scholarly journals Influence of Soil Temperature and Moisture on Eruptive Germination and Viability of Sclerotia of Sclerotinia minor and S. sclerotiorum

Plant Disease ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Matheron ◽  
M. Porchas
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Sclerotinia Minor ◽  
Production Region ◽  
Mean Temperature ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
History Of ◽  
Dry Soil ◽  
Soil Temperature And Moisture

The effect of soil temperature and moisture on eruptive germination and viability of sclerotia of Sclerotinia minor and S. sclerotiorum in field soil was examined. In two trials at constant temperatures, the proportion of sclerotia of both pathogens that germinated in wet soil ( ≥-0.02 MPa) tended to decrease as soil temperature increased from 15 to 40°C, with no germination of sclerotia of S. minor and S. sclerotiorum detected after 1 and 2 weeks, respectively, at 40°C. In contrast, after 1 to 4 weeks in dry soil ( ≤-100 MPa) at 40°C, germination of sclerotia of S. minor and S. sclerotiorum ranged from 28 to 55% and 42 to 77%, respectively. In field trials, the germination rate of sclerotia of S. minor and S. sclerotiorum after 2 to 8 weeks in irrigated soil on the surface or buried at a depth of 5 cm was significantly lower than that for sclerotia maintained in dry soil at the same depths. On the other hand, after burial at a depth of 10 cm, germination of sclerotia in irrigated and dry soil did not differ significantly after 2 to 8 weeks for S. minor and after 2, 4, and 8 weeks for S. sclerotiorum. For both pathogens, germination of sclerotia from 2 to 8 weeks in irrigated soil with a mean temperature of 32°C was significantly lower than that for sclerotia in irrigated soil with a mean temperature of 26°C. In microplot trials conducted in July and August, no sclerotia of S. minor and S. sclerotiorum germinated after 2 and 3 weeks, respectively, after recovery from flooded soil with mean soil temperatures ranging from 30 to 33°C. A flood irrigation is often applied to fields for salt management during July or August in the Yuma lettuce production region. Results from these studies suggest that maintaining this flooding event for 2 to 3 weeks in fields with a history of lettuce drop caused by S. minor and S. sclerotiorum could significantly reduce the population of viable sclerotia.

STUDIES ON RHIZOCTONIA SOLANI KÜHN.: IV. EFFECT OF SOIL TEMPERATURE AND MOISTURE ON VIRULENCE

1938 ◽  
Vol 16c (5) ◽  
pp. 203-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. B. Sanford
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Nutrient Medium ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Dry Soil ◽  
Soil Temperature And Moisture

The effects of soil temperatures between 16° and 25 °C., and of soil moisture content between 19 and 40% of the moisture-holding capacity, on the virulence and type of attack of Rhizodonia Solani on young potato sprouts, were studied under controlled conditions and the results from 13 separate tests are discussed. The comparative growth rates of the pathogen on nutrient agar and in soil are outlined.At 25 °C. the disease diminished very abruptly. Between 23° and 16 °C., the pathogen appeared equally virulent throughout the range of soil moisture mentioned. The fluctuations which occurred in separate tests were not definite or consistent enough to warrant a conclusion that the virulence is greater at 16° than at 23°, or that a dry soil is more or less favorable to it than a wet one.In a fertile, steam sterilized loam, at medium moisture content, it required about ten days for the pathogen to grow as far as it did on the surface of a nutrient medium in four days. The growth rate at either 23° or 16 °C. was slightly higher in a wet soil than in one of medium moisture content, but in a dry soil the rate was somewhat less at 23° than at 16° in a medium or wet soil. Even in a fairly dry soil (19% moisture-holding capacity) at 16° the growth of the pathogen covered a distance of 5 cm. in ten days, which would appear adequate for infection of young sprouts from a set bearing viable sclerotia.The effort of the host to recover, by means of secondary and tertiary sprouts from the attacked primary sprout, was better in a wet soil than in a dry one at both 16° and 23 °C. The best effort was in a wet soil at 23°. A distinction is made between the effects of soil moisture and temperature in stimulating growth of the host, and their effect on parasitism itself.The remarkable tendency of the secondary sprouts to escape infection, regardless of soil temperature and soil moisture, is indicated. There was evidence that certain factors other than soil temperature and moisture may play an important role in the parasitism of R. Solani.

