scholarly journals Climate Suitability for Magnaporthe oryzae Triticum Pathotype in the United States

Plant Disease ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 100 (10) ◽  
pp. 1979-1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian D. Cruz ◽  
Roger D. Magarey ◽  
David N. Christie ◽  
Glenn A. Fowler ◽  
Jose M. Fernandes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Magnaporthe Oryzae ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
The United States ◽  
Blast Disease ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Wheat Production ◽  
Threshold Levels ◽  
Wheat Blast ◽  
Production Areas

Wheat blast, caused by the Triticum pathotype of Magnaporthe oryzae, is an emerging disease considered to be a limiting factor to wheat production in various countries. Given the importance of wheat blast as a high-consequence plant disease, weather-based infection models were used to estimate the probabilities of M. oryzae Triticum establishment and wheat blast outbreaks in the United States. The models identified significant disease risk in some areas. With the threshold levels used, the models predicted that the climate was adequate for maintaining M. oryzae Triticum populations in 40% of winter wheat production areas of the United States. Disease outbreak threshold levels were only reached in 25% of the country. In Louisiana, Mississippi, and Florida, the probability of years suitable for outbreaks was greater than 70%. The models generated in this study should provide the foundation for more advanced models in the future, and the results reported could be used to prioritize research efforts regarding the biology of M. oryzae Triticum and the epidemiology of the wheat blast disease.

scholarly journals A Standardized Inoculation Protocol to Test Wheat Cultivars for Reaction to Head Blast Caused by Magnaporthe oryzae (Triticum pathotype)

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 186-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. D. Cruz ◽  
W. W. Bockus ◽  
J. P. Stack ◽  
B. Valent ◽  
J. N. Maciel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Magnaporthe Oryzae ◽  
The United States ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Wheat Production ◽  
Wheat Blast ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Biosafety Level

Wheat blast, caused by the Triticum pathotype of Magnaporthe oryzae, poses a significant threat to wheat production worldwide. Because this pathotype does not occur in the United States, it is important to prepare for its possible introduction. As part of this preparation, over 500 U.S. wheat cultivars were tested for susceptibility or resistance to head blast. Inoculations were conducted under biosafety level 3 conditions. However, the protocols to phenotype wheat cultivars vary among researchers, and head blast inoculation protocols need to be standardized so that results can be easily interpreted and shared internationally. The protocol presented, based on several years' experience, is recommended for common use to facilitate direct comparison of disease phenotyping results among researchers. Accepted for publication 12 August 2016.

scholarly journals Soil supplementation with Si, B and Zn and their synergetic effects in reducing severity of wheat blast (Magnaporthe oryzae Triticum)

2022 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 76-84
Author(s):  
MH Kabir ◽  
HR Nayan ◽  
MA Abedin ◽  
MB Meah
Keyword(s):  
Magnaporthe Oryzae ◽  
Susceptible Variety ◽  
Blast Disease ◽  
Management Approach ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Wheat Blast ◽  
Soil Preparation ◽  
Cropping Seasons ◽  
House Condition ◽  
Chemical Pesticides

Wheat blast (Magnaporthe oryzae Triticum) in Bangladesh and South America is recognized as one major limiting factor of wheat production. Its control using chemical pesticides raises concerns about food safety and pesticide resistance, which have dictated the need for alternative blast management approach, nutrient supplementation could be an ecofriendly alternative. Experiments were carried out under confined net house condition for two consecutive cropping seasons. Single doses of the nutrients (Si, B and Zn) were incorporated during soil preparation. Plants of the wheat blast susceptible variety BARI Gom-26 were inoculated with spores (1 x 107 spores ml-1) of Magnaporthe oryzae Triticum at blast vulnerable pre-heading stage of 52 days age. Typical wheat blast symptoms of spike bleaching from top to downward appeared on sight 14 days after inoculation i.e., 66 days age of the crop. Incidence and severity of blast bleaching of spike were scored for four times starting from 68 days age @ three day’s interval. None of the nutrients could stop the incidence of blast on wheat; however, some nutrients reduced the blast incidence significantly. Solo application of Si, B and Zn or combination of two caused significant reduction of spike bleaching. With the mixed application of Si, B and Zn, > 47% reduction of wheat blast severity was obtained. The results revealed that the soil application of silicon, zinc and boron had a synergistic effect on the intensity of blast disease of wheat. Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 11(2): 76-84, Dec 2021

scholarly journals The Lolium Pathotype of Magnaporthe oryzae Recovered from a Single Blasted Wheat Plant in the United States

Plant Disease ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 101 (5) ◽  
pp. 684-692 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Farman ◽  
Gary Peterson ◽  
Li Chen ◽  
John Starnes ◽  
Barbara Valent ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South America ◽  
Magnaporthe Oryzae ◽  
Wheat Plant ◽  
The United States ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
University Of Kentucky ◽  
Wheat Blast ◽  
First Occurrence ◽  
Mycelial Mass

