and power in the so-called global “core” and its international tentacles. Those disparities, represented at all levels of scale, will entail increasing risk in a world of rising anger and weapons of growing destructive efficiency. At the same time, the notion that the world, if not “flat,” is flattening under the impress of globalization is gaining traction. As noted in the preface, the idea that diversities of place continue to play a key role in shaping humanity’s variegated mosaic tends to be dismissed by globalizers who see an increasingly homogenized and borderless world. “Flatness” is becoming an assumption, not merely a prospect, as implied by the titles of numerous books and articles of recent vintage (Fung et al., 2008).

1. The ancient and medieval garden

2019 ◽  
pp. 5-17
Author(s):  
Gordon Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
South America ◽  
South Asia ◽  
Near East ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
The World ◽  
Of Greece

‘The ancient and medieval garden’ considers the earliest documented gardens from around the world. It begins with the gardens of the Near East and eastern Mediterranean, such as the gardens of the Assyrian kings, Sennacherib and Ashurbanipal, at Nineveh; the villa gardens of Greece and Rome; the ancient gardens of South Asia, including Sigiriya, a Buddhist site in central Sri Lanka; medieval European gardens; the gardens of the Byzantium Empire, which provided the link between the Roman garden and the Islamic garden; and the Mayan, Aztec, and Inca gardens of Central and South America. It explains how gardens and their plants were early players in the process of globalization.

scholarly journals Board Games Reconsidered: Mancala in the Balkans

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 183-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vesna Bikić ◽  
Jasna Vuković
Keyword(s):  
Near East ◽  
Balkan Peninsula ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Board Games ◽  
Neolithic Age ◽  
The World ◽  
The Neolithic Age ◽  
Traditional Communities

Two mancala (one of the oldest games in the world) boards, which were found in the Lower Town of the Belgrade Fortress in 2006, present so far unique archaeological proof that this game was played in the region of the Balkan peninsula. Considering the fact that the knowledge regarding mancala is still quite modest, in this paper, we have also examined the different aspects of this game: the question of its origin, which is linked to the beginning of the Neolithic Age on the territories of Africa and the Near East; the link with the methods of geomantic divination; the anthropological knowledge regarding playing mancala in traditional communities; the distribution and the directions of its diffusion, as well as the archaeological finds in the area Mediterranean.

scholarly journals U.S. plans to internationalize the containment of the USSR in the Balkans in the first half of the 1950s

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 53-76
Author(s):  
A. A. Kalinin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
The United States ◽  
Central Intelligence Agency ◽  
Intelligence Agency ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
National Archives ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
The 1950S

The article examines the actions of the US diplomacy aimed at strengthening the US military and political presence in the Balkans and the Eastern Mediterranean in the first half of the 1950s. The United States began creating mechanisms for mobilizing its allies to contain possible Soviet aggression in the event of a new local conflict on the Balkan Peninsula. This policy led to the need to develop plans for internationalization of alleged conflict. The author uses materials from the US National Archives, the State Archive of the Russian Federation, the electronic archives of the Central Intelligence Agency, North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the US National Security Council, as well as published sources. Special attention is paid to the position of the United States Joint Chiefs of Staff on military strategy in the Eastern Mediterranean. The outbreak of the Korean War became an important milestone in American politics not only for the Far East, but also for other regions of the world. In the Balkans, the Americans were mostly afraid of the aggression of Soviet “satellites” against Greece and Yugoslavia. In response, in the early 1950s the United States formed a new security model in the Balkans, which based on a differentiated approach: Greece became a member of NATO, while Yugoslavia entered the anti-Soviet Balkan Pact affiliated with NATO. Yugoslavia became a bridge between the NATO countries – Italy and Greece. Documents held in the US National Archives show that American military leaders spoke out in favor of Yugoslavia’s membership in NATO and insisted on coordinating the military plans of Italy, Yugoslavia, Greece and Turkey. The author concludes that the rapprochement of Yugoslavia, Greece and Turkey was situational. The improvement of the situation in the Balkans after the death of Joseph Stalin led to the collapse of the Balkan Pact. The analysis of American policy in the Balkans made it possible to contribute to the study of the means and methods used by the United States to internationalize military conflicts in various regions of the world in the mid-twentieth and early twenty-first centuries.

