scholarly journals First Reports of Brown Fruit Rot on Sweet Cherry (Prunus avium) and Plum (P. domestica) and Shoot Blight on Apricot (P. armeniaca), Kwanzan Cherry (P. serrulata), and Sweet Cherry (P. avium) Caused by Monilinia laxa in New York, Rhode Island, and Massachusetts

Plant Disease ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 95 (12) ◽  
pp. 1584-1584 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. D. Cox ◽  
S. M. Villani ◽  
J. J. Raes ◽  
J. Freier ◽  
H. Faubert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Rhode Island ◽  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Prunus Avium ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Stone Fruit ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Monilinia Laxa ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Shoot Blight

In the eastern United States, Monilinia laxa (Aderh. & Ruhl.) Honey has only been reported on tart cherry in New York (NY) (1). As a result of considerable rain in May of 2009 and 2011, an ornamental planting of Kwanzan cherries in Middletown, Rhode Island (RI), a planting of sweet cherry cvs. Ulster, Hedelfingen, Sam, and Lapins in Lanesboro, Massachusetts (MA), and plantings of apricot cvs. Harcot and Hargrande in Albion, Aurora, and Geneva, NY, and Harogem in Lanesboro, MA developed severe shoot blight (>15 to 100% of first-year shoots). Blighted shoots were wilted with the blight encompassing the distal end and often extending into second-year tissue with a distinct sunken margin. Leaves on symptomatic shoots had flushed, but were blighted and light brown. Blossom spurs were often blighted and gummosis was frequently observed at the base. In these same years, sweet cherry cv. Black Gold in Walworth, NY and plum cv. Stanley in Olcott, NY developed severe fruit rot (35 to 70% incidence). Plantings suffering from fruit rot had fruit lesions that began as pale brown, soft lesions with indiscriminant margins that covered 15 to 85% of the fruit surface area. Many blighted spurs, shoot tissues, and infected fruit were sporulating with tan-to-buff colored conidia produced in chains. From each planting with shoot blight, shoot tips were removed for pathogen isolation. Sections of symptomatic shoots (5 cm long) were surface sterilized in 0.6% NaOCl for 1 min and rinsed in sterile dH20. From plantings displaying blighted spurs or fruit rot, isolation was attempted directly from sporulating tissue. Cross sections of sterilized shoot tissue (3 mm thick) or tufts of sporulation from fruit and spurs were placed on potato dextrose agar amended with 50 μg/ml of streptomycin sulfate. After incubation at 24°C for 5 days, colonies with lobed margins, commonly described for M. laxa (4), were obtained. Several colonies resembling M. fructicola were isolated from all locations, but the majority of isolates from spurs and shoots resembled M. laxa. Conidia from both colony morphotypes were lemon shaped, but as expected, those from putative M. laxa isolates were smaller (10.75 × 12.0 μm) compared with those from putative M. fructicola isolates (15.75 × 18.25 μm) (4). Confirmation of M. laxa was further achieved by PCR amplification of the β-tubulin gene using M. laxa-specific primers as previously described (3). Pathogenicity of M. laxa isolates was proven by inoculating fruit of the stone fruit crop from which they were isolated as previously described (2). Fruit inoculated with M. laxa developed brown, soft sporulating lesions identical to the original observations, while those inoculated with water remained healthy. M. laxa was reisolated from symptomatic shoots and spurs, but not from water-inoculated tissues. The presence of M. laxa has been reported on tart cherries in NY (1), but to our knowledge, this is the first instance of economically devastating shoot blight on apricot in NY and MA, ornamental cherry in RI, and sweet cherry in MA and fruit rot on sweet cherry and plum in NY caused by M. laxa. In wet seasons, stone fruit growers may need to revise their chemical management programs to better prepare for M. laxa epidemics on several stone fruit species. References: (1) K. D. Cox and S. M. Villani. Plant Dis. 94:783, 2010. (2) K. D. Cox and S. M. Villani. Plant Dis. 95:828, 2011. (3) Z. Ma et al. Pest Manag. Sci. 61:449, 2005. J.M. (4) G. C. M. van Leeuwen and H. A. van Kesteren. Can. J. Bot. 76:2042, 1998.

scholarly journals Confirmation of European Brown Rot Caused by Monilinia laxa on Tart Cherry, Prunus cerasus, in Western New York

Plant Disease ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 94 (6) ◽  
pp. 783-783 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Villani ◽  
K. D. Cox
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Stone Fruit ◽  
Tart Cherry ◽  
Shoot Tissue ◽  
Shoot Blight

