scholarly journals First Report of Sclerotinia minor on Allium vineale in North Carolina

Plant Disease ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 89 (8) ◽  
pp. 908-908
Author(s):  
J. E. Hollowell ◽  
B. B. Shew
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Fungal Mycelium ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Sclerotinia Minor ◽  
Fungal Isolation ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Wild Garlic

Allium vineale L. (wild garlic) is a bulbous perennial that emerges in early spring in many agricultural fields. The soilborne fungus Sclerotinia minor Jagger is a major pathogen found in many peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) production areas of northeastern North Carolina. During September 2002, symptoms of bleached, water-soaked foliage and wilting were observed on several wild garlic plants growing in a 0.8-ha (2-acre) peanut research plot in Perquimans County, NC. We had previously observed similar symptoms on wild garlic at another location. Two symptomatic wild garlic plants were collected from the field. In the laboratory, symptomatic tissues were excised into 1- to 2-cm sections, rinsed in tap water, towel dried, and placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) for fungal isolation and identification. Pure cultures with small, black, irregular-shaped sclerotia (<2 mm) scattered abundantly over the culture surface were distinctive of S. minor. Pathogenicity of isolates was tested by inoculating leaf blades near the leaf axils of two symptom-free wild garlic plants (vegetative stage, 4 cm high) with fungal mycelium from 2-day-old cultures. Mycelial agar plugs (4 mm in diameter) were held in place with self-sticking bandaging gauze. Plants were misted, enclosed in plastic bags, and incubated at an ambient temperature (24°C) on the laboratory countertop. Fluffy mycelium developed on leaves within 2 days. Plants wilted and bleached water-soaked lesions formed within 6 days after inoculation. Sclerotia were produced on leaf blades after approximately 14 days. Following the incubation period, S. minor was reisolated from the inoculated plants. Two plants treated similarly with plugs of pure PDA remained healthy over the incubation period. The performance of Koch's postulates confirmed that wild garlic is a host of S. minor. Although few monocots have been reported as hosts of S. minor, the fungus has been reported on two other species of Allium (A. cepa and A. satium), Gladiolus spp., and Cyperus esculentus (1,2). Weed hosts may support populations of S. minor during rotations to nonhosts, serve as reservoirs of inoculum, or act as infection bridges in peanut fields. References: (1) D. F. Farr et al. Fungal Databases. Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory. On-line publication. ARS, USDA, 2005. (2) M. S. Melzer et al. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 19:272, 1997.

scholarly journals First Report of Stem and Leaf Blight Caused by Sclerotinia minor on Geranium carolinianum in North Carolina

Plant Disease ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 312-312
Author(s):  
J. E. Hollowell ◽  
B. B. Shew
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Fungal Mycelium ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Sclerotinia Minor ◽  
First Report ◽  
Plastic Bags ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Winter Annual

The soilborne fungus Sclerotinia minor Jagger is a major pathogen of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in North Carolina and overwinters in soil, on crop debris, or on winter annual weed species (1). Bleached stems and small, black sclerotia are typically seen on peanut plants infected by S. minor. Carolina geranium (Geranium carolinianum L.) is one of several winter annual weed species found during winter fallow in peanut production areas of northeastern North Carolina. During a March 2002 survey of previously harvested peanut fields, plants of Carolina geranium were observed with typical signs and symptoms of infection caused by S. minor. Symptomatic plants with bleached stems and signs of small, black sclerotia were collected in the field and returned to the laboratory. Pathogen isolation and fungal identification were performed from the symptomatic tissues by placing 1- to 2-cm sections of stems on potato dextrose agar after rinsing with tap water and towel drying. Pure cultures of S. minor were obtained and observed to have white, fluffy mycelium and small, black irregular-shaped sclerotia (<2 mm) produced abundantly and scattered over the culture surface. Pathogenicity was tested by inoculating stems of three symptom-free Carolina geranium plants with 2-day-old fungal mycelium from pure isolation. Mycelial agar plugs, 4 mm in diameter, were held in place with self-sticking bandaging gauze. Plants were misted, enclosed in plastic bags, and incubated at ambient temperature (24°C) on the laboratory counter top. Bleached water-soaked lesions developed on the stems, and leaves became chlorotic after 8 days. Following 8 days of incubation, S. minor was reisolated from all inoculated plants. Three noninoculated plants remained healthy over the incubation period. The performance of Koch's postulates confirmed that Carolina geranium is a host of S. minor. To our knowledge, this is the first report of S. minor on G. carolinianum. These results indicate that G. carolinianum is a potential overwintering host for S. minor in peanut fields. Infected weed hosts allow reproduction of the fungus in the winter, potentially resulting in more disease on peanut planted in the spring. Reference: (1) J. E. Hollowell et al. Plant Dis. 87:197, 2003.