Influence of Soil Temperature and Moisture on Terbutryn Activity and Persistence

Weed Science ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 571-574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chu-Huang Wu ◽  
P. W. Santelmann ◽  
J. M. Davidson
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Distribution Coefficients ◽  
Measured Parameter ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Dry Soil ◽  
Soil Temperature And Moisture

The phytotoxicity of soil-applied terbutryn [2-(tert-butylamino)-4-(ethylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine] to wheat (Triticum aestivumVill.) was significantly affected by soil moisture and soil temperature. Distribution coefficients (Kd) provided a better indication of the phytotoxicity of terbutryn to wheat than any single measured parameter contributing to herbicide adsorption by the soil. Soil temperatures and soil moisture levels suitable for good plant growth tended to enhance the phytotoxicity of terbutryn. No phytotoxic levels of terbutryn to wheat were detected in Teller sandy loam after 20 weeks of incubation at above 10C and 14% soil moisture by weight. However, phytotoxicity to wheat was observed in air-dry terbutryntreated soil after an incubation period of 20 weeks, regardless of incubation temperature. Significant quantities of terbutryn may remain in the field under dry soil conditions.

A Study of the Annual Soil Temperature Wave

1952 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 303 ◽  
Author(s):  
ES West
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Temperature Wave ◽  
Theoretical Equation ◽  
Mean Temperature ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Soil Temperatures

Soil temperatures recorded at Griffith over an 8 year period at a depth ranging from 1 in. to 8 ft. have been examined and compared with air temperatures. The observed fluctuations m the soil temperatures fit closely the theoretical equation for the propagation of a simple harmonic temperature wave into the so11. The diffusivity of the sol1 has been deduced and compared with values found by other workers in other localities. The annual wave of the daily mean temperature at the surface of the soil has been deduced and compared with the annual wave of the dally mean air temperature and the differences in the means, amplitudes, and phase displacements have been discussed.

The Effects on Soil Temperature and Moisture Content and Crop Growth and Yield of Intercropping Maize with Melon (Colocynthis vulgaris)

1988 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. O. Olasantan
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Land Equivalent Ratio ◽  
Sole Cropping ◽  
Colocynthis Vulgaris ◽  
Seed Yields ◽  
Soil Temperature And Moisture

SUMMARYThe effects of various intercropping patterns of maize and melon on soil temperature and moisture content and crop growth and yield were compared in field trials over a two year period. Intercropping raised soil temperature in the upper 10 cm at 0600 h and reduced it at 1000, 1400 and 1800 h, and also increased soil moisture content by about 30%, compared with maize sole cropping. Melon biomass and seed yields were reduced by intercropping but maize growth characters were unaffected. However, the reduction in melon yields was less when grown with maize in widely spaced rows. Maize intercropped with melon in alternate pairs of rows (2:2) gave the best land equivalent ratio (LER).

RESPONSE OF MELANOTUS COMMUNIS (COLEOPTERA: ELATERIDAE) LARVAE TO SOIL TEMPERATURE AND MOISTURE

1973 ◽  
Vol 105 (4) ◽  
pp. 577-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Merle Shepard
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Gradient ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Positive Response ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Moist Soil ◽  
Temperature Level ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Dry Soil ◽  
Temperature Levels ◽  
Soil Temperature And Moisture

AbstractMelanotus communis (Gyllenhal) larvae were introduced into temperature gradient columns containing moist or dry organic soil. In other experiments certain sections of the columns contained moist soil while soil in the remaining sections was dry.Moist soil caused M. communis larvae to aggregate at higher temperature levels (24 °C) whereas dry soil evoked a positive response to the coolest level (10 °C). Cool (10 °C), moist sections attracted most of the wireworms while sections containing moisture at the highest temperature level caused a bimodal pattern of aggregation with M. communis larvae moving to both cool–dry or hot–moist conditions.Differences in geotactic responses by M. communis larvae did not occur when the column was positioned vertically or horizontally.

