Influence of Soil Temperature and Moisture on Terbutryn Activity and Persistence

Weed Science ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 571-574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chu-Huang Wu ◽  
P. W. Santelmann ◽  
J. M. Davidson
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Distribution Coefficients ◽  
Measured Parameter ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Dry Soil ◽  
Soil Temperature And Moisture

The phytotoxicity of soil-applied terbutryn [2-(tert-butylamino)-4-(ethylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine] to wheat (Triticum aestivumVill.) was significantly affected by soil moisture and soil temperature. Distribution coefficients (Kd) provided a better indication of the phytotoxicity of terbutryn to wheat than any single measured parameter contributing to herbicide adsorption by the soil. Soil temperatures and soil moisture levels suitable for good plant growth tended to enhance the phytotoxicity of terbutryn. No phytotoxic levels of terbutryn to wheat were detected in Teller sandy loam after 20 weeks of incubation at above 10C and 14% soil moisture by weight. However, phytotoxicity to wheat was observed in air-dry terbutryntreated soil after an incubation period of 20 weeks, regardless of incubation temperature. Significant quantities of terbutryn may remain in the field under dry soil conditions.

STUDIES ON RHIZOCTONIA SOLANI KÜHN.: IV. EFFECT OF SOIL TEMPERATURE AND MOISTURE ON VIRULENCE

1938 ◽  
Vol 16c (5) ◽  
pp. 203-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. B. Sanford
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Nutrient Medium ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Dry Soil ◽  
Soil Temperature And Moisture

The effects of soil temperatures between 16° and 25 °C., and of soil moisture content between 19 and 40% of the moisture-holding capacity, on the virulence and type of attack of Rhizodonia Solani on young potato sprouts, were studied under controlled conditions and the results from 13 separate tests are discussed. The comparative growth rates of the pathogen on nutrient agar and in soil are outlined.At 25 °C. the disease diminished very abruptly. Between 23° and 16 °C., the pathogen appeared equally virulent throughout the range of soil moisture mentioned. The fluctuations which occurred in separate tests were not definite or consistent enough to warrant a conclusion that the virulence is greater at 16° than at 23°, or that a dry soil is more or less favorable to it than a wet one.In a fertile, steam sterilized loam, at medium moisture content, it required about ten days for the pathogen to grow as far as it did on the surface of a nutrient medium in four days. The growth rate at either 23° or 16 °C. was slightly higher in a wet soil than in one of medium moisture content, but in a dry soil the rate was somewhat less at 23° than at 16° in a medium or wet soil. Even in a fairly dry soil (19% moisture-holding capacity) at 16° the growth of the pathogen covered a distance of 5 cm. in ten days, which would appear adequate for infection of young sprouts from a set bearing viable sclerotia.The effort of the host to recover, by means of secondary and tertiary sprouts from the attacked primary sprout, was better in a wet soil than in a dry one at both 16° and 23 °C. The best effort was in a wet soil at 23°. A distinction is made between the effects of soil moisture and temperature in stimulating growth of the host, and their effect on parasitism itself.The remarkable tendency of the secondary sprouts to escape infection, regardless of soil temperature and soil moisture, is indicated. There was evidence that certain factors other than soil temperature and moisture may play an important role in the parasitism of R. Solani.

scholarly journals White Root Rot of Raspberries

1951 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 211
Author(s):  
GC Wade
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Causal Organism ◽  
White Root Rot ◽  
High Soil Moisture ◽  
High Soil ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Dry Soil

The disease known as white root rot affects raspberries, and to a less extent loganberries, in Victoria. The causal organism is a white, sterile fungus that has not been identified. The disease is favoured by dry soil conditions and high soil temperatures. It spreads externally to the host by means of undifferentiated rhizomorphs; and requires a food base for the establishment of infection. The spread of rhizomorphs through the soil is hindered by high soil moisture content and consequent poor aeration of the soil.

scholarly journals Earthworms are little affected by reduced soil tillage methods in vineyards

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 257-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faber Florian ◽  
Wachter Elisabeth ◽  
Zaller Johann G
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Reduced Tillage ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Dry Soil ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Tillage Methods ◽  
Erosion Prevention