scholarly journals First Report of Sclerotinia minor on Sida spinosa in North Carolina

Plant Disease ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 89 (10) ◽  
pp. 1128-1128 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Hollowell ◽  
B. B. Shew
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Fungal Mycelium ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Sclerotinia Minor ◽  
First Report ◽  
Sida Spinosa ◽  
Prickly Sida

The soilborne fungus Sclerotinia minor Jagger is a major pathogen of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in North Carolina, Virginia, Oklahoma, and Texas. The pathogen attacks several winter annual weed species (1). Economic crops that are hosts to S. minor are seldom grown in rotation with peanut; therefore, its pathogenicity on weed species is of importance in understanding how inoculum densities are maintained between peanut crops. During September 2004, signs of fluffy, white mycelium, small, black sclerotia, and symptoms of bleached leaves and stems were observed on prickly sida (Sida spinosa L.) in a peanut field in Bertie County, NC. Plants of prickly sida with similar signs and symptoms were observed previously in a Chowan County, NC peanut field. Prickly sida is one of several weed species commonly found in peanut fields and rotational crops in agricultural areas of northeastern North Carolina. Cultivation and herbicides usually keep prickly sida under control in the early part of the growing season, but as the summer progresses into early fall, it can become prevalent, as was true in the two fields reported here. Symptomatic tissues were excised into 1- to 2-cm sections, rinsed in tap water, blotted dry, and placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA). The pure cultures with small, black irregular-shaped sclerotia (<2 mm) scattered abundantly over the culture surface were distinctive of S. minor. Pathogenicity was determined by inoculating stems of two symptom-free prickly sida plants with 2-day-old fungal mycelium. Mycelial agar plugs, 4 mm in diameter, were held in place with self-sticking bandaging gauze. Plants were misted, enclosed in plastic bags, and incubated at ambient temperature (24°C) on the laboratory countertop. Fluffy mycelium developed on the stems in 2 days and water-soaked leaves and bleached lesions formed within 6 days after inoculation. Following the incubation period, S. minor was reisolated from the inoculated plants. Two plants treated similarly with plugs of pure PDA remained healthy over the incubation period. The performance of Koch's postulates confirmed that prickly sida is a host of S. minor. To our knowledge, this report of S. minor on prickly sida is also the first report of a plant in the family Malvaceae as a host of S. minor (2). Reference: (1) J. E. Hollowell et al. Plant Dis. 87:197, 2003. (2) M. S. Melzer et al. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 19:272, 1997.

scholarly journals First Report of Sclerotium rolfsii on Common Chickweed in North Carolina

Plant Disease ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 426-426
Author(s):  
J. E. Hollowell ◽  
B. B. Shew
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Fungal Mycelium ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Stellaria Media ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
First Report ◽  
Pure Cultures