Monilinia fructicola (G. Wint.) Honey and M. laxa (Aderh. & Ruhl.) Honey are two pathogens causing brown rot in the United States. While the presence of M. fructicola has been confirmed in all major stone-fruit-production regions in the United States, M. laxa has yet to be detected in much of the eastern production regions. In July 2008, a planting of tart cherries cv. Surefire in Appleton, NY developed severe shoot blight. Blighted shoots (>15% of first-year shoots) were wilted and light brown with the blight encompassing the distal end and often extending into second-year tissue with a distinct sunken margin. Leaves on symptomatic shoots had flushed, but were blighted. Blossom spurs were either blighted at bloom or bore fruit, which were subsequently blighted. Gummosis was commonly observed from cankers at the base of spurs. Both mature and immature mummified fruit in addition to spurs and shoot tissue were sporulating in a manner characteristic of Monilinia (2). Eleven branches displaying symptoms were removed for isolation. Sections of symptomatic shoots (5 cm long) were surface sterilized in 0.6% NaOCl for 1 min and rinsed in sterile dH2O. Cross sections of shoot tissue (3 mm thick), in addition to spores from fruit and spurs, were placed on potato dextrose agar amended with 50 μg/ml of streptomycin sulfate. Following incubation at 24°C for 5 days, 24 colonies exhibiting morphology consistent with that of M. fructicola (uniform colony margin) were obtained, along with nine colonies exhibiting lobed colony margins, commonly associated with M. laxa (3). All colonies resembling M. fructicola were isolated from fruit, whereas those resembling M. laxa were isolated from spurs and shoots. Conidia from both colony morphotypes were lemon-shaped, but those from putative M. laxa isolates were smaller on average (10.75 × 12.0 μm) compared with those from putative M. fructicola isolates (15.75 × 18.25 μm). Confirmation of M. laxa was also accomplished by inoculation of mature green pear (2). Pears inoculated with 104 putative M. laxa conidia per ml produced a region of white-buff colored mycelium but no spores within the inoculated area, while M. fructicola-inoculated pears sporulated abundantly. Identity was further confirmed by PCR amplification of the β-tubulin gene using M. laxa specific primers as previously described (1). Pathogenicity was proven by inoculating flowering shoots of tart cherry trees (cv. Montmorency) in spring 2009. Twenty shoots were spray inoculated with either 104 M. laxa conidia per ml or sterile dH2O and covered with plastic bags for 24 h. Shoots were monitored for symptom development on a weekly basis. Shoots inoculated with M. laxa developed characteristic shoot blight symptoms, while those inoculated with water remained healthy. M. laxa was reisolated from symptomatic shoots and spurs, but not water-inoculated tissues. The presence of M. laxa is reported for the Great Lakes region, which includes New York, but to our knowledge, this report is the first confirmed instance of economically devastating brown rot caused by M. laxa in New York. In the coming seasons, tart cherry growers must consider revising chemical management programs to protect against European brown rot infection during bloom. References: (1) Z. Ma et al. Pest Manag. Sci. 61:449, 2005. (2) J. M. Ogawa et al. Compendium of Stone Fruit Diseases. The American Phytopathological Society. St. Paul, MN, 1995. (3) G. C. M. van Leeuwen and H. A. van Kesteren. Can. J. Bot. 76:2042, 1998.

scholarly journals Genetic Diversity of Some Sweet Cherry Cultivars Based on Molecular Markers

2016 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 153
Author(s):  
Ioana Virginia Berindean ◽  
Elena Tămaş ◽  
Oana Maria Toderic ◽  
Ioan Zagrai
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Rapd Markers ◽  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Prunus Avium ◽  
Molecular Level ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
High Level ◽  
Sweet Cherry Cultivars

Sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.), originated around the Caspian and Black Sea, is an important fruit tree species of economic interest, and hence, breeding and conservation are requested (. Genetic analysis at the molecular level can be used effectively to study molecular polymorphism existing between intraspecific and interspecific tree species and phylogenetic relationships between them and their hybrids. The purpose of this study was to characterize and determine genetic relationships among the sweet cherry native genotypes belonging to Fruit Research & Development Station Bistrita, Romania, using RAPD markers. To eliminate the existence of possible synonyms from national romanian collection, we collect four Van cultivars, from four different national collection. For molecular analysis of the 16 varieties of sweet cherry were considered 13 RAPD primers selected from the literature. They were later used to determine the genetic variability at the molecular level using PAST program, and the dendrogram was generated based on Jaccard’s genetic distance. The dendrogram constructed by PAST software. The quantity and quality of the DNA obtained was suitable to achieve PCR amplification step. Only seven out of the 13 RAPD primers have generate polymorphic bands. The rest of seven were monomorphics. The most polymorphic primer was OPB10 which generated 11 bands from which 100% were polymorphic.Seven RAPD primers generated a high level of polymorphism which allowed to divide these cherry varieties into two groups according to their genetic geographical origin and the pedigree.

