scholarly journals Tree Shelters Improve the Survival and Growth of Planted Engelmann Spruce Seedlings in Southwestern Colorado

2001 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 114-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglass F. Jacobs ◽  
Klaus Steinbeck
Keyword(s):  
Rocky Mountains ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Picea Engelmannii ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Tree Shelters ◽  
Engelmann Spruce ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Survival And Growth

Abstract Shade-tolerant Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) is a difficult species to reforest successfully in the high-elevation spruce-fir forests of the Rocky Mountains. This study investigated the use of plastic tree shelters as a form of shade protection and a means to improve the growth and survival of planted Engelmann spruce seedlings in southwest Colorado. A total of 1500 seedlings were planted into a 48 ha clearcut site at an average elevation of 3273 m. Treatments included four different colors of tree shelters and a control where seedlings were planted using the traditional shading method. This consisted of shading the seedlings using logging slash, stumps, and vegetation within the site. After two growing seasons, survival was 58% for the control treatment and ranged from 95 to 99% in the lighter three shelter color treatments. The darkest shelter color resulted in 95% mortality after the first growing season. Both height and diameter growth of surviving seedlings were significantly greater in the lightest two shelter color treatments as compared to the control treatment. These results indicate that tree shelters may provide an effective method of improving high-elevation Engelmann spruce reforestation programs. West. J. Appl. For. 16(3):114–120.

scholarly journals Reforestation of a Salvage-Logged High-Elevation Clearcut: Engelmann Spruce Seedling Response to Tree Shelters after 11 Growing Seasons

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglass F. Jacobs
Keyword(s):  
Rocky Mountains ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Tree Shelters ◽  
Southern Rocky Mountains ◽  
Engelmann Spruce ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Tree Shelter ◽  
Absolute Height ◽  
Collar Diameter ◽  
Root Collar

Abstract High-elevation clearcut sites in the southern Rocky Mountains are difficult to reforest successfully and many sites remain poorly stocked decades after harvest. This article presents results after 11 growing seasons of a project designed to examine use of tree shelters to provide initial shade for planted Engelmann spruce (Picea englemannii Parry ex Engelm.) seedlings. Seedlings were planted in 1996 on a 48-ha site at an elevation of approximately 3,273 m in southwestern Colorado, with different shelter colors providing various shading levels. A control, consisting of shading using debris within the site, was also included. Results after 2 years were presented previously. To examine seedling response to tree shelter removal after seedling establishment, half of shelters were removed in 2000 and seedlings were reassessed in 2007. Control seedlings had lower survival (35%) than any other treatment (ranging from 59 to 78%). Shelter removal in the lightest two shelter color treatments did not reduce survival, suggesting that seedlings can grow in full sun after 4 years of shading. The best overall seedling development (i.e., survival, absolute height, and root collar diameter) occurred in the lightest shelter color with shelters removed. Tree shelters offer a viable means to restore high-elevation spruce-fir sites where past reforestation has proven difficult.

Third-Year Growth Response of Loblolly Pine to Eight Levels of Competition Control

1987 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine G. Bacon ◽  
Shepard M. Zedaker
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Best Response ◽  
Competition Control ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
One Year

Abstract The growth response of young loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) to different amounts of competition control was studied in plantations of three ages in the Virginia Piedmont. Eight competition control treatments involved the removal of all, two-thirds, one-third, or none of the hardwoodstems either with or without herbaceous weed control. Results after three growing seasons showed a significant increase in pine diameter and volume growth with competition control. Treatments combining woody and herbaceous control resulted in better pine growth than the same treatments withoutherbaceous control, in the two youngest stands. The best response, obtained with the two-thirds woody plus herbaceous control treatment, resulted in: a 100% increase in volume growth over the check plots in seedlings treated at the beginning of their second growing season in the field; a 93% increase in one-year-old seedlings; and a 53% increase in the growth of seedlings treated before the third growing season. South. J. Appl. For. 11(2):91-95.