Common chickweed (Stellaria media (L.) Cyrillo) is a common weed species found in agricultural fields of northeastern North Carolina. Symptomatic plants of common chickweed were observed during a March 2001 survey of winter annual weed species in Perquimans County, NC. The plants were growing in a harvested peanut field with a known history of southern stem rot caused by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. Water-soaked, bleached stems and chlorotic leaves were collected from plants and brought to the laboratory for isolation. Small portions (1 to 2 cm) of symptomatic stems and entire leaves were rinsed with tap water and placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Developing colonies were transferred to obtain pure cultures. The rapidly growing cultures had coarse, white mycelium typical of S. rolfsii and produced abundant, small, round, brown sclerotia approximately 2.0 mm in diameter on the surface of the culture. Clamp connections were observed with microscopic examination of mycelia. Pathogenicity of isolates was tested by placing 4-mm-diameter agar plugs of 2-day-old fungal mycelium on stems of three mature, nonsymptomatic chickweed plants. Agar plugs without fungal mycelium were used for the control treatment. Plugs were held in place with self-sticking bandage gauze. Plants were misted with water, enclosed in plastic bags, and incubated on a laboratory counter top at ambient temperature (24°C). Abundant mycelia developed, and water-soaked lesions and necrotic stems were observed. Noninoculated plants remained healthy and free of signs and symptoms during the incubation period. The fungus was reisolated on PDA, and pure cultures of S. rolfsii were obtained. Koch's postulates confirmed common chickweed was a host of S. rolfsii. To our knowledge, this is the first report of common chickweed as a host of S. rolfsii. Crop species commonly used in peanut rotations (corn, small grains, sorghum, and cotton) do not support populations of S. rolfsii. Many dicotyledonous weed species have been reported as hosts of S. rolfsii, but our observation of active disease on a winter weed species was unexpected. Colonization of winter weed, if prevalent, may enhance survival of S. rolfsii between crops of susceptible hosts such as peanut.

Sclerotinia minor. [Distribution map].

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
North Carolina ◽  
United Arab Emirates ◽  
New Caledonia ◽  
New South ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Sclerotinia Minor ◽  
South Wales ◽  
New Distribution ◽  
Distribution In Europe

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Sclerotinia minor Jagger Fungi: Ascomycota: Helotiales Hosts: Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and a range of other crop plants. Information is given on the geographical distribution in EUROPE, Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Romania, Slovakia, Spain, Mainland Spain, UK, Yugoslavia (Fed. - Rep.), ASIA, China, Hubei, Iran, Turkey, United Arab, Emirates, AFRICA, Kenya, South Africa, NORTH AMERICA, Canada, Ontario, Quebec, USA, Arizona, California, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Texas, Virginia, SOUTH AMERICA, Argentina, Brazil, Ceara, Sao Paulo, Colombia, OCEANIA, Australia, New South Wales, Queensland, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia, New Caledonia, New Zealand.

Isolation and identification of rumen bacteria capable of anaerobic rutin degradation

1969 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. 1365-1371 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. -J. Cheng ◽  
G. A. Jones ◽  
F. J. Simpson ◽  
M. P. Bryant
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Anaerobic Bacteria ◽  
Heterocyclic Ring ◽  
Ring Structure ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Rumen Bacteria ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Rutin Degradation

Fifteen strains of bacteria capable of degrading rutin anaerobically were isolated from bovine rumen contents and identified by morphological and biochemical evidence as strains of Butyrivibrio sp. Three cultures from a laboratory collection of 53 strains of rumen bacteria also used rutin anaerobically. Two, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens D1 and Selenomonas ruminantium GA192, cleaved the glycosidic bond of rutin and fermented the sugar but did not degrade the insoluble aglycone produced; the third strain, Peptostreptococcus sp. B178, degraded the substrate to soluble products. Butyrivibrio sp. C3 degraded rutin, quercitrin, and naringin to water-soluble products, showing that the organism cleaved the heterocyclic ring of these compounds. Butyrivibrio sp. C3 fermented the sugar moiety of hesperidin but did not cleave the heterocyclic ring. It did not attack quercetin, taxifolin, protocatechuic acid, or phloroglucinol. In a medium containing rumen fluid, Butyrivibrio sp. C3 degraded rutin more than twice as fast as it did in a medium containing enzymatic casein hydrolyzate, volatile fatty acids, yeast extract, and hemin in place of rumen fluid.The observations reported in this paper are believed to represent the first recorded demonstration of degradation of the heterocyclic ring structure of rutin and other bioflavonoids in pure cultures of anaerobic bacteria.

scholarly journals Value of rapid test for identification of beta hemolytic Streptococcus antigens in children with Streptococcal pharyngitis

2004 ◽  
Vol 132 (suppl. 1) ◽  
pp. 39-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Branimir Nestorovic ◽  
Suzana Laban-Nestorovic ◽  
Veselinka Paripovic ◽  
Katarina Milosevic
Keyword(s):  
Group A Streptococcus ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Streptococcal Pharyngitis ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Group A Streptococci ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Cervical Lymph Nodes ◽  
Group A ◽  
Tract Infections