Wheat blast is a devastating disease that was first identified in Brazil and has subsequently spread to surrounding countries in South America. In May 2011, disease scouting in a University of Kentucky wheat trial plot in Princeton, KY identified a single plant with disease symptoms that differed from the Fusarium head blight that was present in surrounding wheat. The plant in question bore a single diseased head that was bleached yellow from a point about one-third up the rachis to the tip. A gray mycelial mass was observed at the boundary of the healthy tissue and microscopic examination of this material revealed pyriform spores consistent with a Magnaporthe sp. The pathogen was subsequently identified as Magnaporthe oryzae through amplification and sequencing of molecular markers, and genome sequencing revealed that the U.S. wheat blast isolate was most closely related to an M. oryzae strain isolated from annual ryegrass in 2002 and quite distantly related to M. oryzae strains causing wheat blast in South America. The suspect isolate was pathogenic to wheat, as indicated by growth chamber inoculation tests. We conclude that this first occurrence of wheat blast in the United States was most likely caused by a strain that evolved from an endemic Lolium-infecting pathogen and not by an exotic introduction from South America. Moreover, we show that M. oryzae strains capable of infecting wheat have existed in the United States for at least 16 years. Finally, evidence is presented that the environmental conditions in Princeton during the spring of 2011 were unusually conducive to the early production of blast inoculum.

scholarly journals Determining an effective and economic fungicide spray schedule for reducing blast of wheat

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-16
Author(s):  
MH Kabir ◽  
FS Tisha ◽  
HR Nayan ◽  
MA Islam ◽  
MA Kashem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnaporthe Oryzae ◽  
Blast Disease ◽  
Resistant Variety ◽  
Susceptible Cultivar ◽  
Wheat Production ◽  
Wheat Blast ◽  
Interval Plants ◽  
Single Compound ◽  
Cropping Seasons ◽  
Heading Stage

Wheat blast, caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae pathotype Triticum (MoT), constitutes one of the major obstacles to the expansion of wheat production in Bangladesh. In the absence of resistant variety, fungicide control is the first-hand effort. Determining an effective and economic fungicide spray schedule in controlling blast disease of wheat was aimed. Ten fungicides were tested during two consecutive cropping seasons of 2018-2019 to 2019-2020. The wheat plants of blast susceptible cultivar BARI Gom 26 were inoculated with spores (107 spores ml-1) of MoT at pre-heading stage of wheat (52 days age). Fungicides were applied both before inoculation and after the appearance of blast symptoms in cocktail for three times starting from booting of wheat at 7 days interval. Plants received the combination of Filia (Tricyclazole 40% + Propiconazole 12.5%) and Seltima (Pyraclostrobin 10%) had significantly lower blast incidence and severity (1.23% and 3.33%) against untreated plants. Cocktail of Nativo and Trooper (Tricyclazole 75 wp) proved 2nd best curative measure. Application of Nativo (Tebuconazole 50% + Trifloxystrobin 25%) alone ranked third in its efficacy. The fungicide spray schedule covered booting, pre-heading and heading stages of wheat. The results indicate a mixture of Tebuconazole + Tricyclazole + Pyraclostrobin is more effective (97% blast reduction) and economic (BCR 1.45) than a single compound application in reducing incidence and severity of wheat blast. Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 11(1): 10-16, June 2021

scholarly journals Recovery Plan for Wheat Blast Caused by Magnaporthe oryzae Pathotype Triticum

2021 ◽  
pp. PHP-11-20-0101-
Author(s):  
Barbara Valent ◽  
Giovana Cruppe ◽  
James P. Stack ◽  
C. D. Cruz ◽  
Mark L. Farman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Magnaporthe Oryzae ◽  
Wheat Variety ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
The United States ◽  
Aegilops Ventricosa ◽  
Wheat Blast ◽  
Rainy Weather ◽  
Red Winter Wheat

Wheat blast is an explosive new fungal disease of wheat caused by an Magnaporthe oryzae (synonym of Pyricularia oryzae) host-adapted subpopulation, the M. oryzae Triticum pathotype (MoT). MoT has been found in South America, South Asia, and Africa, but not in the United States. Wheat blast caused by the MoT fungus was first reported in Brazil in 1985 and subsequently spread to Bolivia, Paraguay, and Argentina in the 1990s and 2000s. The disease first appeared in Bangladesh in 2016 and in Zambia in 2017. The MoT fungus is seedborne, and the most likely route for movement across oceans was though grain trade. Wheat head (spike) blast is the predominant form of the disease in the field, although foliar and stem blast also occurs. The disease has proven hard to control when weather conditions are conducive, often resulting in devastating yield and quality losses. The only currently effective resistance, contained in the 2NvS translocation from the wild wheat relative Aegilops ventricosa, confers partial resistance that is variable depending on the genetic background of the specific wheat variety. Fungicides are not fully effective in controlling wheat head blast if warm, humid weather occurs during the heading stage. A major disease management strategy in areas where the disease occurs involves timing the wheat planting date so that heading does not coincide with warm rainy weather. A climate suitability model for the United States indicates that all of U.S. soft red winter wheat and about half of the hard red winter wheat are at risk.