Early Survival and Growth of Russian Pinus sylvestris L. in Canada

1970 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 325-328
Author(s):  
A. H. Teich ◽  
M. J. Holst
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Stem Form ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Continental Climate ◽  
Better Than

Scots pine provenances from Russia were grown in Ontario at Longlac, Dorset and Chalk River, and in Saskatchewan at Prince Albert and Indian Head. After eight growing seasons in the field all provenances survived well. The three tallest, Orel, Woronesh and Kiev provenances, grew considerably taller than the others, and at Prince Albert, where native jack pine was also grown, the growth and survival of these provenances was also better than that of jack pine. If further studies show that this high performance persists and that stem form is commercially acceptable, seedlings from these three provenances may be useful for reforestation in those parts of Canada with a continental climate.

scholarly journals Effects of Tree Shelters on the Survival and Growth ofArgania spinosaSeedlings in Mediterranean Arid Environment

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chamchelmaarif Defaa ◽  
Salwa Elantry ◽  
Sanae Lahlimi El Alami ◽  
Ahmed Achour ◽  
Abdelhamid El Mousadik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arid Environment ◽  
Basal Diameter ◽  
Tree Shelters ◽  
Argania Spinosa ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Argan Tree ◽  
Tree Survival ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Systematic Collection ◽  
Early Establishment

The argan tree is endemic species of Morocco. It occupies an area of more than 8700 km2and plays essential ecological and economical roles. In spite of their value, the argan woodlands are subject to rapid and uncontrolled degradation during the last decades, mainly due to overgrazing and systematic collection of argan nuts. The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of two types of tree shelters on survival and growth ofArgania spinosaseedlings planted in the southwest of Morocco in order to improve the results of reforestation programs which usually end by repeated failures. The experiment was conducted in the Mesguina forest for two growing seasons after transplantation in the field. After two years, the use of tree shelters significantly increased tree survival and allowed a gain of 20%. Height growth was positively affected by tree shelters. The use of tree shelters showed no significant decrease in basal diameter. In contrast, the height to diameter ratios of sheltered trees were much higher compared to the control. Thus, the use of the tree shelters could aid the early establishment and growth ofArgania spinosaunder conditions similar to those of the experiment.

Taxonomy and origin of present-day morphometric variation in Picea glauca (×engelmannii) seed-cone scales in North America

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (7) ◽  
pp. 1129-1141 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.L Strong ◽  
L.V. Hills
Keyword(s):  
Rocky Mountains ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Black Hills ◽  
Picea Engelmannii ◽  
Morphometric Variation ◽  
Engelmann Spruce ◽  
Seed Cone ◽  
Northern United States ◽  
Cone Scale

White spruce ( Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) and Engelmann spruce ( Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.) seed-cones from 676 sites in Canada and the northern United States were analyzed to determine the degree and spatial extent of interspecific hybridization. Fifteen cone-scale variables were analyzed, with percent free-scale and scale shape considered best for differentiating these taxa. The results show that putative Engelmann spruce and their hybrids occur mostly in the vicinity of the Rocky Mountains. Putative white spruce occurs across Canada east of the Rocky Mountains, whereas white × Engelmann hybrids occur eastward to Manitoba and northward to 68° latitude in northwest Canada. To explain the occurrence of the latter taxon hundreds of kilometres from an Engelmann spruce pollen source, it is hypothesized that palaeohybridization occurred during the Wisconsinan glacial period, probably in the southern Montana – Wyoming – Black Hills (South Dakota) region, with the resulting hybrids spreading north and northeastward into interior Canada following the retreat of the Laurentide glacier. White and Engelmann spruce have morphologically distinct cone-scales, whereas their hybrids have intermediate characteristics. An emended species ( Picea albertiana ) and two subspecies (P. albertiana subsp. albertiana and P. albertiana subsp. ogilviei) are proposed to account for morphological intermediates between the parent species.

