scholarly journals Discovery of Potato Rot Nematode, Ditylenchus destructor, Infesting Garlic in Ontario, Canada

Plant Disease ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Q. Yu ◽  
M. A. Zaida ◽  
B. Hughes ◽  
M. Celetti
Keyword(s):  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
The Body ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Suspected Case ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Quarantine Species ◽  
Infested Field ◽  
Ditylenchus Dipsaci ◽  
Ditylenchus Destructor ◽  
Stem And Bulb Nematode

Potato rot nematode, Ditylenchus destructor Thorne, 1945, is a serious nematode pest in a number of root and tube crops, primarily in potatoes, and is an internationally quarantined pest (2). In garlic, it was only reported in Japan (3). In 2011, a survey was conducted for the stem and bulb nematode, Ditylenchus dipsaci (Kühn) Filipjev in Ontario, Canada. PCR analysis revealed that a population of Ditylenchus from one garlic (Allium sativum) bulb sample in a 0.81-ha field (2-acre) in the Ottawa area had a significantly longer ITS1 (approximately 100 bp) than that of D. dipsaci. Subsequent morphology and DNA sequencing concluded that the population was Ditylenchus destructor, a quarantine species in Canada. Twenty females and twenty males were fixed and permanently mounted for morphological studies. The main diagnostic characters matched the description of D. destructor by Thorne (4). The female stylets had strong knobs, 11.1 ± 0.9 (10 to 12) μm long, lateral fields with six distinct lines in the middle section of the body, excretory pore 4.7 ± 1.3 (3 to 6) μm posterior to the hemizonid, esophageal base bulb overlaps dorsally with the intestine, post-vulval uterine sac extends up to two-thirds of the vulva-anus distance, and tail terminus finely rounded. A total of 20 nematode individuals were used for the molecular studies. They had 5-bp differences with the ITS1 (GenBank Accession No. EF208210; 650 bp) sequence of an isolate from Sihong County, China. The sequence of the partial 18S gene (GenBank Accession No. AY593912; 864 bp) was identical to the sequence of an isolate of D. destructor in the Netherlands. The detection of stem and bulb nematode was also confirmed from the field. Infested garlic plants were stunted and the basal bulbs became dark and somewhat rotten. Prior to this finding in Canada, D. destructor was only reported in a few isolated locations in the province of Prince Edward Island (PEI) in 1946 (1). The nematodes in PEI were effectively controlled. Another suspected case in British Columbia was not confirmed since the infested field had been known to be infested with D. dipsaci. To our knowledge, this is the first report of D. destructor on the mainland of Canada. The infested field has been subjected to strict quarantine measures to prevent the spread of the pest. Reference: (1) A. D. Baker et al. Sci. Agric. 26:138, 1946. (2) EPPO. No. 123. Data Sheets on Quarantined Organisms. Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bull. 8, 1978. (3) T. Fujimura et al. Jpn. J. Nematol. 8:22, 1989. (4) G. Thorne. Proc. Helminthol. Soc. Wash. 12:27, 1945.

scholarly journals MORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES IN EXPERIMENTAL CRETINISM

1913 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 636-652 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur L. Tatum
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Degenerative Changes ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Cellular Changes ◽  
Anatomical Basis ◽  
Parenchymatous Organ ◽  
Islands Of Langerhans

In summarizing the findings of this paper it may be said that degenerative changes have been noted in practically every parenchymatous organ. Among these the most striking has been that of serous imbibition by the most active cells of these organs. In regard to the changes in the glands of internal secretion, the findings corroborate the statements of Cushing in regard to hypophysectomy, that removal of one gland of internal secretion results in changes in all the other glands. In this case, degenerative changes predominate in the hypophysis, thymus, ovary, and testis, while hyperplasia is seen in the islands of Langerhans and the medullas of the adrenal glands. Finally, in the rabbit athyroidism is responsible for grave degenerative changes in practically all organs and tissues of the body, and many of the symptoms of cretinism have an anatomical basis in organic cellular changes.

Ditylenchus dipsaci. [Distribution map].

