Resistance of Closely Mown Fine Fescue and Bentgrass Species to Snow Mold Pathogens

Creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) is the primary species used on golf courses in temperate regions but requires prophylactic fungicide treatment to prevent snow mold diseases. We hypothesized that fine fescues (Festuca spp.) and colonial bentgrass (A. capillaris) have superior resistance to snow mold diseases compared with creeping bentgrass. Our objective was to compare the resistance of fine fescues, colonial bentgrass, and creeping bentgrass to snow mold diseases caused by Microdochium nivale and Typhula spp. Field plots were established in two separate years on fairways of three golf courses in Wisconsin to encompass the geographic distribution of snow mold pathogens. The experimental design was a split-split-split plot arrangement with three replications. Whole plots were pathogen species, host genus were subplots, host cultivars were sub-subplots, and inoculated versus noninoculated treatments were sub-sub-subplots. Plots were visually evaluated each spring for disease, turf quality, and Poa annua infestation. Data were analyzed using planned contrasts. Inoculation effects depended on pathogen type and location. Creeping bentgrass always had the most snow mold damage. Fine fescues had less snow mold damage than colonial bentgrass except for one year–location but did not provide acceptable year-long turf quality due to P. annua invasion.

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Creeping Bentgrass (Agrostis Stolonifera) Tolerance to Sulfosulfuron

Weed Technology ◽

10.1614/wt-07-039.1 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 22 (3) ◽

pp. 481-485 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Patrick E. McCullough ◽

Stephen E. Hart

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Creeping Bentgrass ◽

Agrostis Stolonifera ◽

Early Summer ◽

Growth Chamber ◽

Root Weight ◽

Golf Courses ◽

Growth Responses ◽

Intensively Managed ◽

Better Than

Sulfosulfuron was recently registered for grassy weed control in creeping bentgrass, but turf sensitivity is a concern for intensively managed golf courses. Field and growth chamber experiments in New Jersey investigated creeping bentgrass growth responses and tolerance to sulfosulfuron. Creeping bentgrass chlorosis increased with sulfosulfuron rate but turf had less chlorosis from sequential sulfosulfuron applications compared to bispyribac–sodium. Herbicide-treated turf had similar root weight compared to untreated turf on six sampling dates. In growth-chamber experiments, creeping bentgrass treated with sulfosulfuron had chlorosis and clipping weight reductions exacerbated by reductions in temperature from 25 to 15 C. Overall, creeping bentgrass appears to tolerate sequential sulfosulfuron applications better than or comparable to bispyribac-sodium in early summer, whereas creeping bentgrass sensitivity to sulfosulfuron increases at cooler temperatures.

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Bispyribac-Sodium Application Regimes for Annual Bluegrass (Poa annua) Control on Creeping Bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) Putting Greens

Weed Technology ◽

10.1614/wt-09-004.1 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 24 (3) ◽

pp. 332-335 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Patrick E. McCullough ◽

Stephen E. Hart

Keyword(s):

Field Experiments ◽

Creeping Bentgrass ◽

Agrostis Stolonifera ◽

Poa Annua ◽

Putting Greens ◽

Annual Bluegrass ◽

Turf Quality

Bispyribac-sodium effectively controls annual bluegrass in creeping bentgrass fairways but efficacy on putting greens may be affected by management differences and thus, application regimes may need to be modified for effective annual bluegrass control. To test this hypothesis, field experiments investigated various bispyribac-sodium application regimens for annual bluegrass control on creeping bentgrass putting greens. Bispyribac-sodium regimes totaling 148, 222, and 296 g ha−1controlled annual bluegrass 81, 83, and 91%, respectively, over 2 yr. Pooled over herbicide rates, bispyribac-sodium applied two, three, and six times controlled annual bluegrass 78, 83, and 94%, respectively. The most effective bispyribac-sodium regime was 24.6 g ha−1applied weekly, which controlled annual bluegrass 90% after 8 wk with acceptable levels of creeping bentgrass discoloration. After 8 wk, all regimes reduced turf quality as a result of voids in turf following annual bluegrass control; regimes with six applications reduced turf quality the most.