Beta-hemolytic group A streptococcus (Streptococcus pyogenes) is the most common bacterial agent associated with the upper respiratory tract infections in humans. The most frequently group A streptococcus-associated disease is pharyngitis. Males and females are equally affected by group A streptococcus. There is seasonal increase in the prevalence of group A streptococcus-associated pharyngitis. Streptococcal pharyngitis is most prevalent in winter and early spring with higher incidence of disease observed in crowded population such as school children. Early diagnosis and treatment of group A streptococcal pharyngitis has been shown to reduce the severity of symptoms and further complications such as rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis. The conventional methods used for identification of group A streptococci depend on isolation and identification of the organism on blood agar plates. These methods usually require 18-24 hours of incubation at 37?C. Such delay in identifying the group A streptococcus has often made physicians to administer therapy without first disclosing the etiological agent. Development of immunologic tests, capable of detecting the group A streptococcal antigen directly from the throat swabs, produced rapid test results employed for better treatment of patients. STREP A test is a rapid immunochromatographic test for the detection of group A streptococci from throat swabs or culture. The accuracy of the test does not depend on the organism viability. Instead, group A strep antigen is extracted directly from the swab and identified using antibodies specific for the group A carbohydrates. We compared rapid test with conventional throat swab in 40 children, who met Centor criteria for streptococcal pharyngitis (absence of cough, high fever, purulent pharyngitis, enlarged and painful cervical lymph nodes). Overall congruence of rapid test and culture was 94%. Test is easy to perform and it is recommended as the first diagnostic test for management of children with streptococcal pharyngitis. In children with negative test, but with characteristics highly suggestive of streptococcal infection, throat culture should be performed.

Enumeration and Identification of Coliform Bacteria Injured by Chlorine or Fungicide Mixed with Agricultural Water

2016 ◽  
Vol 79 (10) ◽  
pp. 1789-1793 ◽  
Author(s):  
HIDEMI IZUMI ◽  
YUJI NAKATA ◽  
AYANO INOUE
Keyword(s):  
Cell Injury ◽  
Pond Water ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Agricultural Water ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Electrolyzed Water ◽  
Selective Media ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Water Pond

ABSTRACT Chemical sanitizers may induce no injury (bacteria survive), sublethal injury (bacteria are injured), or lethal injury (bacteria die). The proportion of coliform bacteria that were injured sublethally by chlorine and fungicide mixed with agricultural water (pond water), which was used to dilute the pesticide solution, was evaluated using the thin agar layer (TAL) method. In pure cultures of Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, and E. coli O157:H7 (representing a human pathogen), the percentage of chlorine-injured cells was 69 to 77% for dilute electrolyzed water containing an available chlorine level of 2 ppm. When agricultural water was mixed with electrolyzed water, the percentage of injured coliforms in agricultural water was 75%. The isolation and identification of bacteria on TAL and selective media suggested that the chlorine stress caused injury to Enterobacter kobei. Of the four fungicide products tested, diluted to their recommended concentrations, Topsin-M, Sumilex, and Oxirane caused injury to coliform bacteria in pure cultures and in agricultural water following their mixture with each pesticide, whereas Streptomycin did not induce any injury to the bacteria. The percentage of injury was 45 to 97% for Topsin-M, 80 to 87% for Sumilex, and 50 to 97% for Oxirane. A comparison of the coliforms isolated from the pesticide solutions and then grown on either TAL or selective media indicated the possibility of fungicide-injured Rahnella aquatilis, Yersinia mollaretii, and E. coli. These results suggest the importance of selecting a suitable sanitizer and the necessity of adjusting the sanitizer concentration to a level that will kill the coliforms rather than cause sanitizer-induced cell injury that can result in the recovery of the coliforms.

scholarly journals Microscopy and Microanalysis of an Extreme Case of Salt and Biodegradation in 17th Century Wall Paintings

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 606-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milene Gil ◽  
Maria Rosário Martins ◽  
Maria Luisa Carvalho ◽  
Cátia Souto ◽  
Stephane Longelin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Culture Media ◽  
Extreme Case ◽  
Biological Assessment ◽  
Salt Weathering ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Mineralogical Characterization ◽  
Fungal Isolation ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Standard Culture