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Russian Far East ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Far East ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Mainland Portugal ◽  
Central Russia ◽  
Ditylenchus Dipsaci

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Ditylenchus dipsaci (Kühn) Filipjev Nematoda: Tylenchida: Anguinidae Hosts: Many crop and ornamental plants. Information is given on the geographical distribution in EUROPE, Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Mainland France, Germany, Greece, Mainland Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Mainland Italy, Sicily, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Malta, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Azores, Mainland Portugal, Romania, Central Russia Russian Far East, Southern Russia, Western Siberia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Mainland Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, England and Wales, Scotland, Ukraine, Yugoslavia (Fed. Rep.), ASIA, Armenia, Azerbaijan, China, Gansu, Hebei, Henan, Shandong, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Cyprus, Republic of Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Honshu, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Korea Republic, Kyrgyzstan, Oman, Pakistan, Syria, Taiwan, Turkey, Uzbekistan, Yemen, AFRICA, Algeria, Kenya, Morocco, Reunion, South Africa, Tunisia, NORTH AMERICA, Canada, Alberta, British Columbia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Saskatchewan, Mexico, USA, Alabama, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Michigan, Montana, New York, North Carolina, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, Virginia, Washington, Wyoming, CENTRAL AMERICA & CARIBBEAN, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Haiti, SOUTH AMERICA, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Minas Gerais, Paraiba, Parana, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela, OCEANIA, Australia, New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia, New Zealand.

scholarly journals First Report of Ditylenchus dipsaci on Garlic in Minnesota

Plant Disease ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 96 (11) ◽  
pp. 1707-1707 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. S. Mollov ◽  
S. A. Subbotin ◽  
Carl Rosen
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
28S Rrna ◽  
Gene Sequences ◽  
Surrounding Water ◽  
Pharyngeal Bulb ◽  
First Report ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Ditylenchus Dipsaci

In the summer of 2011, two independent garlic samples from Morrison and Dakota counties and in 2012 one garlic sample from Carver county in Minnesota were submitted by commercial growers to the University of Minnesota Plant Disease Clinic for disease analyses. Symptoms of the above-ground plant parts were stunting and chlorosis. Symptoms of bulbs were necrosis, underdevelopment, and distortion. Upon microscopic examination, phytonematodes exuded into the surrounding water droplet. Nematodes were present in the protective leaves, abscission zone, and cloves in all submitted bulbs (n = 18) for analyses. Morphometric examination of females, males, and juveniles determined that they were Ditylenchus dipsaci. Nematodes extracted from garlic cloves were fixed in TAF (97 ml formalin [40%], 2 ml triethanolamine, and 91 ml dH2O). Morphological observations and measurements were made under an Olympus BX51 microscope equipped with a Nomarski differential interference contrast. Female (n = 6) measurements were: L = 1.411 to 1.636 mm, a = 38 to 44, b = 5.8 to 8.0, c = 14 to 17, stylet = 11.5 to 12.3 μm, V = 79 to 81%, and tail = 95 to 105 μm. The body was almost straight, when heat relaxed, lip region flattened, median bulb oval, and isthmus elongate and slender. The basal pharyngeal bulb overlapped the intestine. The post-vulval uterine branch was about half of vulva-anus distance. The tail was conoid with a pointed terminus. Male (n = 9) measurements were: L = 1.372 to 1.558 mm, a = 40 to 50, b = 6.5 to 7.0, c = 14 to 16, stylet = 11.5 to 12.3 μm, spicules = 22 to 27 μm, and gubernaculum = 9 to 10 μm. The bursa was leptoderan and spicules were curved with simple gubernaculum. Morphology and morphometrics of females and males of D. dipsaci from Minnesota generally fit the descriptions provided for the type and other populations by Hopper (1) and other authors. Several specimens were also taken for molecular identification. DNA extraction, PCR, and sequencing protocols were as described by Subbotin et al. (2). The TW81 and AB28 primers were used for amplification of ITS-rRNA region and the D2A and D3B primers were used for amplification of the D2-D3 expansion segments of 28S rRNA gene. Comparison of the ITS and D2-D3 of 28 rRNA gene sequences showed 100 and 99% identity with corresponding gene sequences of D. dipsaci published in the GenBank (2). The sequences were submitted in the GenBank under accession numbers JX123258 and X123259. This nematode problem has not been known to occur in either of these locations previously. The most likely source of introduction of D. dipsaci are imported garlic seed bulbs. To our knowledge, this is the first report of D. dipsaci affecting garlic or any other crops in Minnesota. The garlic produced in these locations was considered unmarketable and complete loss to the farmers. The presence of D. dipsaci could have a significant economic impact in the emerging multi-million dollar garlic industry in Minnesota. References: (1) D. J. Hooper. Ditylenchus dipsaci. CIH Descriptions of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes Set 1, No. 14, 1972. (2) S. A. Subbotin et al. Phytopathology 95:1308, 2005.