Effects of Soil Temperature and Drought on Root–Soil Respiration in Apple under Field Conditions

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 453a-453
Author(s):  
Liqin Wang ◽  
David M. Eissenstat ◽  
Dora E. Flores-Alva
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Respiration ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Root Respiration ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Drought Treatment ◽  
Dry Soil ◽  
Heated Soil ◽  
Soil Temperature And Moisture

Root respiration is very important to root efficiency, root lifespan, and carbon cycling in plant ecosystems. Yet, the effects of soil temperature and moisture on root respiration are poorly understood, especially under field conditions. In this study, we manipulated soil temperature and moisture by six bearing `Red Chief' Delicious/M26 trees near State College, Pa. Soil temperature was elevated 5 °C at 5-cm depth using circulating hot water and stainless steel grids. Soil temperature was monitored using thermocouples and a data logger, and soil moisture was monitored using TDR. Root–soil respiration was determined by static trapping at the soil surface. Heating was conducted from 8 May to 28 Oct. Drought was initiated on 21 Aug. and lasted 2 months. Root–soil respiration was lowest in spring and increased from June to late August. After September, respiration decreased until the experiment ended in November. Root-soil respiration was not correlated with root length density. Heating enhanced root–soil respiration about 15% to 20% in spring (May) and 10% in summer (June–August). After the drought treatment began, heating increased root-soil respiration about 42% in wet soil, but did not influence respiration in dry soil. Heating accentuated the effect of the drought treatment on soil moisture. After 2 months of no irrigation and no rain, soil moisture was reduced 5% in unheated soil and 10% in heated soil. Drought slowed root–soil respiration 17% in unheated soil and 36% in heated soil, mainly because heating increased respiration in wet soil, but compared to the unheated treatment, had no effect in dry soil.

Ammonium oxidation kinetics in the presence of nitrification inhibitors DCD and DMPP at various temperatures

Soil Research ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 1177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ignacio Irigoyen ◽  
Julio Muro ◽  
Miren Azpilikueta ◽  
Pedro Aparicio-Tejo ◽  
and Carmen Lamsfus
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Oxidation Kinetics ◽  
Nitrification Inhibitors ◽  
Ammonium Oxidation ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Warm Climate ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Dry Soil ◽  
Kinetics Of

Use of N-based fertilisers in combination with nitrification inhibitors lengthens N presence in the ammonium form in soil (N-NH4+), with beneficial effects for agriculture and related ecosystems. The efficiency of these inhibitors depends on several factors, the most important being soil temperature. This paper studies the effects of soil temperature on the kinetics of N-NH4+ loss in the presence of the DCD and DMPP nitrification inhibitors. For a 105-day period, 3 chambers, each with 12 containers holding 500 g of dry soil, were incubated at 10, 20, and 30�C. Ammonium sulfate was applied to 4 containers in each chamber; in another 4 containers Basammon Stabil, a N fertiliser with DCD, was used; and Entec 26, a fertiliser with DMPP, was used in the remaining 4 containers. Soil ammonium content was periodically determined for each container. Both DCD and DMPP lengthened ammonium presence in soil in a similar manner. However, their effectiveness was drastically decreased at increased soil temperatures. Thus, when using these inhibitors, soil temperature should be taken into account, especially in warm climate areas.

