CIMMYT Series on Carbohydrates, Wheat, Grains, and Health: Carbohydrates, Grains, and Whole Grains and Disease Prevention. Part I. Body Weight and Obesity

10006 Background: The ACS Nutrition and Physical Activity Guidelines for Cancer Survivors include: 1) healthy body weight; 2) physical activity; and 3) a diet high in vegetables, fruits, and whole grains. It is not known whether colon cancer patients who follow these guidelines have improved DFS, RFS, or OS. Methods: We conducted a prospective study among 992 stage III colon cancer patients enrolled in an adjuvant chemotherapy trial in 1999-2001. Lifestyle was assessed twice. We applied a score developed by McCullough ML et al. to quantify adherence to the ACS guidelines based on BMI; physical activity; and intake of vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and red/processed meats (range: 0-6; higher = more healthy behaviors). Alcohol is included in the ACS guidelines for cancer prevention, but not cancer survivors; we tested the score without and with alcohol using McCullough et al.’s cut points: 0 pts = >1/d for women, >2/d for men; 1 pt = no alcohol; 2 pts = >0-1/d for women, >0-2/d for men. We estimated hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for DFS, RFS, and OS adjusting for clinical, demographic, and lifestyle factors. Results: Over 7 y median follow-up, we observed 335 recurrences and 299 deaths (43 without recurrence). Compared to patients with 0-1 pt (262, 26%), patients with 5-6 pts (91, 9%) had 42% lower risk of death (HR: 0.58; 95% CI: 0.34, 0.99; p-trend: 0.01) and a trend toward improved DFS (HR: 0.69; 95% CI: 0.45, 1.06; p-trend: 0.03). When including alcohol in the score, the adjusted HR’s comparing patients with 6-8 pts (162; 16%) to 0-2 pts (187; 91%) were: 0.49 for OS (95% CI: 0.32, 0.76; p-trend: 0.002), 0.58 for DFS (95% CI: 0.40, 0.84; p-trend: 0.01), and 0.64 for RFS (95% CI: 0.44, 0.94; p-trend: 0.05). Conclusions: Colon cancer patients with a healthy body weight who engaged in physical activity, ate a diet high in whole grains, vegetables, and fruits and low in red/processed meats, and drank moderate alcohol had longer DFS and OS than patients who did not engage in these behaviors. Support: U10CA180821, U10CA180882, U10CA180820, K07CA197077, R01CA118553, P50CA127003, R35CA197735. ClinicalTrials.gov:NCT00003835.

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Factors limiting the intake of feed by sheep. VIII.* The roughage requirement of the ruminant lamb fed on concentrate diets based on wheat

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar9740349 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 25 (2) ◽

pp. 349 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

RH Weston

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Weight Gain ◽

Volatile Fatty Acids ◽

Body Weight Gain ◽

Whole Grains ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Feed Consumption ◽

Whole Grain ◽

Wheat Grain ◽

Whole Wheat

The voluntary feed consumption (VFC) and body weight gain of lambs initially 12 weeks old and weighing 22 kg were measured when diets based on whole wheat grain and varying in straw content were offered. The basal diet comprised, on an organic matter (OM) basis, about 82 parts whole wheat grain and 18 parts protein concentrate; ground wheaten straw was added to provide diets with 2%, 7% or 13% straw. Daily VFC, expressed in relation to body weight in kg0.75 (BW0.75), increased from 85.6 with 2% straw through 90.4 with 7% straw to 94.2 with 13% straw. The corresponding OM digesti bilities were calculated to range from 84.8 to 77.6%. However, the intake of digestible OM and the rate of body weight gain were not affected by the straw content of the diet, the respective mean values for all lambs being 73g/day BW0.75 and 293 g/day. Lambs initially 25 weeks old and weighing 38 kg were offered a diet (2% straw) based on wheat in which the wheat was presented either as whole grains or in ground and pelleted form. With the whole grain diet the daily rates of OM intake, digestible OM intake and body weight gain were 75.6 g/ BW0.75, 64.7 and 254 g respectively; the corresponding values with the ground grain diet were about 20% lower. Studies involving the slaughter of animals showed that a large proportion of the wheat grain consumed reached the rumen in the form of whole grains and these contributed significantly to the dry matter of the ruminal digesta. The rate of ruminal digestion of whole wheat grains was slow (37% in 96 hr) when the sheep were given a diet based on wheat. By contrast, when a roughage diet was consumed the rate was high (81% in 96 hr). Fractured grain was rapidly digested in the rumen (67% in 20 hr). The mean residence time of water-soluble marker in the rumen and the rate of digesta flow from the rumen were greater in fistulated sheep given a whole grain diet than with a ground grain diet. The diets also differed with respect to the concentration of potassium in rumen liquor, the rumen potassium pool size and the rate of flow of sodium and volatile fatty acids to the omasum. It was concluded that the roughage requirement of the ruminant lamb fed on concentrate diets based on whole wheat did not exceed the equivalent of 2 g ground straw per 100 g diet. The possibility of a higher roughage requirement with ground wheat diets is suggested. ___________________ *Part VII, Aust. J. Agric. Res., 24: 387 (1973).