scholarly journals Identification of the Leader-Body Junctions for the Viral Subgenomic mRNAs and Organization of the Simian Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Genome: Evidence for Gene Duplication during Arterivirus Evolution

1998 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 862-867 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. K. Godeny ◽  
A. A. F. de Vries ◽  
X. C. Wang ◽  
S. L. Smith ◽  
R. J. de Groot
Keyword(s):  
Consensus Sequence ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Comparative Sequence Analysis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fever Virus ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Virus Family ◽  
Simian Hemorrhagic Fever Virus ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever Virus

ABSTRACT Simian hemorrhagic fever virus (SHFV) was recently reclassified and assigned to the new virus family Arteriviridae. During replication, arteriviruses produce a 3′ coterminal, nested set of subgenomic mRNAs (sgRNAs). These sgRNAs arise by discontinuous transcription, and each contains a 5′ leader sequence which is joined to the body of the mRNA through a conserved junction sequence. Only the 5′-most open reading frame (ORF) is believed to be transcribed from each sgRNA. The SHFV genome encodes nine ORFs that are presumed to be expressed from sgRNAs. However, reverse transcription-PCR analysis with leader- and ORF-specific primers identified only eight sgRNA species. The consensus sequence 5′-UCNUUAACC-3′ was identified as the junction motif. Our data suggest that sgRNA 2 may be bicistronic, expressing both ORF 2a and ORF 2b. SHFV encodes three more ORFs on its genome than the other arteriviruses. Comparative sequence analysis suggested that SHFV ORFs 2a, 2b, and 3 are related to ORFs 2 through 4 of the other arteriviruses. Evidence which suggests that SHFV ORFs 4 through 6 are related to ORFs 2a through 3 and may have resulted from a recombination event during virus evolution is presented.

Abstract 19144: Fish Oil and Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors: a Novel Strategy to Manage Obesity-linked Dyslipidemia

Circulation ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 130 (suppl_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Viswanathan Saraswathi ◽  
Curtis Perriotte-Olson ◽  
Robert D Heineman ◽  
Cyrus V Desouza
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Endothelial Activation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cox Inhibitor ◽  
High Doses