PRELIMINARY RESULTS ON BEHAVIOR OF APRICOT, PEACH AND PLUM TO MONILINIA SPP. IN EXPERIMENTAL FIELD OF USAMV BUCHAREST

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 76-79
Author(s):  
Alin Gheorghe ◽  
Ion Leveanu ◽  
Angela Amuza
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Stone Fruit ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Human Diet ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Experimental Field ◽  
Fruit Species ◽  
Complex Chemical Composition ◽  
Shoot Blight ◽  
Host Tissues

" The stone fruits occupy an important place in the human diet due to their complex chemical composition such as sugars, free organic acids, pectic substances and vitamins. The main damage of economic importance to the stone fruit species is caused by the monilia disease caused by the fungus Monilia laxa (Aderhold et Ruhland). The disease can affect several host tissues these include blossom blight, shoot blight, fruit blight and brown fruit rot. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the attack produced by the pathogen on peach, apricot and plum from the first decade of May until the second decade of August in Experimental Field of Horticulture Faculty, USAMV Bucharest in 2019. Results showed that plums had the highest attack rate (14%) and the lowest was in apricots (0.8%). It should be noted that monilia disease is a major threat for stone fruit trees because of its aggressive manifestation on the fruit, especially in plums and peaches."

scholarly journals Field Strains of Monilinia fructicola Resistant to Both MBC and DMI Fungicides Isolated from Stone Fruit Orchards in the Eastern United States

Plant Disease ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 97 (8) ◽  
pp. 1063-1068 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Chen ◽  
X. Liu ◽  
G. Schnabel
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Stone Fruit ◽  
Monilinia Fructicola ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Peach Fruit ◽  
Thiophanate Methyl ◽  
Dmi Fungicides ◽  
Fruit Orchards

In 2012, significant brown rot disease was observed on stone fruit in Pennsylvania, Maryland, and South Carolina despite preharvest application of methyl benzimidazole carbamate (MBC) and demethylase inhibitor (DMI) fungicides. In total, 140 Monilinia fructicola isolates were collected from diseased orchards and examined for fungicide sensitivity. In addition to isolates resistant to either the DMI propiconazole or the MBC thiophanate-methyl, 22 isolates were discovered that were resistant to both fungicides, including 4 isolates from peach in South Carolina, 12 isolates from peach and sweet cherry in Maryland, and 6 isolates from sweet cherry in Pennsylvania. Analysis of MBC resistance revealed that dual-resistant isolates from South Carolina carried the β-tubulin E198A mutation, whereas isolates from Maryland and Pennsylvania carried E198 mutations not previously described in the Monilinia genus, E198Q or F200Y. The genetic element Mona, associated with DMI fungicide resistance in M. fructicola, was detected in the dual-resistant isolates from South Carolina but not in the isolates from the two more northern states. An investigation into the molecular mechanism of DMI resistance in the latter isolates revealed that resistance was not based on increased expression or mutation of MfCYP51, which encodes the target of DMI fungicides. Label rates of formulated propiconazole or thiophanate-methyl were unable to control dual-resistant isolates on detached peach fruit, confirming field relevance of dual resistance. The same isolates were not affected by fitness penalties based on mycelial growth rate, ability to sporulate, and virulence on detached peach fruit. The emergence of M. fructicola strains resistant to both DMI and MBC fungicides in multiple states and multiple stone fruit crops is a significant development and needs to be considered when designing resistance management strategies in stone fruit orchards.

