scholarly journals Evaluating the Accuracy of Ground-Based Hemlock Dwarf Mistletoe Rating: A Case Study Using the Wind River Canopy Crane

2000 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Shaw ◽  
Elizabeth A. Freeman ◽  
Robert L. Mathiasen
Keyword(s):  
Rating System ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Timber Management ◽  
Research Facility ◽  
Dwarf Mistletoe ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Tree Crowns ◽  
Organic Debris ◽  
The Individual

Abstract The accuracy of ground based estimates using the six-class dwarf mistletoe rating system was evaluated in an old-growth Douglas-fir/western hemlock forest by comparing ground ratings by five different observers to an examination of tree crowns from a construction crane at the Wind River Canopy Crane Research Facility, Washington. A total of 139 dominant, codominant, and intermediate western hemlock were evaluated. No consistent pattern emerged to indicate where overall error was made. All but one observer was relatively accurate at identifying noninfected trees (73 to 95% noninfected trees accurately rated by four observers). However, the observers were less accurate at estimating the DMR class of the infected trees (11% to 3 7% of the infected trees accurately rated), including a number of trees incorrectly rated by two or more DMR classes. One observer rated 98% of the trees as having infections, while the crane survey estimated only 53% of the trees as having infections. Each observer divided the individual tree crowns into thirds and estimated infections based on summing lower, middle, and upper canopy levels. There was no pattern to the errors associated with estimates by canopy level. One observer significantly overestimated all canopy levels, one observer estimated all accurately, one observer significantly underestimated all canopy levels, one observer underestimated the mid and upper canopies, and one observer underestimated the lower and upper canopies. The principal reasons for inaccurate dwarf mistletoe ratings were assumed to be difficulty in accurately estimating crown thirds, misidentification of infections because of various stem deformities or accumulation of organic debris resembling infections, and the difficulty in observing infections high above the ground and through dense vegetation. Only one of the five observers accurately represented the spatial pattern of the infection center. The implications of this research vary depending on whether the results are to be used for timber management or for research and modeling applications. West. J. Appl. For. 15(1):8-14.

scholarly journals Beitrag des terrestrischen Laserscannings zur Erfassung der Struktur von Baumkronen | Application of terrestrial laser scanning for measuring tree crown structures

2011 ◽  
Vol 162 (6) ◽  
pp. 186-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Pretzsch ◽  
Stefan Seifert ◽  
Peng Huang
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Terrestrial Laser Scanning ◽  
Tree Crown ◽  
Mixed Stands ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Tree Crowns ◽  
Crown Structure ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Tree Leaf

This paper addresses the potential of terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) for describing and modelling of tree crown structure and dynamics. We first present a general approach for the metabolic and structural scaling of tree crowns. Out of this approach we emphasize those normalization and scaling parameters which become accessible by TLS. For example we show how the individual tree leaf area index, convex hull, and its space-filling by leaves can be extracted out of laser scan data. This contributes to a theoretical and empirical substantiation of crown structure models which were missing so far for e.g. quantification of structural and species diversity in forest stands, inventory of crown biomass, species detection by remote sensing, and understanding of self- and alien-thinning in pure and mixed stands. Up to now works on this topic delivered a rather scattered empirical knowledge mainly by single inventories of trees and stands. In contrast, we recommend to start with a model approach, and to complete existing data with repeated TLS inventories in order to come to a consistent and theoretically based model of tree crowns.

scholarly journals DETECTING FORESTS DAMAGED BY PINE WILT DISEASE AT THE INDIVIDUAL TREE LEVEL USING AIRBORNE LASER DATA AND WORLDVIEW-2/3 IMAGES OVER TWO SEASONS

2017 ◽  
Vol XLII-3/W3 ◽  
pp. 181-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Takenaka ◽  
M. Katoh ◽  
S. Deng ◽  
K. Cheung
Keyword(s):  
Pine Wilt Disease ◽  
Wilt Disease ◽  
Tree Level ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Larix Kaempferi ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Tree Crowns ◽  
Airborne Laser ◽  
Pine Wilt ◽  
The Individual

