Efficacy of Hypochlorite in Disinfesting Non-fungal Plant Pathogens in Agricultural and Horticultural Plant Production: A Meta-analysis

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Warren Copes ◽  
Peter S. Ojiambo
Keyword(s):  
Contact Time ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
True Effect ◽  
Fungal Plant Pathogens ◽  
Meta Regression

Bleach products containing hypochlorite are commonly used as disinfestants to eliminate non-fungal plant pathogens from production surfaces, tools, plant surfaces, irrigation water, and produce dump tanks. While bleach products are useful, their effectiveness has been reported to vary under specific settings. A meta-analysis was conducted using 86 studies to assess the overall efficacy of hypochlorite against plant pathogenic bacteria, oomycetes and viruses and to identify factors that explain differences in product efficacy. Hypochlorite resulted in a significant (P < 0.0001) reduction in either disease intensity or propagule viability with a mean Hedges’ g standardized mean difference (g+ ) of 3.01, indicating that overall, hypochlorite treatments are highly effective. However, heterogeneity in g was significant (P < 0.0001) among studies, wherein 69.8% of the variance observed in g was attributed to true effects. Further, an estimate of between-study variability was moderate (τ2 = 1.46). Random effects (RE) meta-regression showed limited effects of moderator variables dose, contact time, targeted material of treatment and organism type on product efficacy when all organism types were considered together. Since subgroup was significantly higher (P = 0.0070) for oomycetes (g+ = 3.30) than for bacteria ( g+ = 2.19), subsequent meta-regressions were performed by organism type. For oomycetes, five RE meta-regression models, each containing two moderators and their interaction, resulted in significant (P = 0.05) effects, where models with dose and time, dose and genus, time and genus, dose and target and time and target accounted for up to 50%, 71%, 57%, 48% and 47%, respectively, of the variance in true effect sizes (R2) associated with g+. For viruses, only the RE meta-regression model containing time and target and their interaction resulted in significant (P = 0.0435) effects accounting for 38% of the variance in true effect sizes associated with g+. None of the RE meta-regression models for bacteria were significant, although they still accounted for up to 28% of the variance in true effect sizes associated with g+. These results show that although the current recommended rates for dose and contact time for commercial bleach products are generally expected to result in effective disinfestation, the efficacy against non-fungal plant pathogens is expected to be influenced by the organism type and target being treated with hypochlorite.

scholarly journals Neurotrophic Factor Levels in Preterm Infants: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francieli Cristina Krey ◽  
Bruna Alvim Stocchero ◽  
Kerstin Camile Creutzberg ◽  
Bernardo Aguzzoli Heberle ◽  
Saulo Gantes Tractenberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Neurotrophic Factor ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Sample Type ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Meta Regression

Objectives: Through a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature we aimed to compare the levels of BDNF, NGF, NT-3, NT-4, and GDNF between human term and preterm infants, and investigate factors implicated in the variability of effect size estimates.Methods: The analysis was performed in three online databases, MEDLINE Complete, PsycINFO, and CINAHL. A random effects model was used to calculate the standardized mean difference (SMD) of neurotrophic factor levels in preterm infants vs. term within a 95% confidence interval (CI). To explore sources of heterogeneity meta-regression models were implemented.Results: Sixteen studies were included in this meta-analysis. A combined sample of 1,379 preterm and 1,286 term newborns were evaluated. We identified significant lower BDNF (SMD = −0.32; 95% CI: −0.59, −0.06; p = 0.014) and NT-3 (SMD = −0.31; 95% CI: −0.52, −0.09; p = 0.004) levels in preterm compared to term infants. No significant difference was observed in NGF and NT-4 levels between groups. Given that only two effect sizes were generated for GDNF levels, no meta-analytical model was performed. Meta-regression models revealed sample type (placental tissue, cerebrospinal fluid, peripheral blood, and umbilical cord blood) as a significant moderator of heterogeneity for BDNF meta-analysis. No significant associations were found for gestational week, birth weight, and clinical comorbidity of newborns with effect sizes.Conclusions: Our findings indicated that lower BDNF and NT-3 levels may be associated with preterm birth. Future studies with larger samples sizes should investigate neurodevelopmental manifestations resulting from neurotrophic factor dysregulation among preterm infants.

scholarly journals Infrastructure and Trade: A Meta-Analysis

REGION ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guney Celbis ◽  
Peter Nijkamp ◽  
Jacques Poot
Keyword(s):  
Regression Models ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Public Infrastructure ◽  
Transport Costs ◽  
Panel Data Estimation ◽  
Regression Techniques ◽  
Meta Regression ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Data Estimation