Expansion of Groundnut ringspot virus Host and Geographic Ranges in Solanaceous Vegetables in Peninsular Florida

2011 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig G. Webster ◽  
William W. Turechek ◽  
H. Charles Mellinger ◽  
Galen Frantz ◽  
Nancy Roe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Viral Pathogen ◽  
Geographic Ranges ◽  
First Report ◽  
Geographic Spread ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Production Areas ◽  
Solanaceous Plants

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of GRSV infecting tomatillo and eggplant, and it is the first report of GRSV infecting pepper in the United States. This first identification of GRSV-infected crop plants in commercial fields in Palm Beach and Manatee Counties demonstrates the continuing geographic spread of the virus into additional vegetable production areas of Florida. This information indicates that a wide range of solanaceous plants is likely to be infected by this emerging viral pathogen in Florida and beyond. Accepted for publication 27 June 2011. Published 25 July 2011.

scholarly journals Comparative Genetic Analysis of Magnaporthe oryzae Isolates Causing Gray Leaf Spot of Perennial Ryegrass Turf in the United States and Japan

Plant Disease ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 91 (5) ◽  
pp. 517-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Tosa ◽  
W. Uddin ◽  
G. Viji ◽  
S. Kang ◽  
S. Mayama
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Magnaporthe Oryzae ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gray Leaf Spot ◽  
Genetic Lineage ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii

Gray leaf spot caused by Magnaporthe oryzae is a serious disease of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) turf in golf course fairways in the United States and Japan. Genetic relationships among M. oryzae isolates from perennial ryegrass (prg) isolates within and between the two countries were examined using the repetitive DNA elements MGR586, Pot2, and MAGGY as DNA fingerprinting probes. In all, 82 isolates of M. oryzae, including 57 prg isolates from the United States collected from 1995 to 2001, 1 annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) isolate from the United States collected in 1972, and 24 prg isolates from Japan collected from 1996 to 1999 were analyzed in this study. Hybridization with the MGR586 probe resulted in approximately 30 DNA fragments in 75 isolates (designated major MGR586 group) and less than 15 fragments in the remaining 7 isolates (designated minor MGR586 group). Both groups were represented among the 24 isolates from Japan. All isolates from the United States, with the exception of one isolate from Maryland, belonged to the major MGR586 group. Some isolates from Japan exhibited MGR586 fingerprints that were identical to several isolates collected in Pennsylvania. Similarly, fingerprinting analysis with the Pot2 probe also indicated the presence of two distinct groups: isolates in the major MGR586 group showed fingerprinting profiles comprising 20 to 25 bands, whereas the isolates in the minor MGR586 group had less than 10 fragments. When MAGGY was used as a probe, two distinct fingerprint types, one exhibiting more than 30 hybridizing bands (type I) and the other with only 2 to 4 bands (type II), were identified. Although isolates of both types were present in the major MGR586 group, only the type II isolates were identified in the minor MGR586 group. The parsimony tree obtained from combined MGR586 and Pot2 data showed that 71 of the 82 isolates belonged to a single lineage, 5 isolates formed four different lineages, and the remaining 6 (from Japan) formed a separate lineage. This study indicates that the predominant groups of M. oryzae associated with the recent outbreaks of gray leaf spot in Japan and the United States belong to the same genetic lineage.

scholarly journals Genetic Testing by Sports Medicine Physicians in the United States: Attitudes, Experiences, and Knowledge

Sports ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 145
Author(s):  
Eleanor Taranto ◽  
Michael Fishman ◽  
Holly Benjamin ◽  
Lainie Ross
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Genetic Testing ◽  
Sports Medicine ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Expert Knowledge ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Sickle Cell Trait ◽  
Positive Family History ◽  
The United States ◽  
Medical Society

It remains unknown whether and how sports medicine physicians currently utilize genetic testing in their clinical practice. This study sought to assess knowledge of, experience with, and attitudes towards genetic testing by sports medicine physicians in the United States (US). An email with a survey hyperlink was distributed twice to members of the American Medical Society for Sports Medicine (AMSSM) listserv in September 2016, with approximately a 10% response rate. Questions focused on knowledge of, experience with, and attitudes towards testing for different genes related to sports proficiency, injury risk, and disease risk. Few AMSSM physicians believe that genetic testing to adapt training (12%) or to choose a sport (2%) is ready for clinical adoption. Most respondents self-reported minimal knowledge about, and limited experience with, genetic testing. The main exception was screening for sickle cell trait (SCT) for which most (84%) reported moderate/significant/expert knowledge and over two-thirds had ordered testing. Although most respondents thought it appropriate to counsel and test for health conditions associated with cardiac and connective tissue disorders in the setting of a positive family history, only a minority had been asked to do so. Five or fewer respondents (2%) had been asked to test for performance-associated variants (Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) II and Alpha-Actinin 3 (ACTN3)), and five or fewer (2%) would recommend changes based on the results. Our study provides a baseline of current US sports medicine physicians’ minimal experiences with, and knowledge of, genetic testing. The findings of our study indicate that sports medicine physicians require further genetics education as it relates to sports and exercise in order to be prepared to competently engage with their patients and to develop sound professional organizational policies.

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