Determination of incompatibility (S) genotypes of sweet cherries in the Hungarian gene-bank by a PCR-based method

2010 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 377-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Békefi ◽  
S. Vaughan ◽  
K. Tobutt
Keyword(s):  
Central Region ◽  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Prunus Avium ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Gene Bank ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Incompatibility Group ◽  
Sweet Cherries ◽  
Intron Region

The sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) gene-bank collection in Hungary comprises mainly local cultivars. The incompatibility (S) genotypes of 48 accessions from the central region of Hungary were investigated by PCR amplification of the intron regions of the SRNase and SFB genes responsible for compatibility relationships in sweet cherry. The Sgenotypes of 38 accessions were completely determined; they showed various pairs of nine alleles and could be assigned to 15 of the existing incompatibility groups or, in the case of three accessions having the novel genotype S6S13, to the new incompatibility group XLII. For 10 accessions only one S-allele could be identified, as a single S-RNase product was generated and the intron region of the SFB gene of the second allele could not be amplified.

scholarly journals Use of a Plastic Rain Shield Reduces Fruit Decay and Need for Fungicides in Sweet Cherry

Plant Disease ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 87 (5) ◽  
pp. 523-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorunn Børve ◽  
Arne Stensvand
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides ◽  
Prunus Avium ◽  
Monilinia Laxa ◽  
Fruit Cracking ◽  
Fruit Decay ◽  
Mucor Piriformis ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Covering Times

It has been shown previously that covering sweet cherry trees (Prunus avium L.) with rain shields made of polyethylene or other waterproof, light-transmitting material prior to harvest to prevent fruit cracking will reduce fruit decay by various fungi. In the present work, the effects of extending the covering period on fruit decay, fruit quality, and the potential reduction in number of fungicide applications were investigated. In six of eight trials, there were significant reductions in fruit decay in covered fruit compared with fruit that were not covered. The most prevalent fruit-decaying fungi were Monilinia laxa and Botrytis cinerea. Mucor piriformis and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides occurred in high amounts in one trial each. The treatments included covering during rain periods until harvest was over from (i) bloom (bloom-cover), (ii) 6 to 7 weeks prior to harvest (early-fruit-cover), (iii) 3 to 4 weeks prior to harvest (late-fruit-cover), and (iv) not covered. In two trials, the number of fungicide applications was similar between different covering times (bloom-cover not included), and in one trial no fungicides were applied at all (all treatments included). There was a significant effect of covering on fruit decay in all three trials, but there was no difference between covering 6 to 7 and 3 to 4 weeks prior to harvest. In the sprayed fields, the incidence of decay was 48% in fruit that were not covered compared with from 6 to 11% in covered fruit. In the unsprayed field, covering from bloom resulted in 14% fruit decay compared with 23 to 26% in the other two cover treatments. In five trials, all covering regimes were included, and the number of fungicide applications varied with time of covering. The number of fungicide applications for the different treatments were: bloom-cover, 0; early-fruit-cover, 1 to 4; late-fruit-cover, 2 to 5; uncovered, 3 to 6. The mean incidence of fruit decay at harvest for the five trials (range in parentheses) was 3.4 (2.0 to 4.3), 1.8 (0.4 to 4.0), 3.8 (1.8 to 7.7), and 16.5% (2.5 to 39.7), respectively, for the covering times listed. There were no significant differences in decay after storage (3 to 7 days at 4°C followed by 2 to 4 days at 20°C) among the different covering times in the six experiments where fruit were stored. The results indicate that fungicide applications were not needed if fruit were covered during rainy periods from bloom until the end of harvest, and it was possible to omit 1 fungicide application if the covering period was increased from 3 to 4 weeks to 6 to 7 weeks. The fruit quality was not reduced by increasing the covering period from the normal 3 to 4 weeks in any of the experiments.

scholarly journals First Report of Uromyces acuminatus on Honckenya peploides, the Endangered Seabeach Sandwort

Plant Disease ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Y. Yun ◽  
A. M. Minnis ◽  
L. J. Dixon ◽  
L. A. Castlebury ◽  
S. M. Douglas
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Rhode Island ◽  
Online Publication ◽  
Rust Fungus ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
First Report ◽  
Brownish Yellow ◽  
Special Concern ◽  
New London