Effect of Soil Temperature and Moisture on Glyphosate and Photoassimilate Distribution in Quackgrass (Agropyron repens)

Weed Science ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 402-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas B. Klevorn ◽  
Donald L. Wyse
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Growth Chambers ◽  
Rhizome Buds ◽  
Rhizome System ◽  
Soil Temperature And Moisture ◽  
Agropyron Repens

Experiments were conducted in growth chambers to evaluate the effect of soil temperature and soil moisture on the distribution of14C-photoassimilates and14C-glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine] in quackgrass [Agropyron repens(L.) Beauv. ♯3AGRRE]. When14C-glyphosate was applied to leaves, the radioactivity was less in the rhizome buds of plants exposed to 7-C soil temperature than in plants exposed to 12- and 18-C soil temperatures after 2 days. In plants with leaves exposed to14CO2, the radioactivity from14C-photoassimilates was greatest in rhizomes and rhizome buds of plants at the 12-C soil temperature. As soil moisture levels were decreased, uptake of C-glyphosate into leaves declined, and transport to the daughter shoots, rhizomes, and rhizome buds was reduced. The concentration of14C-photoassimilates in the rhizome system of water-stressed quackgrass plants was similar to that in nonstressed plants. This study shows that the patterns of glyphosate distribution differ from those of photoassimilate distribution in quackgrass plants exposed to water stress.

Effects of soil temperature and moisture on the pathogenicity of fungi associated with root rot of subterranean clover

1984 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 675 ◽  
Author(s):  
DH Wong ◽  
MJ Barbetti ◽  
K Sivasithamparam
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Marked Effect ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Pythium Irregulare ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
Water Holding ◽  
Soil Temperature And Moisture

The effects of soil temperature (10, 15, 20 and 25�C) and moisture (45% water holding capacity (WHC), 65% WHC, and flooding) on the pathogenicity of five fungi, both alone and in combinations, were investigated to determine the involvement of these fungi in a severe root rot disorder of subterranean clover in Western Australia. Fusarium avenaceum, Pythium irregulare, and Rhizoctonia solani were highly pathogenic while Fusarium oxysporum and Phoma medicaginis, particularly when used singly, were only weakly pathogenic. Compared with individual fungi, fungal combinations increased the severity of root disease and decreased plant survival and plant fresh weight. While the fungi investigated caused root rot over the range of soil temperatures and moisture conditions of this investigation, the most severe root rot occurred at 10�C, with less at 15 and 25�C, and least at 20�C. Temperature had a marked effect on the disease severity and its effect varied with individual fungi and their combinations, in particular, combinations involving P. irregulare (severest root rot at 10 and 15�C). The most severe root rotting, compared with the control, occurred at 65% WHC, with less at 45% WHC, and least under flooding conditions. There was often a significant interaction between temperature and moisture for the various fungi and fungal combinations tested.

Seasonal comparison of soil temperature and moisture in pits and mounds under vine maple gaps and conifer canopy in a coastal western hemlock forest

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret G. Schmidt ◽  
Aynslie E. Ogden ◽  
Kenneth P. Lertzman
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Groundwater Table ◽  
Conifer Forest ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Treefall Gaps ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Soil Climate ◽  
Made In ◽  
Soil Temperature And Moisture

In this study we attempted to determine if vine maple priority gaps show similar trends in temperature and moisture status to those reported in the literature for treefall gaps and whether temperature and moisture status differed between microtopographic positions (pits and mounds). Biweekly measurements of mid-day soil and air temperature, moisture contents at 30-, 50- and 80-cm depths, and depths to the groundwater table were made in pit and mound locations within six vine maple priority gaps paired with six conifer canopy sites. Trends did not follow those found in treefall gaps: vine maple gaps had similar mid-day temperature and moisture status to the surrounding conifer forest. Larger gaps had higher mid-day air temperatures in the summer, higher mid-day soil temperatures in the spring and summer, and greater amounts of throughfall in the spring and summer than smaller gaps. Trends in mid-day soil temperature and moisture status for pit and mound microtopography followed those reported in the literature. Pits were significantly cooler in summer and warmer in winter than mounds and pits were wetter than mounds in all seasons. This study suggests that soil microtopography has an effect on soil climate that overwhelms the influence of vine maple gaps. Key words: Vine maple, canopy gap, soil moisture, soil temperature, microtopography, pits and mounds

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