Early Growing Season Flooding Influence on Seedlings of Three Common Bottomland Hardwood Species in Western Tennessee

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan R. McCurry ◽  
Matthew J. Gray ◽  
David C. Mercker
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Flood Tolerance ◽  
Bottomland Hardwood ◽  
Flood Duration ◽  
Floodplain Ecosystems ◽  
Hardwood Species ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Survival And Growth

Abstract Understanding relative flood tolerance of hardwood bottomland seedlings is fundamental to restoring floodplain ecosystems. Thus, we quantified the effects of three early growing season flood duration (0, 15, and 30 d) treatments on survival and growth of overcup Quercus lyrata, Nuttall Q. nuttallii, and willow Q. phellos oak seedlings. Seedlings (n  =  5,003) were planted January–March 2004 in a randomized design among six impoundments in a western Tennessee bottomland. We flooded four impoundments (two 15-d and two 30-d treatments) after seedling bud break initiated in April 2005 and 2006 to simulate overbank flooding of a river. Overall seedling survival measured in July and October 2005 and July 2006 was 96, 89, and 84% overcup, Nuttall, and willow, respectively. Survival of Nuttall and willow was greatest in unflooded control impoundments. All species exhibited the least growth in the 30-d treatment. Growth of Nuttall and willow were generally greater in the 15-d treatment than in the control treatment. We ranked relative seedling flood tolerance as decreasing from overcup to Nuttall to willow, which corresponds with previous greenhouse studies. We recommend that natural resource practitioners plant overcup at low elevations in bottomlands that flood frequently, plant Nuttall at mid-range elevations, and plant willow exclusively at higher elevations that flood infrequently to increase the likelihood of restoration success.

Effects of prolonged cold storage on phenology and performance of Douglas-fir and noble fir 2 + 0 seedlings from high-elevation sources

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 471-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao-Hsiung Tung ◽  
Luci Wisniewski ◽  
David R. DeYoe
Keyword(s):  
Cold Storage ◽  
Storage Temperature ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
Diameter Increment ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Seed Sources ◽  
Noble Fir

Survival, phenology, and growth performance of 2 + 0 Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) and noble fir (Abiesprocera Rehd.) seedlings planted at 1500 m in the Oregon Cascade Range were determined following a lifting on November 7 with 7 months of cold storage or lifting on March 1 with 3 months of cold storage. Storage temperature remained between 1 and 2 °C. There was no difference in Douglas-fir survival attributable to the lifting – cold-storage treatments during the first two growing seasons. The first-season survival of noble fir stored for 7 months was superior to that of those stored for 3 months, but no difference was evident after the second growing season. Timing of bud burst did not differ significantly among treatments for either species. However, the rate of bud burst was significantly greater for noble fir seedlings lifted in November and stored 7 months than for those lifted in March and stored 3 months. No difference in the rate of bud burst was observed between treatments for Douglas-fir. Shoot/root ratio for both species and treatments decreased significantly in the first growing season, but did not change significantly in the second growing season. Regardless of species, no differences were found in height growth or diameter increment between the two lifting – cold-storage treatments for the two consecutive growing seasons. The results suggest that Douglas-fir and noble fir seedlings originating from high-elevation seed sources can be lifted in fall and cold stored for 7 months without adverse effects on seedling performance.

scholarly journals GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF ENGELMANN SPRUCE AND ALPINE FIR ON SEED SPOTS AT BOLEAN LAKE, B.C., 1954-59

1960 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Harry G. Smith ◽  
M. Bruce Clark
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Soil ◽  
First Year ◽  
Abies Lasiocarpa ◽  
Poor Survival ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Engelmann Spruce ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Picea Engelmanni ◽  
Shade Part ◽  
Site Types

Seed spots established in the spring of 1953 were remeasured in August 1959. Variables included Engelmann spruce (Picea Engelmanni Parry) and alpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.); two site types—wet (VO) and dry (VM); three degrees of light—full shade, part shade, and full sun; and five seedbeds—mineral soil, burn, moss, litter, and rotted wood. The observed data on survival and growth are further evidence of the need to provide adequately disturbed seedbeds to ensure reproduction of Engelmann spruce and alpine fir. The poor survival, even with first-year screening, and slow juvenile growth of these species suggest that planting may have advantages over direct seeding.