Pine wilt disease is caused by the pine wood nematode (<i>Bursaphelenchus xylophilus</i>) and Japanese pine sawyer (<i>Monochamus alternatus</i>). This study attempted to detect damaged pine trees at different levels using a combination of airborne laser scanning (ALS) data and high-resolution space-borne images. A canopy height model with a resolution of 50&amp;thinsp;cm derived from the ALS data was used for the delineation of tree crowns using the Individual Tree Detection method. Two pan-sharpened images were established using the ortho-rectified images. Next, we analyzed two kinds of intensity-hue-saturation (IHS) images and 18 remote sensing indices (RSI) derived from the pan-sharpened images. The mean and standard deviation of the 2 IHS images, 18 RSI, and 8 bands of the WV-2 and WV-3 images were extracted for each tree crown and were used to classify tree crowns using a support vector machine classifier. Individual tree crowns were assigned to one of nine classes: bare ground, <i>Larix kaempferi</i>, <i>Cryptomeria japonica</i>, <i>Chamaecyparis obtusa</i>, broadleaved trees, healthy pines, and damaged pines at slight, moderate, and heavy levels. The accuracy of the classifications using the WV-2 images ranged from 76.5 to 99.6&amp;thinsp;%, with an overall accuracy of 98.5&amp;thinsp;%. However, the accuracy of the classifications using the WV-3 images ranged from 40.4 to 95.4&amp;thinsp;%, with an overall accuracy of 72&amp;thinsp;%, which suggests poorer accuracy compared to those classes derived from the WV-2 images. This is because the WV-3 images were acquired in October 2016 from an area with low sun, at a low altitude.

The Development of Language-Training Programs for Postrubella Hearing-Impaired Children

1973 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Lynch ◽  
Annette Tobin
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Impaired ◽  
Treatment Programs ◽  
Individual Treatment ◽  
Target Behaviors ◽  
Systematic Fashion ◽  
Development Of Language ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Impaired Children ◽  
Hearing Impaired Children

This paper presents the procedures developed and used in the individual treatment programs for a group of preschool, postrubella, hearing-impaired children. A case study illustrates the systematic fashion in which the clinician plans programs for each child on the basis of the child’s progress at any given time during the program. The clinician’s decisions are discussed relevant to (1) the choice of a mode(s) for the child and the teacher, (2) the basis for selecting specific target behaviors, (3) the progress of each program, and (4) the implications for future programming.

‘A Routh O’ Auld Nick-Nackets’ – the antiquarian collection of John Rae

2015 ◽  
Vol 36-37 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-183
Author(s):  
Paul Taylor
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Social Context ◽  
Moral Education ◽  
The United States ◽  
Representative Case ◽  
National Museums ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The University

John Rae, a Scottish antiquarian collector and spirit merchant, played a highly prominent role in the local natural history societies and exhibitions of nineteenth-century Aberdeen. While he modestly described his collection of archaeological lithics and other artefacts, principally drawn from Aberdeenshire but including some items from as far afield as the United States, as a mere ‘routh o’ auld nick-nackets' (abundance of old knick-knacks), a contemporary singled it out as ‘the best known in private hands' (Daily Free Press 4/5/91). After Rae's death, Glasgow Museums, National Museums Scotland, the University of Aberdeen Museum and the Pitt Rivers Museum in Oxford, as well as numerous individual private collectors, purchased items from the collection. Making use of historical and archive materials to explore the individual biography of Rae and his collection, this article examines how Rae's collecting and other antiquarian activities represent and mirror wider developments in both the ‘amateur’ antiquarianism carried out by Rae and his fellow collectors for reasons of self-improvement and moral education, and the ‘professional’ antiquarianism of the museums which purchased his artefacts. Considered in its wider nineteenth-century context, this is a representative case study of the early development of archaeology in the wider intellectual, scientific and social context of the era.