Inter-rows in vineyards are commonly tilled in order to control weeds and/or to conserve water. While impacts of tillage on earthworms are well studied in arable systems, very little is known from vineyards. In an experimental vineyard, the impact of four reduced tillage methods on earthworms was examined: rotary hoeing, rotary harrowing, grubbing and no tillage. According to an erosion prevention programme, tillage was applied every other inter-row only while alternating rows retained vegetated. Earthworms were extracted from the treated inter-rows 10, 36, 162 and 188 days after tillage. Across dates, tillage methods had no effect on overall earthworm densities or biomass. Considering each sampling date separately, earthworm densities were affected only at day 36 after tillage leading to lower densities under rotary hoeing (150.7 ± 42.5 worms/m<sup>2</sup>) and no tillage (117.3 ± 24.8 worms/m<sup>2</sup>) than under rotary harrowing (340.0 ± 87.4 worms/m<sup>2</sup>) and grubbing (242.7 ± 43.9 worms/m<sup>2</sup>). Time since tillage significantly increased earthworm densities or biomass, and affected soil moisture and temperature. Across sampling dates, earthworm densities correlated positively with soil moisture and negatively with soil temperature; individual earthworm mass increased with increasing time since tillage. It was concluded that reduced tillage in vineyards has little impact on earthworms when applied in spring under dry soil conditions.

Effects of Soil Temperature and Drought on Root–Soil Respiration in Apple under Field Conditions

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 453a-453
Author(s):  
Liqin Wang ◽  
David M. Eissenstat ◽  
Dora E. Flores-Alva
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Respiration ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Root Respiration ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Drought Treatment ◽  
Dry Soil ◽  
Heated Soil ◽  
Soil Temperature And Moisture

Root respiration is very important to root efficiency, root lifespan, and carbon cycling in plant ecosystems. Yet, the effects of soil temperature and moisture on root respiration are poorly understood, especially under field conditions. In this study, we manipulated soil temperature and moisture by six bearing `Red Chief' Delicious/M26 trees near State College, Pa. Soil temperature was elevated 5 °C at 5-cm depth using circulating hot water and stainless steel grids. Soil temperature was monitored using thermocouples and a data logger, and soil moisture was monitored using TDR. Root–soil respiration was determined by static trapping at the soil surface. Heating was conducted from 8 May to 28 Oct. Drought was initiated on 21 Aug. and lasted 2 months. Root–soil respiration was lowest in spring and increased from June to late August. After September, respiration decreased until the experiment ended in November. Root-soil respiration was not correlated with root length density. Heating enhanced root–soil respiration about 15% to 20% in spring (May) and 10% in summer (June–August). After the drought treatment began, heating increased root-soil respiration about 42% in wet soil, but did not influence respiration in dry soil. Heating accentuated the effect of the drought treatment on soil moisture. After 2 months of no irrigation and no rain, soil moisture was reduced 5% in unheated soil and 10% in heated soil. Drought slowed root–soil respiration 17% in unheated soil and 36% in heated soil, mainly because heating increased respiration in wet soil, but compared to the unheated treatment, had no effect in dry soil.

Effect of Soil Temperature and Moisture on Glyphosate and Photoassimilate Distribution in Quackgrass (Agropyron repens)

Weed Science ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 402-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas B. Klevorn ◽  
Donald L. Wyse
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Growth Chambers ◽  
Rhizome Buds ◽  
Rhizome System ◽  
Soil Temperature And Moisture ◽  
Agropyron Repens

Experiments were conducted in growth chambers to evaluate the effect of soil temperature and soil moisture on the distribution of14C-photoassimilates and14C-glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine] in quackgrass [Agropyron repens(L.) Beauv. ♯3AGRRE]. When14C-glyphosate was applied to leaves, the radioactivity was less in the rhizome buds of plants exposed to 7-C soil temperature than in plants exposed to 12- and 18-C soil temperatures after 2 days. In plants with leaves exposed to14CO2, the radioactivity from14C-photoassimilates was greatest in rhizomes and rhizome buds of plants at the 12-C soil temperature. As soil moisture levels were decreased, uptake of C-glyphosate into leaves declined, and transport to the daughter shoots, rhizomes, and rhizome buds was reduced. The concentration of14C-photoassimilates in the rhizome system of water-stressed quackgrass plants was similar to that in nonstressed plants. This study shows that the patterns of glyphosate distribution differ from those of photoassimilate distribution in quackgrass plants exposed to water stress.