Low levels of infrastructure quality and quantity can create trade impediments through increased transport costs. Since the late 1990s an increasing number of trade studies have taken infrastructure into account. The purpose of the present paper is to quantify the importance of infrastructure for trade by means of meta-analysis and meta-regression techniques that synthesize various studies. The type of infrastructure that we focus on is mainly public infrastructure in transportation and communication. We examine the impact of infrastructure on trade by means of estimates obtained from 36 primary studies that yielded 542 infrastructure elasticities of trade. We explicitly take into account that infrastructure can be measured in various ways and that its impact depends on the location of the infrastructure. We estimate several meta-regression models that control for observed heterogeneity in terms of variation across different methodologies, infrastructure types, geographical areas and their economic features, model specifications, and publication characteristics. Additionally, random effects account for between-study unspecified heterogeneity, while publication bias is explicitly addressed by means of the Hedges model.  After controlling for all these issues we find that a 1 percent increase in own infrastructure increases exports by about 0.6 percent and imports by about 0.3 percent. Such elasticities are generally larger for developing countries, land infrastructure, IV or panel data estimation, and macro-level analyses. They also depend on the inclusion or exclusion of various common covariates in trade regressions.

scholarly journals Differences in Magnitude of Cue Reactivity Across Durations of Smoking History: A Meta-analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 1267-1276
Author(s):  
Joshua L Karelitz
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Cue Reactivity ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Smoking History ◽  
Cue Exposure ◽  
Reactivity Effect ◽  
Nicotine Intake ◽  
Meta Regression ◽  
Meta Regression Analysis

Abstract Background Cue-elicited craving may vary due to duration of smoking history, increasing as more years of smoking strengthen associations between nicotine intake and cues. However, research on this relationship is virtually absent. This project assessed the relationship between cue reactivity and years of smoking. Methods Data from 53 studies (68 effect sizes) were analyzed. Eligible studies were those measuring self-reported craving following cue exposure in nontreatment seeking smokers and reporting mean years smoking. Preliminary subgroup analyses identified methodological factors influencing cue-reactivity effect sizes; primary meta-regression analysis assessed differences across years smoking; exploratory analyses assessed potential for ceiling effects. Results Effect sizes varied due to abstinence requirement and cue presentation modality, but not dependence severity. Unexpectedly, meta-regression analysis revealed a decline in effect sizes across years smoking. Exploratory analyses suggested declines may have been due to a ceiling effect in craving measurement for those with longer smoking histories—more experienced smokers reported higher levels of craving at baseline or following neutral cue exposure, but all reported similar levels of craving after smoking cue exposure. Conclusions Methodological factors and duration of smoking history influenced measurement of cue reactivity. Highlighted were important relationships between years smoking and magnitude of cue reactivity, depending on use of baseline or neutral cue comparisons. Further research is needed to assess differences in cue reactivity due to duration of smoking history using participant-level data, directly testing for ceiling effects. In addition, cue-reactivity studies are needed across young adults to assess onset of associations between nicotine intake and cues. Implications This meta-analysis project contributes to the cue-reactivity literature by reporting on the previously ignored relationship between duration of smoking history and magnitude of cue-elicited craving. Results suggest that declines in cue-reactivity effect sizes across years of smoking may have been due to study-level methodological factors, but not due to differences in sample-level dependence severity. Cue-reactivity effect sizes were stable across years of smoking in studies using a neutral cue comparison but declined sharply in studies when baseline assessment (typically coupled with an abstinence requirement) was used.

scholarly journals Meta-Analysis Suggests Differing Indirect Effects of Viral, Bacterial, and Fungal Plant Pathogens on the Natural Enemies of Insect Herbivores

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 765
Author(s):  
Ussawit Srisakrapikoop ◽  
Tara J. Pirie ◽  
Mark D. E. Fellowes
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Plant Quality ◽  
Insect Herbivore ◽  
Insect Herbivores ◽  
Fungal Plant Pathogens

Indirect effects are ubiquitous in nature, and have received much attention in terrestrial plant–insect herbivore–enemy systems. In such tritrophic systems, changes in plant quality can have consequential effects on the behavior and abundance of insect predators and parasitoids. Plant quality as perceived by insect herbivores may vary for a range of reasons, including because of infection by plant pathogens. However, plant diseases vary in their origin (viral, bacterial or fungal) and as a result may have differing effects on plant physiology. To investigate if the main groups of plant pathogens differ in their indirect effects on higher trophic levels, we performed a meta-analysis using 216 measured responses from 29 primary studies. There was no overall effect of plant pathogens on natural enemy traits as differences between pathogen types masked their effects. Infection by fungal plant pathogens showed indirect negative effects on the performance and preference of natural enemies via both chewing and piercing-sucking insect herbivore feeding guilds. Infection by bacterial plant pathogens had a positive effect on the natural enemies (parasitoids) of chewing herbivores. Infection by viral plant pathogens showed no clear effect, although parasitoid preference may be positively affected by their presence. It is important to note that given the limited volume of studies to date on such systems, this work should be considered exploratory. Plant pathogens are very common in nature, and tritrophic systems provide an elegant means to examine the consequences of indirect interactions in ecology. We suggest that further studies examining how plant pathogens affect higher trophic levels would be of considerable value.

