scholarly journals Differential Induction of Systemic Resistance in Arabidopsis by Biocontrol Bacteria

1997 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 716-724 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saskia C. M. Van Wees ◽  
Corné M. J. Pieterse ◽  
Annemiek Trijssenaar ◽  
Yvonne A. M. Van 't Westende ◽  
Femke Hartog ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Induced Systemic Resistance ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Systemic Resistance ◽  
Biocontrol Bacteria ◽  
Pathogenesis Related ◽  
Pathogenesis Related Gene ◽  
Related Plant

Selected nonpathogenic, root-colonizing bacteria are able to elicit induced systemic resistance (ISR) in plants. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying this type of systemic resistance, an Arabidopsis-based model system was developed in which Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. raphani were used as challenging pathogens. In Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes Columbia and Landsberg erecta, colonization of the rhizosphere by P. fluorescens strain WCS417r induced systemic resistance against both pathogens. In contrast, ecotype RLD did not respond to WCS417r treatment, whereas all three ecotypes expressed systemic acquired resistance upon treatment with salicylic acid (SA). P. fluorescens strain WCS374r, previously shown to induce ISR in radish, did not elicit ISR in Arabidopsis. The opposite was found for P. putida strain WCS358r, which induced ISR in Arabidopsis but not in radish. These results demonstrate that rhizosphere pseudomonads are differentially active in eliciting ISR in related plant species. The outer membrane lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of WCS417r is the main ISR-inducing determinant in radish and carnation, and LPS-containing cell walls also elicit ISR in Arabidopsis. However, mutant WCS417rOA¯, lacking the O-antigenic side chain of the LPS, induced levels of protection similar to those induced by wild-type WCS417r. This indicates that ISR-inducing bacteria produce more than a single factor that trigger ISR in Arabidopsis. Furthermore, WCS417r and WCS358r induced protection in both wildtype Arabidopsis and SA-nonaccumulating NahG plants without activating pathogenesis-related gene expression. This suggests that elicitation of an SA-independent signaling pathway is a characteristic feature of ISR-inducing biocontrol bacteria.

scholarly journals Identification of a Locus in Arabidopsis Controlling Both the Expression of Rhizobacteria-Mediated Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR) and Basal Resistance Against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato

1999 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 911-918 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jurriaan Ton ◽  
Corné M. J. Pieterse ◽  
Leendert C. Van Loon
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Induced Systemic Resistance ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Dominant Gene ◽  
Systemic Resistance ◽  
Control Activity ◽  
Resistance Response ◽  
Basal Resistance ◽  
High Level

Selected nonpathogenic rhizobacteria with biological disease control activity are able to elicit an induced systemic resistance (ISR) response that is phenotypically similar to pathogen-induced systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Ten ecotypes of Arabidopsis thaliana were screened for their potential to express rhizobacteria-mediated ISR and pathogen-induced SAR against the leaf pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst). All ecotypes expressed SAR. However, of the 10 ecotypes tested, ecotypes RLD and Wassilewskija (Ws) did not develop ISR after treatment of the roots with nonpathogenic Pseudomonas fluorescens WCS417r bacteria. This nonresponsive phenotype was associated with relatively high susceptibility to Pst infection. The F1 progeny of crosses between the non-responsive ecotypes RLD and Ws on the one hand, and the responsive ecotypes Columbia (Col) and Landsberg erecta (Ler) on the other hand, were fully capable of expressing ISR and exhibited a relatively high level of basal resistance, similar to that of their WCS417r-responsive parent. This indicates that the potential to express ISR and the relatively high level of basal resistance against Pst are both inherited as dominant traits. Analysis of the F2 and F3 progeny of a Col × RLD cross revealed that inducibility of ISR and relatively high basal resistance against Pst cosegregate in a 3 : 1 fashion, suggesting that both resistance mechanisms are monogenically determined and genetically linked. Neither the responsiveness to WCS417r nor the relatively high level of basal resistance against Pst were complemented in the F1 progeny of crosses between RLD and Ws, indicating that RLD and Ws are both affected in the same locus, necessary for the expression of ISR and basal resistance against Pst. The corresponding locus, designated ISR1, was mapped between markers B4 and GL1 on chromosome 3. The observed association between ISR and basal resistance against Pst suggests that rhizo-bacteria-mediated ISR against Pst in Arabidopsis requires the presence of a single dominant gene that functions in the basal resistance response against Pst infection.