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Ethephon and Gibberellic Acid Inhibitors Influence Creeping Bentgrass Putting Green Quality and Ball Roll Distances

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.40.6.1902 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 40 (6) ◽

pp. 1902-1903 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Patrick E. McCullough ◽

Haibo Liu ◽

Lambert B. McCarty

Keyword(s):

Field Experiments ◽

Acid Ethyl Ester ◽

Creeping Bentgrass ◽

Agrostis Stolonifera ◽

Turf Quality ◽

Green Ball ◽

Subsequent Application ◽

Putting Green ◽

Ethephon Treatment ◽

Cyclohexane Carboxylic Acid

Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are often applied in combinations to reduce turf clippings, enhance turf quality, and suppress Poa annua L.; however, effects of PGR combinations on putting green ball roll distances have not been reported. Two field experiments were conducted on an `L-93' creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera var. palustris Huds.) putting green in Clemson, S.C., to investigate effects of four PGRs with and without a subsequent application of ethephon at 3.8 kg·ha–1 a.i. 6 days after initial treatments. The PGRs initially applied included ethephon at 3.8 kg·ha–1 a.i., flurprimidol at 0.28 kg·ha–1 a.i., paclobutrazol at 0.28 kg·ha–1 a.i., and trinexapac-ethyl at 0.05 kg·ha–1 a.i.. Ball roll distances were enhanced 3% to 6% (4 to 8 cm) by exclusive flurprimidol, paclobutrazol, and trinexapac-ethyl treatments. The additional ethephon application reduced ball distances 2% to 9% (2 to 11 cm). Paclobutrazol and trinexapac-ethyl treated turf receiving the additional ethephon application had longer or similar ball roll distances to non-PGR treated turf. The additional ethephon treatment reduced turf quality to unacceptable levels 1 and 2 weeks after applications. However, bentgrass treated previously with trinexapac-ethyl and paclobutrazol had 8 to 16% higher visual quality following the additional ethephon treatment relative to non-PGR treated turf receiving the subsequent ethephon application. Overall, ethephon may have deleterious effects on monostand creeping bentgrass putting green quality and ball roll distances; however, applying ethephon with GA inhibitors could mitigate these adverse effects. Chemical names used: [4-(cyclopropyl-[α]-hydroxymethylene)-3,5-dioxo-cyclohexane carboxylic acid ethyl ester] (trinexapac-ethyl); {α-(1-methylethyl)-α-[4-(trifluoro-methoxy) phenyl] 5-pyrimidine-methanol} (flurprimidol); (+/-)–(R*,R*)-β-[(4-chlorophenyl) methyl]-α-(1, 1-dimethyl)-1H-1,2,4,-triazole-1-ethanol (paclobutrazol); [(2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid] (ethephon).

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Cultivation and Topdressing Requirements for Thatch Management in A and G Bentgrasses and Creeping Bluegrass

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.38.6.1227 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 38 (6) ◽

pp. 1227-1231 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

John C. Stier ◽

Andrew B. Hollman

Keyword(s):

Root Zone ◽

Creeping Bentgrass ◽

Shoot Density ◽

Agrostis Stolonifera ◽

Dollar Spot ◽

Single Treatment ◽

The Core ◽

Turf Quality ◽

Putting Green ◽

New Cultivars

Empirical observations suggest certain new cultivars of creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) with high shoot density require more intensive topdressing and core aeration to control thatch compared to less dense cultivars such as `Penncross. In addition, a variety of Poa annua var. reptans Hausskn., `DW-184, has recently been released for putting green use but management requirements are undocumented. The objective of our project was to determine the core aeration and topdressing requirements for thatch management of creeping bentgrass cultivars `A-4, `G-2, and `Penncross as compared to `DW-184. Plots were established on a sand-based root zone and maintained as putting green turf for 3 years. A factorial treatment arrangement was used to assess the effects of core aeration and topdressing on thatch, topdressing removal, turf quality, and disease. Both `A-4 and `G-2 produced more organic matter as (thatch/mat) than `Penncross and `DW-184. Grass type, core aeration frequency, and topdressing regime affected the amount of topdressing removed by mowing. An interaction between grass type and topdressing regime showed biweekly topdressing with verticutting resulted in less topdressing removal from all grasses except `G-2 compared to monthly topdressing without verticutting. Since no more than 3% of the topdressing applied was removed from any single treatment, however, the overall impact of grass type, core aeration frequency, or topdressing regime are unlikely to affect turf response. Both `A-4 and `G-2 provided consistently better quality turf than `Penncross or `DW-184 at 3.2 mm mowing height, though `A-4 was more susceptible to dollar spot disease (Sclerotinia homeocarpa F.T. Bennett) than `Penncross or `G-2. Cultivation and topdressing methods for management of `A-4 and `G-2 bentgrasses do not differ substantially from `Penncross or `DW-184 creeping bluegrass.