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A Hemorrhagic Factor (Apicidin) Produced by Toxic Fusarium Isolates from Soybean Seeds

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.65.1.126-130.1999 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 65 (1) ◽

pp. 126-130 ◽

Cited By ~ 44

Author(s):

Jun-Suk Park ◽

Kyung-Rim Lee ◽

Jin-Cheol Kim ◽

Sun-Hee Lim ◽

Jeong-Ah Seo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Body Weight ◽

Tumor Cell ◽

Brine Shrimp ◽

Body Weight Loss ◽

Soybean Seeds ◽

Mouse Tumor ◽

Tumor Cell Lines ◽

Wheat Grains ◽

Human And Mouse

ABSTRACT Fifty-two isolates of Fusarium species were obtained from soybean seeds from various parts of Korea and identified asFusarium oxysporum, F. moniliforme, F. semitectum, F. solani, F. graminearum, orF. lateritium. These isolates were grown on autoclaved wheat grains and examined for toxicity in a rat-feeding test. Nine cultures were toxic to rats. One of these, a culture ofFusarium sp. strain KCTC 16677, produced apicidin, an antiprotozoal agent that caused toxic effects in rats (including body weight loss; hemorrhage in the stomach, intestines, and bladder; and finally death) when rats were fed diets supplemented with 0.05 and 0.1% apicidin. The toxin was toxic to brine shrimp (the 50% lethal concentration was 40 μg/ml) and was weakly cytotoxic to human and mouse tumor cell lines.

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Fiber, whole grains, and disease prevention

Technology of Functional Cereal Products ◽

10.1533/9781845693886.1.46 ◽

2008 ◽

pp. 46-62 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

J. Miller Jones

Keyword(s):

Disease Prevention ◽

Whole Grains

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Substituting whole grains for refined grains in a 6-wk randomized trial favorably affects energy-balance metrics in healthy men and postmenopausal women

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition ◽

10.3945/ajcn.116.139683 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 105 (3) ◽

pp. 589-599 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

J Philip Karl ◽

Mohsen Meydani ◽

Junaidah B Barnett ◽

Sally M Vanegas ◽

Barry Goldin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Energy Metabolism ◽

Energy Balance ◽

Energy Content ◽

Whole Grains ◽

Diet Group ◽

Group Differences ◽

Whole Grain ◽

Refined Grains ◽

Prospective Consumption

ABSTRACT Background: The effect of whole grains on the regulation of energy balance remains controversial. Objective: We aimed to determine the effects of substituting whole grains for refined grains, independent of body weight changes, on energy-metabolism metrics and glycemic control. Design: The study was a randomized, controlled, parallel-arm controlled-feeding trial that was conducted in 81 men and postmenopausal women [49 men and 32 women; age range: 40–65 y; body mass index (in kg/m2): <35.0]. After a 2-wk run-in period, participants were randomly assigned to consume 1 of 2 weight-maintenance diets for 6 wk. Diets differed in whole-grain and fiber contents [mean ± SDs: whole grain–rich diet: 207 ± 39 g whole grains plus 40 ± 5 g dietary fiber/d; refined grain–based diet: 0 g whole grains plus 21 ± 3 g dietary fiber/d] but were otherwise similar. Energy metabolism and body-composition metrics, appetite, markers of glycemic control, and gut microbiota were measured at 2 and 8 wk. Results: By design, body weight was maintained in both groups. Plasma alkylresorcinols, which are biomarkers of whole-grain intake, increased in the whole grain–rich diet group (WG) but not in the refined grain–based diet group (RG) (P-diet-by-time interaction < 0.0001). Beta ± SE changes (ΔWG compared with ΔRG) in the resting metabolic rate (RMR) (43 ± 25 kcal/d; P = 0.04), stool weight (76 ± 12 g/d; P < 0.0001), and stool energy content (57 ± 17 kcal/d; P = 0.003), but not in stool energy density, were higher in the WG. When combined, the favorable energetic effects in the WG translated into a 92-kcal/d (95% CI: 28, 156-kcal/d) higher net daily energy loss compared with that of the RG (P = 0.005). Prospective consumption (P = 0.07) and glycemia after an oral-glucose-tolerance test (P = 0.10) trended toward being lower in the WG than in the RG. When nonadherent participants were excluded, between-group differences in stool energy content and glucose tolerance increased, and between-group differences in the RMR and prospective consumption were not statistically significant. Conclusion: These findings suggest positive effects of whole grains on the RMR and stool energy excretion that favorably influence energy balance and may help explain epidemiologic associations between whole-grain consumption and reduced body weight and adiposity. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01902394.

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Whole grain consumption and weight gain: a review of the epidemiological evidence, potential mechanisms and opportunities for future research

Proceedings of The Nutrition Society ◽

10.1079/pns2002232 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 62 (1) ◽

pp. 25-29 ◽

Cited By ~ 109

Author(s):

Koh-Banerjee Pauline ◽

Eric B. Rimm

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Weight Gain ◽

Gut Hormones ◽

Epidemiological Data ◽

Postprandial Glucose ◽

Glycaemic Index ◽

Whole Grains ◽

Future Research ◽

Whole Grain ◽

Grain Foods

The epidemiological data that directly examine whole grain v. refined grain intake in relation to weight gain are sparse. However, recently reported studies offer insight into the potential role that whole grains may play in body-weight regulation due to the effects that the components of whole grains have on hormonal factors, satiety and satiation. In both clinical trials and observational studies the intake of whole-grain foods was inversely associated with plasma biomarkers of obesity, including insulin, C-peptide and leptin concentrations. Whole-grain foods tend to have low glycaemic index values, resulting in lower postprandial glucose responses and insulin demand. High insulin levels may promote obesity by altering adipose tissue physiology and by enhancing appetite. The fibre content of whole grains may also affect the secretion of gut hormones, independent of glycaemic response, that may act as satiety factors. Future studies may examine whether whole grain intake is directly related to body weight, and whether the associations are primarily driven by components of the grain, including dietary fibre, bran or germ.

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