Effects of laboratory germination, soil temperature and moisture content on the emergence of spring wheat

1986 ◽  
Vol 107 (2) ◽  
pp. 431-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. Khah ◽  
R. H. Ellis ◽  
E. H. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Linear Function ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Obvious Effect ◽  
Soil Temperatures

SummaryIn field investigations in a sandy-loam soil, probit percentage seedling emergence of commercial and aged seed lots of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Timmo) was a positive linear function of probit percentage laboratory germination and mean soil temperature and a negative linear function of percentage soil moisture content over the ranges 12·1–15·5% moisture content and 7·0–11·0 °C. In a laboratory investigation using the same soil a similar form of relationship was observed in six lots over a range of constant soil moisture contents between 10 and 18% and at constant soil temperatures of 8 and 20 °C. In all cases there was no interaction between any of these determinants of seedling emergence.Linear relationships between the mean rate of seedling emergence in the field (i.e. reciprocal of mean emergence time) and probit percentage laboratory germination and mean soil temperature were shown, but there was no obvious effect of mean scil moisture content between 12·1 and 15·5% on rate of field emergence. Seed lots of different percentage laboratory germination had the same base tsmperature for emergence (1·9 °C): differences between seed lots in mean emergence rate were due to different thermal time (day-degree) requirements for emergence; the thermal times required were a function of probit percentage germination in a standard laboratory test. The implications of these results in providing better advice on sowing rates are discussed.

scholarly journals Seasonal Changes in Soil and Air Temperature at Three Locations in Puerto Rico, 1963-67

1969 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Lugo-López ◽  
Modesto Capiel
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Soil Cover ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Adequate Explanation ◽  
The North ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Soil Temperatures

Soil temperature data at Río Piedras in the north, Lajas in the southwest, and Fortuna in the south, are given in this paper for the 5-year period 1963- 67. Seasonal variations in soil and air temperatures follow distinct patterns somewhat, depending on the nature of the soil cover and rainfall. Mean maximum and minimum temperatures at the 2-inch depth, respectively, are: Río Piedras, 96.2° F. and 79.6° F.; Lajas, 102.1° F. and 69.0° F.; and Fortuna, 93.2° F. and 79.1° F. The corresponding soil temperatures at the 8-inch depth, respectively, are: Río Piedras, 80.5° F. and 77.4° F.; Lajas, 83.4° F. and 77.8° F.; and Fortuna, 85.7° F. and 82.7° F. The differences and trends of soil temperature at 2-inch and 8-inch depths can find adequate explanation when soil moisture and soil cover are considered. However, the differences between maximum and minimum soil temperatures at 8 inches of depth are roughly one fifth of the corresponding ones at the 2-inch depth. The maximum and minimum air temperature at Lajas, Fortuna and Río Piedras are much more similar to each other than the corresponding soil temperature, especially at the 2-inch depth. This is mainly because air temperature is rather measured on a macro and integrating scale while soil temperature measurements exhibit localized effects of soil cover and soil moisture. It was found that highly significant 2-inch soil-air temperature relationships are evident under bare soil conditions. The same relationships were not significant under sod cover at Fortuna.

scholarly journals Influence of Soil Temperature and Moisture on Eruptive Germination and Viability of Sclerotia of Sclerotinia minor and S. sclerotiorum

Plant Disease ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Matheron ◽  
M. Porchas
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Sclerotinia Minor ◽  
Production Region ◽  
Mean Temperature ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
History Of ◽  
Dry Soil ◽  
Soil Temperature And Moisture