A-54 The Relationship between Age and MMSE Performance Amongst Individuals with Heart Failure

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 1096-1096
Author(s):  
Natasha Nemanim ◽  
Nicholas Lackey ◽  
Eric J Connors ◽  
Alexander O Hauson ◽  
Anna Pollard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Included Study ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Medium Effect ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Global Cognition ◽  
Meta Regression ◽  
K 12 ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Objective A previous meta-analysis assessing the impact of heart failure (HF) on cognition found the HF group performed more poorly than the healthy control (HC) on global cognition measures. The study observed a medium effect and moderate heterogeneity when using the Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE) to measure HF’s impact on global cognition. The current meta-regression explores whether the mean age of the HF group moderates performance on the MMSE when comparing HF patients to HC. Data Selection Two researchers independently searched eight databases, extracted data, and calculated effect sizes as part of a larger study. Inclusion criteria were: (a) adults with a diagnosis of HF, (b) comparison of HF patients to HC, and (c) adequate data to calculate effect sizes. Articles were excluded if patients had other types of organ failure, the article was not available in English, or there was a risk of sample overlap with another included study. Twelve articles (HF n = 1166 and HC n = 1948) were included. The unrestricted maximum likelihood computational model was used for the meta-regression. Data Synthesis Studies included in the meta-regression evidenced a statistically significant medium effect size estimate with moderate heterogeneity (k = 12, g = 0.671, p &lt; 0.001, I2 = 80.91%). The meta-regression was statistically significant (slope = −0.023, p = 0.0022, Qmodel = 5.26, df = 1, p = 0.022). Conclusions Individuals with HF performed more poorly on the MMSE than HC. Larger effect sizes on the MMSE were observed in studies with participants who were younger compared to studies with participants who were older. Future research should continue to delineate the impact of age on global cognition in individuals with HF.

scholarly journals Using Meta-Analysis for Large-Scale Ecosystem Service Valuation: Progress, Prospects, and Challenges

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-63
Author(s):  
Robert J. Johnston ◽  
Dana Marie Bauer
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Ecosystem Service ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Riparian Buffer ◽  
Ecosystem Service Valuation ◽  
Validity Criteria ◽  
Meta Regression

AbstractThis article discusses prospects and challenges related to the use of meta-regression models (MRMs) for ecosystem service benefit transfer, with an emphasis on validity criteria and post-estimation procedures given sparse attention in the ecosystem services literature. We illustrate these topics using a meta-analysis of willingness to pay for water quality changes that support aquatic ecosystem services and the application of this model to estimate water quality benefits under alternative riparian buffer restoration scenarios in New Hampshire's Great Bay Watershed. These illustrations highlight the advantages of MRM benefit transfers, together with the challenges and data needs encountered when quantifying ecosystem service values.

scholarly journals Exploring the Role of Persuasive Design in Unguided ICBT for Depression and Anxiety: Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh Cameron McCall ◽  
Heather D Hadjistavropoulos ◽  
Christopher Richard Francis Sundström
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Design Principles ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Meta Regression ◽  
Meta Analyses

BACKGROUND Internet-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy (ICBT) is an effective treatment that can overcome barriers to care. Various research groups have suggested that unguided ICBT (i.e., ICBT without therapist support) and other eHealth interventions can be designed in ways that enhance user engagement and thus outcomes. The persuasive systems design framework captures most design recommendations for eHealth interventions, but there is little empirical support that persuasive design is related to clinical outcomes in unguided ICBT. OBJECTIVE One objective of this study was to provide an updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of unguided ICBT for depression and anxiety. Another objective was to describe the use of persuasive design in such interventions. A third objective was to employ meta-regression to explore whether a greater number of persuasive design elements predicts efficacy in unguided ICBT for depression and anxiety. METHODS We conducted a systematic review of five databases to find randomized controlled trials of unguided ICBT for depression and anxiety. We conducted separate random-effects meta-analyses and separate meta-regressions for depression and anxiety interventions. Each meta-regression included two steps. The first step included, as a predictor, whether each intervention was transdiagnostic. For the meta-regression of ICBT for depression, the first step also included the type of control condition. The number of persuasive design principles identified for each intervention was added as a predictor in the second step to reveal the additional variance in effect sizes explained by persuasive design. RESULTS We identified 4,471 articles in our search, 46 of which were eligible for inclusion in our analyses. Our meta-analyses showed effect sizes (Hedges’ g) ranging from 0.22 to 0.31 for depression interventions, depending on the measures taken to account for bias in the results. We found a mean effect size of 0.45 for anxiety interventions, with no evidence that results were inflated by bias. Included interventions were identified as employing an average of 4.88 persuasive design principles. The meta-regressions showed that a greater number of persuasive design principles predicted greater efficacy in ICBT for depression (R2 change=.27, B=0.04, P=.02) but not anxiety (R2 change=.05, B=0.03, P=.17). CONCLUSIONS These findings provide preliminary support for the proposition that more persuasively designed ICBT interventions are more efficacious, at least in the treatment of depression. Further research is needed to clarify the role of persuasive design in ICBT. CLINICALTRIAL PROSPERO (https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/) CRD42020153466

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