Honckenya peploides (L.) Ehrh. (Caryophyllaceae), commonly known as seabeach sandwort, is a species of special concern in Connecticut (4). Nearly an entire population of H. peploides in New London County, CT was found to be severely infected by the aecial stage of a rust fungus in June of 2008. Representative plants in the population were infected with aecia on more than 50% of the leaves. Aecia were amphigenous, gregarious, cupulate, pulverulent, yellowish, and erumpent with a hyaline to whitish peridium having a lacerate, somewhat recurved margin. Peridial cells were rhomboidal, 26 to 31 × 25 to 29 μm, smooth to finely verrucose. Aeciospores were globose to ellipsoid, 23.5 to 29 × 20.5 to 22 μm, hyaline to pale yellowish with a verrucose surface and hyaline walls 1.5 to 2 μm thick. Morphological characters corresponded to a reference specimen (BPI 000105) of the aecial stage of Uromyces acuminatus Arthur from Nova Scotia, as well as published descriptions (1,2). Subsequently, telia of U. acuminatus were discovered on Spartina patens (Aiton) Muhl. (Poaceae) in May of 2009 in New London County, CT. Telia were adaxial, intercostal, scattered to gregarious, linear and at times elongate, dark brown to black, pulverulent, and erumpent. Teliospores were obovate to ellipsoid with rounded to acuminate apices rarely having two points, 30 to 41 × 19 to 24 μm, with a smooth surface and brownish-yellow to brown walls 9 to 14 μm thick at apex, which is sometimes paler, and 1 to 3 μm thick laterally, pedicels with a portion persisting on the teliospore that is up to 82 μm long and brownish-yellow. The ITS2 and 5′ region of the 28S rDNA (998 bp) from the rust on H. peploides (GenBank Accession No. GU109282, BPI 879300) and the rust on S. patens (GenBank Accession No. GU058008, BPI 879285B) were sequenced to confirm the identification of U. acuminatus on H. peploides with the resulting sequences identical. U. acuminatus is widespread in the eastern United States and Canada (1–3). The telial stage is found on Spartina spp., while the aecial stage is found on numerous taxa including members of the Asparagaceae (formerly Ruscaceae, Liliaceae), Caryophyllaceae, Polemoniaceae, and Primulaceae (1–3). Puccinia arenariae (Schumach.) G. Winter, previously reported from H. peploides (4), is microcyclic and stages 0, I, and II are unknown. To our knowledge, this is the first report of U. acuminatus on the genus Honckenya. This report has significance to natural resource conservation managers and scientists working in endangered plant habitats because H. peploides and H. peploides subsp. robusta are listed as plants of special concern or endangered/extirpated in Connecticut, Maryland, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island (4). References: (1) J. C. Arthur. Order Uredinales. N. Am. Flora 7(3):161, 1912. (2) G. B. Cummins. The Rust Fungi of Cereals, Grasses and Bamboos. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1971. (3) D. F. Farr and A. Y. Rossman. Fungal Databases. Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory. Online publication. ARS, USDA, 2009. (4) USDA, NRCS. The PLANTS Database. Online publication. National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 2009.

Rhagoletis cingulata. [Distribution map].

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Prunus Avium ◽  
District Of Columbia ◽  
Sour Cherry ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
New Distribution ◽  
Distribution In Europe

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Rhagoletis cingulata (Loew). Diptera: Tephritidae. Hosts: sweet cherry (Prunus avium), sour cherry (P. cerasus), mahaleb cherry (P. mahaleb) and black cherry (P. serotina). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hungary, Netherlands, Slovenia and Switzerland) and North America (Canada, Ontario, Quebec, Saskatchewan, Mexico, USA, Arizona, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Mississippi, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and Wisconsin).

Host factors related to fruit rot of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) caused by Botrytis cinerea

2014 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 513-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. P. Tarbath ◽  
P. F. Measham ◽  
M. Glen ◽  
K. M. Barry
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Prunus Avium ◽  
Host Factors ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Prunus Avium L

scholarly journals Willingness to Buy New Ethnic Produce Items: A Study of Latino Consumers from Mexico and Puerto Rico in the Eastern United States

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 202-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramu Govindasamy ◽  
Venkata S. Puduri ◽  
James E. Simon
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Rhode Island ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Value Judgments ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Group Perceptions ◽  
Willingness To Buy

The purpose of this study was to predict Latinos', consumers from Mexico and Puerto Rico, willingness to buy ethnic produce recently introduced or new to market. Specifically, we analyzed and compared socioeconomic characteristics of 542 Mexican and Puerto Rican consumers and expressed value judgments on their willingness to buy ethnic produce that has been recently introduced or new to market. This study was based on a primary data set collected from interviewing 542 Latino consumers (Mexico and Puerto Rico origin). A bilingual questionnaire was prepared in Spanish and English for Mexicans and Puerto Ricans in 16 states (Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Vermont, and Virginia) and Washington, DC. Attributes that contributed toward willingness to buy new ethnic produce include respondent's expenditure on total produce and ethnic produce, perceptions such as the importance of store availability, language, willingness to buy locally grown, organic, genetically modified, and country of origin labeled produce items. This information will assist market intermediaries and farmers better understand Latino consumers' (Mexico and Puerto Rico group) perceptions and factors that drive willingness to buy ethnic produce that is recently introduced or new to market.

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