The effect of soil temperature and moisture on eruptive germination and viability of sclerotia of Sclerotinia minor and S. sclerotiorum in field soil was examined. In two trials at constant temperatures, the proportion of sclerotia of both pathogens that germinated in wet soil ( ≥-0.02 MPa) tended to decrease as soil temperature increased from 15 to 40°C, with no germination of sclerotia of S. minor and S. sclerotiorum detected after 1 and 2 weeks, respectively, at 40°C. In contrast, after 1 to 4 weeks in dry soil ( ≤-100 MPa) at 40°C, germination of sclerotia of S. minor and S. sclerotiorum ranged from 28 to 55% and 42 to 77%, respectively. In field trials, the germination rate of sclerotia of S. minor and S. sclerotiorum after 2 to 8 weeks in irrigated soil on the surface or buried at a depth of 5 cm was significantly lower than that for sclerotia maintained in dry soil at the same depths. On the other hand, after burial at a depth of 10 cm, germination of sclerotia in irrigated and dry soil did not differ significantly after 2 to 8 weeks for S. minor and after 2, 4, and 8 weeks for S. sclerotiorum. For both pathogens, germination of sclerotia from 2 to 8 weeks in irrigated soil with a mean temperature of 32°C was significantly lower than that for sclerotia in irrigated soil with a mean temperature of 26°C. In microplot trials conducted in July and August, no sclerotia of S. minor and S. sclerotiorum germinated after 2 and 3 weeks, respectively, after recovery from flooded soil with mean soil temperatures ranging from 30 to 33°C. A flood irrigation is often applied to fields for salt management during July or August in the Yuma lettuce production region. Results from these studies suggest that maintaining this flooding event for 2 to 3 weeks in fields with a history of lettuce drop caused by S. minor and S. sclerotiorum could significantly reduce the population of viable sclerotia.

scholarly journals Simulation of Daily Mean Soil Temperatures for Agricultural Land Use Considering Limited Input Data

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 441
Author(s):  
Philipp Grabenweger ◽  
Branislava Lalic ◽  
Miroslav Trnka ◽  
Jan Balek ◽  
Erwin Murer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Input Data ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Soil Column ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Snow Layer ◽  
Time Step ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Dimensional Simulation ◽  
Limited Input Data

A one-dimensional simulation model that simulates daily mean soil temperature on a daily time-step basis, named AGRISOTES (AGRIcultural SOil TEmperature Simulation), is described. It considers ground coverage by biomass or a snow layer and accounts for the freeze/thaw effect of soil water. The model is designed for use on agricultural land with limited (and mostly easily available) input data, for estimating soil temperature spatial patterns, for single sites (as a stand-alone version), or in context with agrometeorological and agronomic models. The calibration and validation of the model are carried out on measured soil temperatures in experimental fields and other measurement sites with various climates, agricultural land uses and soil conditions in Europe. The model validation shows good results, but they are determined strongly by the quality and representativeness of the measured or estimated input parameters to which the model is most sensitive, particularly soil cover dynamics (biomass and snow cover), soil pore volume, soil texture and water content over the soil column.

ROOT-SURFACE MYCOFLORA OF SOYBEAN IN RELATION TO SOIL TEMPERATURE AND MOISTURE IN A FIELD ENVIRONMENT

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. C. IVARSON ◽  
A. R. MACK
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Field Environment ◽  
Abundant Genus ◽  
Field Plots ◽  
Soil Temperature And Moisture

Studies were made on the root-surface fungi of soybean grown in field plots where various soil temperature and moisture environments had been maintained for five previous growing seasons. Washed-root segments were incubated on agar plates at temperatures corresponding to those of the field plots. Fusarium was the most abundant genus appearing on the plates. Species of Mucor, Trichoderma, Alternaria, Mortierella, Aspergillus, Corynespora, Rhizoctonia, Penicillium, Gliocladium, and sterile forms appeared fairly frequently. Statistical analysis of the data revealed that changes in soil and incubation temperature markedly affected the relative frequency of 12 genera, and age of plant significantly affected nine genera. Soil moisture influenced the frequency of only one genus. High soil and incubation temperature (28 C) encouraged greater root populations of Rhizoctonia early in the season, Trichoderma and Aspergillus throughout the growing season, and Fusarium late in the season. Low soil temperature conditions (12 C) favored growth of Pythium, Mortierella, Mucor, Alternaria, Cladosporium, throughout the growing season, and Corynespora and Cylindrocarpon, primarily during mid-season. Late in the season Gliocladium preferred the intermediate temperature of 20 C.

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