Toxicity of two Engelmann spruce (Pinaceae) monoterpene chemotypes from the southern Rocky Mountains to North American spruce beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 152 (6) ◽  
pp. 790-796
Author(s):  
Thomas Seth Davis
Keyword(s):  
Rocky Mountains ◽  
Picea Engelmannii ◽  
Dendroctonus Rufipennis ◽  
Probability Of Survival ◽  
Southern Rocky Mountains ◽  
Engelmann Spruce ◽  
Adult Body Mass ◽  
Spruce Beetle ◽  
Average Probability ◽  
Logit Function

AbstractEngelmann spruce, Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm. (Pinaceae), in the southern Rocky Mountains is composed of two distinct phloem monoterpene chemotypes that differ in relative abundances of multiple monoterpenes, particularly α-pinene and Δ3-carene (hereafter, the “α-pinene chemotype” and the “Δ3-carene chemotype”). Here, relative toxicity of these chemotypes is tested on spruce beetle (Dendroctonus rufipennis Kirby) (Coleoptera: Scolytinae), a phloeophagous herbivore that colonises trees of both types. Synthetic monoterpene blends representing each chemotype were tested across a range of concentrations (0, 10, 50, 100, 200, and 500 µg/L) in the lab, and probability of survival of adult beetles exposed to each blend was modelled using a logit function. Logit curves were solved to determine LC25, LC50, and LC75 of each monoterpene blend. On average, probability of beetle survival was lower when exposed to the Δ3-carene chemotype than when exposed to the α-pinene chemotype. However, both chemotypes were completely lethal to beetles at concentrations exceeding 100 µg/L. Adult body mass did not affect survival probability. It is concluded that spruce phloem chemotypes may differ in their toxicity to spruce beetles, with potential consequences for patterns of host-tree colonisation by spruce beetle.

Short-term Performance of two hexazinone formulations: Efficacy, seedling survival and growth

1995 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 228-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip E. Reynolds ◽  
Michael J. Roden
Keyword(s):  
Black Spruce ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Term Performance

Liquid (VELPAR L) and dry-flowable (VELPAR ULW) hexazinone (2 kg ai ha−1) were aerially applied to a northern New Brunswick clearcut to reduce raspberry [Rubus idaeus L. var. strigosus (Michx.) Maxim] competition. Treatments were applied in June 1987; planting with containerized (multipot) black spruce [Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.] was conducted 2 and 14 months after treatment in August 1987 and 1988. Seedling survival and growth were measured yearly through August 1991. Hexazinone formulation did not affect raspberry control, seedling survival, or growth. Five growing seasons after treatment, raspberry cover was generally less in treated plots than in controls. Seedling survival did not differ among treatments for seedlings planted at either time interval after hexazinone treatment. Seedlings planted 14 months after hexazinone treatment grew poorly compared with those planted 2 months after herbicide treatment. Stem volume of seedlings planted 2 months after hexazinone treatment exceeded that of control seedlings in the first growing season after planting and remained greater than that of control seedlings through 1991. Stem volume increases over controls were restricted to the second growing season after planting for seedlings planted 14 months after hexazinone treatment. Fourth-year stem volume of seedlings planted 2 months after hexazinone treatment was correlated with raspberry cover (r2 = 0.34). As raspberry cover increased, black spruce growth decreased. Key words: liquid hexazinone, dry-flowable hexazinone, site preparation, black spruce, multipot stock, seedling survival, stem volume, raspberry cover

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