AbstractThe present study characterizes the main deterioration mechanisms affecting the early 17th frescoes of Casa de Fresco, the only known example in Portugal of a semi-underground leisure room richly decorated with a balcony over a water well. Frescoes from the vault are at risk due to salt weathering and biodeterioration. The aim of the research was identification of the deterioration materials, determination of their origin, and their effect on the frescoes before future intervention. Scanning electron microscopy with an energy-dispersive X-ray detector (SEM-EDS) was used to determine salt morphology and microanalysis. The mineralogical characterization was performed by X-ray powder diffraction, complemented with µ-Raman and µ-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Biological assessment was evaluated with optical microscopy and SEM-EDS. Bacterial and fungal isolation and identification were performed using standard culture media and methods according to Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology and from the Compendium of Soil Fungi. The results show that Ca and Ca-Mg carbonates from the paint renderings are the predominant salt species affecting the site. Bacterial strains from the genera Bacillus and Pseudomonas and fungal strains from the Cladosporium spp. and Penicillium spp. were isolated in the salt formations, within and between the mortar layers. Azurite, malachite, and smalt paint layers are the most affected by the weathering conditions.

scholarly journals Effect of cultural conditions on the growth and linamarase production by a local species of Lactobacillus fermentum isolated from cassava effluent

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilesanmi Festus Fadahunsi ◽  
Nafisat Kemi Busari ◽  
Olumide Samuel Fadahunsi
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Period ◽  
Starter Culture ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Lactobacillus Fermentum ◽  
Optimum Growth ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Cultural Conditions ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
Local Species ◽  
Cyanide Degradation

Abstract Background This study was designed to investigate the effect of cultural conditions on growth and production of linamarase by a local species of Lactobacillus fermentum isolated from cassava effluent. Isolation and identification of bacteria from cassava effluent were carried out using the culture-dependent method and polyphasic taxonomy, respectively, while screening for cyanide degradation, and the effects of cultural conditions on the growth and linamarase activity of L. fermentum were investigated based on standard procedures. Results A total of twenty-one bacterial isolates were obtained from cassava effluent, and isolate MA 9 had the highest growth of 2.8 × 1010 cfu/ml in minimum medium, confirmed as safe, identified as Lactobacillus fermentum and selected for further study. The highest growth of 2.498 OD and linamarase activity of 2.49 U/ml were observed at inoculums volume of 0.10 ml at 48-h incubation period, while optimum growth of 1.926 OD and linamarase activity of 1.66 U/ml occurred at pH 5.5. At 37 °C, the optimum growth of 0.34 OD was recorded with the highest linamarase activity of 0.81 U/ml at 30 °C. However, the incubation period of 48 h stimulated an optimum growth of 3.091 OD with corresponding linamarase activity of 1.81 U/ml, while the substrate concentration of 400 ppm favours a maximum growth of 2.783 OD with linamarase activity of 1.86 U/ml at 48 h of incubation. The supplemented of 10 mM calcium ions stimulated optimum linamarase activity of 2.65 U/ml. Conclusion Lactobacillus fermentum could be used as starter culture in cassava fermentation for the production cassava-based product with reduced cyanide content.

LIFE HISTORIES OF MONOCHAMUS CAROLINENSIS AND M. TITILLATOR (COLEOPTERA: CERAMBYCIDAE) IN THE PIEDMONT OF NORTH CAROLINA1

1985 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 390-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. B. Alya ◽  
F. P. Hain
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Flight Period ◽  
Pine Wood Nematode ◽  
Pine Wood ◽  
Early Instar ◽  
One To One

Monochamus carolinensis (Olivier) and M. titillator (Fab.) have one to one and one-half generations per year in the Piedmont of North Carolina. Adults begin to emerge by the end of May and the flight period extends to early October. Both species go through a period of maturation feeding for about three weeks before they oviposit. The incubation period is about a week. In the field, pine logs remained attractive for ovipositing females for up to 42 days. Mortality from early-instar larvae to emerged adults averaged about 85%. None of 300 adults examined for the pine wood nematode Bursaphlenchus xylophilus (Steiner and Buhrer) were infected.

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