Eastern Medieval Architecture

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert G. Ousterhout
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Byzantine Empire ◽  
Medieval Architecture ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Architectural Form ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Rich

The rich and diverse architectural traditions of the Eastern Mediterranean and adjacent regions are the subject of this book. Representing the visual residues of a “forgotten” Middle Ages, the social and cultural developments of the Byzantine Empire, the Caucasus, the Balkans, Russia, and the Middle East parallel the more familiar architecture of Western Europe. The book offers an expansive overview of the architectural developments of the Byzantine Empire and areas under its cultural influence, as well as of the intellectual currents that lie behind their creation. The book alternates chapters that address chronological or regional developments with thematic studies that focus on the larger cultural concerns, as they are expressed in architectural form.

scholarly journals THE ALBANIAN PROBLEM AND THE USA ON THE EVE OF THE PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE IN 1919

InterConf ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 6-17
Author(s):  
Rovena Vora
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Paris Peace Conference ◽  
National Boundaries ◽  
The Stability ◽  
First World

Nineteen-nineteen was a year of peacemaking and national boundaries were being revised throughout the world. It was also a year of hope, especially for the Albanians, when many people believed that the world could be remade according to Wilson. The year was crucial in the development of Albania. For Albania the story of 1919 is both national and international. On the international scene the problem of what to do with Albania was as always tied to other issues. Albania had been created in 1913 by the Great Powers in an attempt to preserve the stability of the Balkans by preventing the growth of the states which were victorious in the first Balkan War and by maintaining Albania as a foreign dominated balancing factor. This system by which the Great powers maintained their control over the Balkans was broken completely by the First World War. During the peacemaking the Albanian problem became part of both the Adriatic question of Greece and the question of Greek and Italian claims in the Eastern Mediterranean. The aim of this paper is to consider these claims, the influence of Essad Pasha on the eve of the Paris Peace Conference and the American attitude towards the Albanian issue.

scholarly journals Genetic evidence for an origin of the Armenians from Bronze Age mixing of multiple populations

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Haber ◽  
Massimo Mezzavilla ◽  
Yali Xue ◽  
David Comas ◽  
Paolo Gasparini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Near East ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Ancestral Population ◽  
World War One ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
East Europe ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Population Migrations ◽  
Mediterranean And Black Seas

The Armenians are a culturally isolated population who historically inhabited a region in the Near East bounded by the Mediterranean and Black seas and the Caucasus, but remain underrepresented in genetic studies and have a complex history including a major geographic displacement during World War One. Here, we analyse genome-wide variation in 173 Armenians and compare them to 78 other worldwide populations. We find that Armenians form a distinctive cluster linking the Near East, Europe, and the Caucasus. We show that Armenian diversity can be explained by several mixtures of Eurasian populations that occurred between ~3,000 and ~2,000 BCE, a period characterized by major population migrations after the domestication of the horse, appearance of chariots, and the rise of advanced civilizations in the Near East. However, genetic signals of population mixture cease after ~1,200 BCE when Bronze Age civilizations in the Eastern Mediterranean world suddenly and violently collapsed. Armenians have since remained isolated and genetic structure within the population developed ~500 years ago when Armenia was divided between the Ottomans and the Safavid Empire in Iran. Finally, we show that Armenians have higher genetic affinity to Neolithic Europeans than other present-day Near Easterners, and that 29% of the Armenian ancestry may originate from an ancestral population best represented by Neolithic Europeans.

Understanding Suicide Terrorism

2017 ◽  
Vol 36 (04) ◽  
pp. 245-250
Author(s):  
A. Speckhard
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Suicide Terrorism ◽  
Terrorist Organizations ◽  
Global Migration ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Single Region ◽  
Extensive Field ◽  
The World ◽  
Terrorist Groups

SummaryAs a terror tactic, suicide terrorism is one of the most lethal as it relies on a human being to deliver and detonate the device. Suicide terrorism is not confined to a single region or religion. On the contrary, it has a global appeal, and in countries such as Syria, Iraq, Afghanistan, and Pakistan it has come to represent an almost daily reality as it has become the weapon of choice for some of the most dreaded terrorist organizations in the world, such as ISIS and al-Qaeda. Drawing on over two decades of extensive field research in five distinct world regions, specifically the Middle East, Western Europe, North America, Russia, and the Balkans, the author discusses the origins of modern day suicide terrorism, motivational factors behind suicide terrorism, its global migration, and its appeal to modern-day terrorist groups to embrace it as a tactic.

Dairy Queen. Churns and milk products in the Aegean Bronze Age

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 205-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah P. Morris
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Dairy Products ◽  
Near East ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
Archaeological Record ◽  
Specific Function ◽  
Milk Products ◽  
The Third ◽  
Household Processing

This article assembles examples of an unusual vessel found in domestic contexts of the Early Bronze Age around the Aegean and in the Eastern Mediterranean. Identified as a “barrel vessel” by the excavators of Troy, Lesbos (Thermi), Lemnos (Poliochni), and various sites in the Chalkidike, the shape finds its best parallels in containers identified as churns in the Chalcolithic Levant, and related vessels from the Eneolithic Balkans. Levantine parallels also exist in miniature form, as in the Aegean at Troy, Thermi, and Poliochni, and appear as part of votive figures in the Near East. My interpretation of their use and development will consider how they compare to similar shapes in the archaeological record, especially in Aegean prehistory, and what possible transregional relationships they may express along with their specific function as household processing vessels for dairy products during the third millennium BC.

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