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Take-all Patch Suppression in Creeping Bentgrass with Manganese and Copper

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.34.5.891 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 34 (5) ◽

pp. 891-892 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

W.J. Hill ◽

J.R. Heckman ◽

B.B. Clarke ◽

J.A. Murphy

Keyword(s):

Disease Resistance ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

Creeping Bentgrass ◽

Agrostis Stolonifera ◽

Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽

High Rate ◽

Disease Development ◽

Golf Courses ◽

Low Rate ◽

Take All

Take-all patch, caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis (Sacc.) Arx. & D. Olivier var. avenae (E.M. Turner) Dennis (Gga), is a disease of creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera Huds.), which most often is associated with golf courses. Synthesis of ligneous and phenolic compounds by plants requires adequate Mn+2 and Cu+2 nutrition and may be a factor in disease resistance. An experiment was conducted on a creeping bentgrass fairway naturally infested with Gga to determine if foliar applications of Mn+2 (1.02 and 2.04 kg·ha–1 per application) and Cu+2 (0.68 kg·ha–1 per application) would reduce take-all severity. Prior to initiating treatments, soil pH was 6.4 and Mehlich-3 extractable Mn+2 and Cu+2 were 5 mg·kg–1 and 1.7 mg·kg–1, respectively. Manganese and copper sulfate treatments were initiated in July 1995 and foliarly applied every 4 weeks through 1997 with the exception of December, January, and February. Disease incidence was decreased from 20% on untreated turf to 5% with the high rate of MnSO4. For both years, turf treated with the high rate of Mn+2 had less disease than turf receiving the low rate of Mn+2. The application of CuSO4, however, did not influence disease development.

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Crabgrass Control and Dollar Spot Suppression in Creeping Bentgrass with DSMA

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.29.8.884 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 29 (8) ◽

pp. 884-886

Author(s):

J.M. Goatley ◽

R.E. Schmidt

Keyword(s):

Creeping Bentgrass ◽

Agrostis Stolonifera ◽

Disease Suppression ◽

Dollar Spot ◽

High Quality ◽

Low Level ◽

Turf Quality ◽

Turfgrass Quality ◽

Treated Plot

Research was conducted to evaluate crabgrass [Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb.) Muhl.] control, incidental dollar spot (incited by Lanzia and Moellerodiscus spp.) suppression, and turfgrass quality following sequential, low-level postemergence applications of DSMA to creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera var. palustris Farwell). DSMA was applied at 22 mg·m-2 at 7-day intervals for 15 consecutive weeks (DSMA-W) from May through Aug. 1986 and 1987 and for 10 consecutive weeks from June through Aug. 1988. DSMA also was applied in three split applications of 110 mg·m-2 every 10 days (DSMA-S) in June and July of each year. DCPA was applied in a single, preemergence application in May as a comparative standard for crabgrass control. Percent crabgrass in either DSMA-treated plot was 20% by 11 Sept., an infestation that was unacceptable for high-quality turf. Percent crabgrass infestation was 6% at all rating dates in 1987 or 1988 for DSMA-W and 11% at all dates in 1987 or 1988 for DSMA-S. DCPA significantly reduced percent crabgrass as compared to the nontreated control at all rating dates, but the percent crabgrass ratings tended to be higher than those for either DSMA treatment by the final rating dates of each year. The DSMA treatments significantly reduced dollar spot incidence in each year. Turfgrass discoloration was observed following the DSMA-S treatment in July 1987 as compared to the control, but the turf quality recovered by August. Turfgrass quality was higher for DSMA treatments than for either DCPA or the nontreated control due to season-long crabgrass control and disease suppression. Chemical names used: disodium methanearsonate (DSMA), dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate (DCPA).