Introduction: Dyslipidemia is a prevalent condition in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Although fish oil rich in omega-3 fatty acids (ω-3) is a widely used hypolipidemic agent, it is often required at high doses. At high doses, these fatty acids can induce oxidative stress or endothelial activation and therefore, strategies to improve their beneficial effects are needed. We previously reported that fish oil in combination with cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors exerts enhanced hypolipidemic and anti-inflammatory effects in low density lipoprotein receptor knock-out mice. Here, we sought to determine the effects of ω-3 fatty acids in combination with naproxen (NX), a COX inhibitor, on dyslipidemia and gene expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue (scAT) in humans. Methods: Obese dyslipidemic patients were randomly assigned to receive one of these interventions (n=8/group) for 12 wk: 1) Standard nutrition counseling (control), 2) ω-3 (2 g twice daily), 3) NX (220 mg twice daily), and 4) ω-3 (2 g twice daily) + NX (220 mg twice daily). Results: The body mass index, HOMA-IR, and plasma total, LDL, and HDL cholesterol levels were not altered significantly in any of the groups. The percent change in plasma triglycerides (TG) from baseline was 75% ( P <0.1) and 68% ( P <0.05) in ω-3 and ω3 + NX-treated subjects, respectively. Notably, 25% of subjects who received ω-3s alone did not show a reduction in TG whereas all the patients that received ω-3 + NX showed a reduction in TG. Realtime PCR analysis of scAT showed that the expression of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT-4), a marker of glucose uptake and a key regulator of glucose homeostasis was significantly reduced in ω-3 compared to control group ( P <0.01). However, combining NX with ω-3 abolished this effect. Moreover, the expression of MCP-1 and VCAM-1, markers of inflammatory response or endothelial activation, was significantly increased in ω-3 but not in ω-3 + NX group. The plasma levels of MCP-1 and E-selectin did not vary significantly in any of the groups. Conclusions: Our data reveal previously unrecognized effects of fish oil in scAT. Our data suggest that combining NX with ω-3 fatty acids will increase their effectiveness in reducing plasma TG and improve the benefits of ω-3 supplements by favorably altering gene expression in scAT.

Phloem long-distance transport of CmNACP mRNA: implications for supracellular regulation in plants

Development ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 126 (20) ◽  
pp. 4405-4419 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Ruiz-Medrano ◽  
B. Xoconostle-Cazares ◽  
W.J. Lucas
Keyword(s):  
Higher Plants ◽  
Phloem Transport ◽  
The Body ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Long Distance Transport ◽  
Meristem Development

Direct support for the concept that RNA molecules circulate throughout the plant, via the phloem, is provided through the characterisation of mRNA from phloem sap of mature pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) leaves and stems. One of these mRNAs, CmNACP, is a member of the NAC domain gene family, some of whose members have been shown to be involved in apical meristem development. In situ RT-PCR analysis revealed the presence of CmNACP RNA in the companion cell-sieve element complex of leaf, stem and root phloem. Longitudinal and transverse sections showed continuity of transcript distribution between meristems and sieve elements of the protophloem, suggesting CmNACP mRNA transport over long distances and accumulation in vegetative, root and floral meristems. In situ hybridization studies conducted on CmNACP confirmed the results obtained using in situ RT-PCR. Phloem transport of CmNACP mRNA was proved directly by heterograft studies between pumpkin and cucumber plants, in which CmNACP transcripts were shown to accumulate in cucumber scion phloem and apical tissues. Similar experiments were conducted with 7 additional phloem-related transcripts. Collectively, these studies established the existence of a system for the delivery of specific mRNA transcripts from the body of the plant to the shoot apex. These findings provide insight into the presence of a novel mechanism likely used by higher plants to integrate developmental and physiological processes on a whole-plant basis.

Validation of extraction methods for diagnosis of the stem and bulb nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 597-602
Author(s):  
Sandra Poirier ◽  
Nathalie Dauphinais ◽  
Guy Bélair ◽  
Valérie Gravel ◽  
Benjamin Mimee
Keyword(s):  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Ditylenchus Dipsaci ◽  
Stem And Bulb Nematode

scholarly journals First Report of Stem and Bulb Nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci on Garlic in New Mexico

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-92
Author(s):  
Jason M. French ◽  
Jacki Beacham ◽  
Amanda Garcia ◽  
Natalie P. Goldberg ◽  
Stephen H. Thomas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
New Mexico ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
The State ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
First Report ◽  
Important Pest ◽  
Ditylenchus Dipsaci ◽  
Production Areas ◽  
Stem And Bulb Nematode

Taken together, symptoms present, microscopic characterization, and ITS-1 sequence data indicate New Mexico garlic samples infested with Ditylenchus dipsaci, making this the first known report of this pest in the state. This discovery is significant because D. dipsaci can be a persistent pest and has the potential to cause significant economic losses on agronomically important hosts including onion, garlic, and alfalfa. Its longevity in the soil and international trade issues will be concerns for producers. Monitoring of production areas in the region will be performed to determine if this was an isolated and contained introduction or if this important pest has become established in New Mexico.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document