Drowning in negativism, self-hate, doubt, madness: Linguistic insights into Sylvia Plath’s experience of depression

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zsófia Demjén
Keyword(s):  
Lived Experience ◽  
Medical Humanities ◽  
Sylvia Plath ◽  
Individual Experience ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
The World ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Linguistic Methods ◽  
Linguistic Approach

This paper demonstrates how a range of linguistic methods can be harnessed in pursuit of a deeper understanding of the ‘lived experience’ of psychological disorders. It argues that such methods should be applied more in medical contexts, especially in medical humanities. Key extracts from The Unabridged Journals of Sylvia Plath are examined, as a case study of the experience of depression. Combinations of qualitative and quantitative linguistic methods, and inter- and intra-textual comparisons are used to consider distinctive patterns in the use of metaphor, personal pronouns and (the semantics of) verbs, as well as other relevant aspects of language. Qualitative techniques provide in-depth insights, while quantitative corpus methods make the analyses more robust and ensure the breadth necessary to gain insights into the individual experience. Depression emerges as a highly complex and sometimes potentially contradictory experience for Plath, involving both a sense of apathy and inner turmoil. It involves a sense of a split self, trapped in a state that one cannot overcome, and intense self-focus, a turning in on oneself and a view of the world that is both more negative and more polarized than the norm. It is argued that a linguistic approach is useful beyond this specific case.

THE ROLE OF EDUCATION ON DISASTER PREPAREDNESS CASE STUDY OF 2012 INDIAN OCEAN EARTHQUAKES ON THAILAND’S

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raya Muttarak ◽  
Wiraporn Pothisiri
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Emergency Preparedness ◽  
Disaster Preparedness ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Disaster Experience ◽  
Individual Household ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
The Individual

In this paper we investigate how well residents of the Andaman coast in Phang Nga province, Thailand, are prepared for earthquakes and tsunami. It is hypothesized that formal education can promote disaster preparedness because education enhances individual cognitive and learning skills, as well as access to information. A survey was conducted of 557 households in the areas that received tsunami warnings following the Indian Ocean earthquakes on 11 April 2012. Interviews were carried out during the period of numerous aftershocks, which put residents in the region on high alert. The respondents were asked what emergency preparedness measures they had taken following the 11 April earthquakes. Using the partial proportional odds model, the paper investigates determinants of personal disaster preparedness measured as the number of preparedness actions taken. Controlling for village effects, we find that formal education, measured at the individual, household, and community levels, has a positive relationship with taking preparedness measures. For the survey group without past disaster experience, the education level of household members is positively related to disaster preparedness. The findings also show that disaster related training is most effective for individuals with high educational attainment. Furthermore, living in a community with a higher proportion of women who have at least a secondary education increases the likelihood of disaster preparedness. In conclusion, we found that formal education can increase disaster preparedness and reduce vulnerability to natural hazards.

Données LiDAR aériennes: pertinence de l'interprétation visuelle pour la foresterie

2017 ◽  
Vol 168 (3) ◽  
pp. 127-133
Author(s):  
Matthew Parkan
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Forest Edge ◽  
Airborne Lidar ◽  
Visual Interpretation ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
Interactive 3D ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Airborne Lidar Data ◽  
Stem Position

Airborne LiDAR data: relevance of visual interpretation for forestry Airborne LiDAR surveys are particularly well adapted to map, study and manage large forest extents. Products derived from this technology are increasingly used by managers to establish a general diagnosis of the condition of forests. Less common is the use of these products to conduct detailed analyses on small areas; for example creating detailed reference maps like inventories or timber marking to support field operations. In this context, the use of direct visual interpretation is interesting, because it is much easier to implement than automatic algorithms and allows a quick and reliable identification of zonal (e.g. forest edge, deciduous/persistent ratio), structural (stratification) and point (e.g. tree/stem position and height) features. This article examines three important points which determine the relevance of visual interpretation: acquisition parameters, interactive representation and identification of forest characteristics. It is shown that the use of thematic color maps within interactive 3D point cloud and/or cross-sections makes it possible to establish (for all strata) detailed and accurate maps of a parcel at the individual tree scale.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document