scholarly journals Systemic Acquired Resistance in Canola Is Linked with Pathogenesis-Related Gene Expression and Requires Salicylic Acid

2007 ◽  
Vol 97 (7) ◽  
pp. 794-802 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shobha D. Potlakayala ◽  
Darwin W. Reed ◽  
Patrick S. Covello ◽  
Pierre R. Fobert
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Induced Defense ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
Broad Host Range ◽  
Avirulent Strain ◽  
Enhanced Resistance ◽  
Pathogenesis Related

Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is an induced defense response that confers long-lasting protection against a broad range of microbial pathogens. Here we show that treatment of Brassica napus plants with the SAR-inducing chemical benzo-(1,2,3)-thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid S-methyl ester (BTH) significantly enhanced resistance against virulent strains of the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola and the fungal pathogen Leptosphaeria maculans. Localized preinoculation of plants with an avirulent strain of P. syringae pv. maculicola also enhanced resistance to these pathogens but was not as effective as BTH treatment. Single applications of either SAR-inducing pretreatment were effective against P. syringae pv. maculicola, even when given more than 3 weeks prior to the secondary challenge. The pretreatments also led to the accumulation of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes, including BnPR-1 and BnPR-2, with higher levels of transcripts observed in the BTH-treatment material. B. napus plants expressing a bacterial salicylate hydroxylase transgene (NahG) that metabolizes salicylic acid to catechol were substantially compromised in SAR and accumulated reduced levels of PR gene transcripts when compared with untransformed controls. Thus, SAR in B. napus displays many of the hallmarks of classical SAR including long lasting and broad host range resistance, association with PR gene activation, and a requirement for salicylic acid.

scholarly journals Novel bacterial control agent tolprocarb enhances systemic acquired resistance in Arabidopsis and rice as a second mode of action

2019 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroyuki Hagiwara ◽  
Rieko Ogura ◽  
Takeshi Fukumoto ◽  
Toshiaki Ohara ◽  
Mikio Tsuda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Melanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Biosynthesis Inhibitor ◽  
Pathogenesis Related Gene ◽  
Bacterial Control

Abstract The fungicide tolprocarb (TPC) is a melanin biosynthesis inhibitor, but it may also have another mode of action. Here in tests of TPC for inducing plant systemic acquired resistance (SAR), TPC induced promoter activity of the tobacco pathogenesis-related gene PR-1a in Arabidopsis thaliana and genes for PBZ1, β-1,3-glucanase, and chitinase 1 in the defense-related salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathway in rice, but not genes for the jasmonate signaling pathway. Probenazole (PBZ), a commercially used plant defense activator, induced genes in both signaling pathways. The antibacterial activity of TPC was equivalent to that of PBZ. Irrigation with 200 μM TPC prevented growth by Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola in A. thaliana, and 30 μM TPC inhibited Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae growth in rice. The results of this study suggest that TPC functions not only as a melanin biosynthesis inhibitor but also as an SAR inducer and is applicable as a novel bacterial control agent that induces SAR activity in both A. thaliana and rice.

scholarly journals Local Responses and Systemic Induced Resistance Mediated by Ectomycorrhizal Fungi

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Dreischhoff ◽  
Ishani S. Das ◽  
Mareike Jakobi ◽  
Karl Kasper ◽  
Andrea Polle
Keyword(s):  
Induced Resistance ◽  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Induced Systemic Resistance ◽  
Systemic Resistance ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Extramatrical Mycelium

Ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) grow as saprotrophs in soil and interact with plants, forming mutualistic associations with roots of many economically and ecologically important forest tree genera. EMF ensheath the root tips and produce an extensive extramatrical mycelium for nutrient uptake from the soil. In contrast to other mycorrhizal fungal symbioses, EMF do not invade plant cells but form an interface for nutrient exchange adjacent to the cortex cells. The interaction of roots and EMF affects host stress resistance but uncovering the underlying molecular mechanisms is an emerging topic. Here, we focused on local and systemic effects of EMF modulating defenses against insects or pathogens in aboveground tissues in comparison with arbuscular mycorrhizal induced systemic resistance. Molecular studies indicate a role of chitin in defense activation by EMF in local tissues and an immune response that is induced by yet unknown signals in aboveground tissues. Volatile organic compounds may be involved in long-distance communication between below- and aboveground tissues, in addition to metabolite signals in the xylem or phloem. In leaves of EMF-colonized plants, jasmonate signaling is involved in transcriptional re-wiring, leading to metabolic shifts in the secondary and nitrogen-based defense metabolism but cross talk with salicylate-related signaling is likely. Ectomycorrhizal-induced plant immunity shares commonalities with systemic acquired resistance and induced systemic resistance. We highlight novel developments and provide a guide to future research directions in EMF-induced resistance.

scholarly journals Systemic Resistance in Arabidopsis Induced by Rhizobacteria Requires Ethylene-Dependent Signaling at the Site of Application

1999 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 720-727 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marga Knoester ◽  
Corné M. J. Pieterse ◽  
John F. Bol ◽  
Leendert C. Van Loon
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Signal Transduction Pathway ◽  
Acc Oxidase ◽  
Acc Synthase ◽  
Systemic Resistance ◽  
Essentially Normal ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Ethylene Insensitivity

Root colonization of Arabidopsis thaliana by the nonpathogenic, rhizosphere-colonizing, biocontrol bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens WCS417r has been shown to elicit induced systemic resistance (ISR) against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst). The ISR response differs from the pathogen-inducible systemic acquired resistance (SAR) response in that ISR is independent of salicylic acid and not associated with pathogenesis-related proteins. Several ethylene-response mutants were tested and showed essentially normal symptoms of Pst infection. ISR was abolished in the ethylene-insensitive mutant etr1-1, whereas SAR was unaffected. Similar results were obtained with the ethylene-insensitive mutants ein2 through ein7, indicating that the expression of ISR requires the complete signal-transduction pathway of ethylene known so far. The induction of ISR by WCS417r was not accompanied by increased ethylene production in roots or leaves, nor by increases in the expression of the genes encoding the ethylene biosynthetic enzymes 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic (ACC) synthase and ACC oxidase. The eir1 mutant, displaying ethylene insensitivity in the roots only, did not express ISR upon application of WCS417r to the roots, but did exhibit ISR when the inducing bacteria were infiltrated into the leaves. These results demonstrate that, for the induction of ISR, ethylene responsiveness is required at the site of application of inducing rhizobacteria.

scholarly journals Polyphenol oxidase and lysozyme mediate induction of systemic resistance in tomato, when a bioelicitor is used

2015 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 343-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Navodit Goel ◽  
Prabir Kumar Paul
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Polyphenol Oxidase ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Systemic Resistance ◽  
Neem Extract ◽  
Single Node ◽  
Protection Method

Abstract Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is attacked by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato causing heavy damage to the crops. The present study focused on the application of aqueous fruit extracts of neem (Azadirachta indica L.) on a single node of aseptically raised tomato plants. Observations were done, and the changes in the activity and isoenzyme profile of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and lysozyme, both at the site of treatment as well as away from it, were noted. The results demonstrate that neem extract could significantly induce the activities of both the enzymes as well as upregulate the de novo expression of additional PPO isoenzymes. Induction of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) by natural plant extracts is a potent eco-friendly crop protection method.

scholarly journals Multi-Omics Revealed Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Guard Cell Systemic Acquired Resistance

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 191
Author(s):  
Lisa David ◽  
Jianing Kang ◽  
Daniel Dufresne ◽  
Dan Zhu ◽  
Sixue Chen
Keyword(s):  
Palmitic Acid ◽  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Guard Cell ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Guard Cells ◽  
Local Exposure ◽  
Molecular Components

Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) improves immunity of plant systemic tissue after local exposure to a pathogen. Guard cells that form stomatal pores on leaf surfaces recognize bacterial pathogens via pattern recognition receptors, such as Flagellin Sensitive 2 (FLS2). However, how SAR affects stomatal immunity is not known. In this study, we aim to reveal molecular mechanisms underlying the guard cell response to SAR using multi-omics of proteins, metabolites and lipids. Arabidopsis plants previously exposed to pathogenic bacteria Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst) exhibit an altered stomatal response compared to control plants when they are later exposed to the bacteria. Reduced stomatal apertures of SAR primed plants lead to decreased number of bacteria in leaves. Multi-omics has revealed molecular components of SAR response specific to guard cells functions, including potential roles of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and fatty acid signaling. Our results show an increase in palmitic acid and its derivative in the primed guard cells. Palmitic acid may play a role as an activator of FLS2, which initiates stomatal immune response. Improved understanding of how SAR signals affect stomatal immunity can aid biotechnology and marker-based breeding of crops for enhanced disease resistance.

scholarly journals Arabidopsis UGT76B1 glycosylates N-hydroxy-pipecolic acid and inactivates systemic acquired resistance in tomato

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric C. Holmes ◽  
Yun-Chu Chen ◽  
Mary Beth Mudgett ◽  
Elizabeth S. Sattely
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Pipecolic Acid ◽  
Systemic Resistance ◽  
Biosynthetic Genes ◽  
Solanaceous Plants

AbstractSystemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a mechanism that plants utilize to connect a local pathogen infection to global defense responses. N-hydroxy-pipecolic acid (NHP) and a glycosylated derivative are produced during SAR, yet their individual roles in the response have not yet been elucidated. Here we report that Arabidopsis thaliana UGT76B1 can generate glycosylated NHP (NHP-Glc) in vitro and when transiently expressed alongside Arabidopsis NHP biosynthetic genes in two Solanaceous plants. During infection, Arabidopsis ugt76b1 mutants do not accumulate NHP-Glc and accumulate less glycosylated salicylic acid (SA-Glc) than wild type plants. The metabolic changes in ugt76b1 mutant plants are accompanied by enhanced defense to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, suggesting that glycosylation of SAR molecules NHP and SA by UGT76B1 plays an important role in defense modulation. Transient expression of Arabidopsis UGT76B1 with the Arabidopsis NHP biosynthesis genes ALD1 and FMO1 in tomato increases NHP-Glc production and reduces NHP accumulation in local tissue, and abolishes the systemic resistance seen when expressing NHP-biosynthetic genes alone. These findings reveal that the glycosylation of NHP by UGT76B1 alters defense priming in systemic tissue and provide further evidence for the role of the NHP aglycone as the active metabolite in SAR signaling.

scholarly journals Defense Against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in Arabidopsis Is Dependent on Jasmonic Acid, Salicylic Acid, and Ethylene Signaling

2007 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 1384-1395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaomei Guo ◽  
Henrik U. Stotz
Keyword(s):  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Genotypic Differences ◽  
Ethylene Signaling ◽  
Histochemical Analysis ◽  
Pathogenesis Related ◽  
Pathogenesis Related Gene ◽  
Or Gene ◽  
Type Strains

Genotypic differences in susceptibility of Arabidopsis thaliana to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum have not been reported due to the extreme susceptibility of this cruciferous plant. To overcome this limitation, we have established inoculation conditions that enable evaluation of differences in susceptibility to S. sclerotiorum among Arabidopsis mutants and ecotypes. Two coi1 mutant alleles conferred hypersusceptibility to S. sclerotiorum. The plant defensin gene PDF1.2 was no longer induced after challenging the coi1-2 mutant with S. sclerotiorum. Hypersusceptibility of the coi1-2 mutant to S. sclerotiorum was not correlated with oxalate sensitivity. The mutants npr1 and ein2 were also hypersusceptible to S. sclerotiorum. Induction of PDF1.2 and the pathogenesis-related gene PR1 was reduced in ein2 and npr1 mutants, respectively. Actigard, a commercial formulation of the systemic acquired resistance inducer benzothiadiazole, reduced susceptibility to S. sclerotiorum. Based on histochemical analysis of oxalate-deficient and wild-type strains of S. sclerotiorum, oxalate caused a decrease in hydrogen peroxide production but no detectable changes in plant superoxide production or gene expression.

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