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Creeping Bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) Golf Green Tolerance to Bispyribac-Sodium Tank-Mixed with Paclobutrazol

Weed Technology ◽

10.1614/wt-d-10-00148.1 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

pp. 145-150 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Justin Q. Moss ◽

Xi Xiong ◽

Kemin Su ◽

Bishow P. Poudel ◽

John B. Haguewood

Keyword(s):

Creeping Bentgrass ◽

Field Trials ◽

Agrostis Stolonifera ◽

Golf Course ◽

Putting Greens ◽

Annual Bluegrass ◽

Turf Quality ◽

Putting Green ◽

Zone Field ◽

Weekly Application

Annual bluegrass is a troublesome weed in golf course putting greens. The objective of this research was to evaluate creeping bentgrass putting green tolerance to bispyribac-sodium tank-mixed with paclobutrazol in the transition zone. Field trials with four replications were conducted in Oklahoma during 2009 and 2010 and in Missouri during 2010. The results of this study suggest that tank-mixing bispyribac-sodium with paclobutrazol may discolor creeping bentgrass putting greens but will not reduce turf quality below acceptable levels. Normalized vegetative difference index readings indicated no treatment differences in turf greenness at 4 and 8 wk after initial treatment. Weekly application of bispyribac-sodium at 12.4 g ha−1 or biweekly application at 24.8 g ha−1 alone or with monthly applications of paclobutrazol at 224 g ha−1 did not cause unacceptable injury to creeping bentgrass putting greens during the spring.

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Methiozolin and Cumyluron for Preemergence Annual Bluegrass (Poa annua) Control on Creeping Bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) Putting Greens

Weed Technology ◽

10.1614/wt-d-14-00018.1 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 28 (3) ◽

pp. 535-542 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Shawn D. Askew ◽

Brendan M. S. McNulty

Keyword(s):

Seedling Emergence ◽

Creeping Bentgrass ◽

Agrostis Stolonifera ◽

Concomitant Increase ◽

Putting Greens ◽

Annual Bluegrass ◽

Turf Quality ◽

Progress Curve ◽

Normalized Difference Vegetative Index ◽

Putting Green

Methiozolin and cumyluron are experimental herbicides that are reported to control annual bluegrass PRE or POST; however, no studies have compared these new herbicides to currently-registered herbicides for annual bluegrass control on putting greens over multiple years. Studies were conducted on three Virginia putting greens for 2 yr to compare methiozolin and cumyluron each at two rates to bensulide and bensulide plus oxadiazon at labeled rates for effects on annual bluegrass and creeping bentgrass cover, turf injury, normalized difference vegetative index (NDVI), turf quality, and annual bluegrass seedhead suppression. Methiozolin, cumyluron, bensulide, and bensulide plus oxadiazon did not significantly injure creeping bentgrass putting green turf, reduce quality, or reduce NDVI. Only methiozolin at 500 or 750 g ai ha−1 and cumyluron at 8,600 g ai ha−1 reduced area under the progress curve (AUPC) for annual bluegrass cover following four treatments over 2 yr applied in spring and fall each year. A concomitant increase in creeping bentgrass cover AUPC was also observed from the three treatments that reduced annual bluegrass cover. Methiozolin also reduced annual bluegrass seedhead cover at least 85% 1 mo after spring treatments and more than all other treatments except cumyluron at 8,600 g ha−1 (66%). These studies suggest that single treatments of methiozolin in spring and fall will not rapidly control existing annual bluegrass but can slowly reduce populations over time, presumably by preventing new seedling emergence. Methiozolin and cumyluron appear to be more effective than currently available herbicides bensulide and bensulide plus oxadiazon for PRE annual bluegrass control and seedhead suppression on golf putting greens.

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A method for assessing resistance to the snow molds Typhula incarnata and Microdochium nivale in winter wheat incubated at the optimum growth temperature ranges of the fungi

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b90-045 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 68 (2) ◽

pp. 343-346 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

T. Nakajima ◽

J. Abe

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Microdochium Nivale ◽

Snow Mold ◽

Optimum Growth Temperature ◽

Temperature Ranges ◽

Typhula Incarnata ◽

Field Plots ◽

Growth Of Fungi ◽

Incubation Method

Studies were carried out to determine whether incubation of wheat plants at the temperatures optimum for growth of fungi could reduce the time normally required for determination of resistance to Typhula incarnata and Microdochium nivale in wheat, comparing with conventional under-snow incubation methods in field plots. Typhula incarnata produced greater damage to the winter wheat plants at temperatures of 5 and 10 °C than M. nivale. At 15 and 18 °C, there existed little difference in virulence and we could complete incubation in a period of weeks. Incubation of the plants for varying periods of time was of use for quantitative determination of the degree of resistance expressed as LI50 (the number of incubation days when 50% of the plants are killed) values. The relative order of resistance among cultivars of wheat was consistent with that obtained from an under-snow incubation method. The new technique permitted wheat breeders to screen genotypes of wheat for resistance to snow mold pathogens in a shorter period, with less expensive facilities than the conventional "snow mold chamber method."

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Identification, Characterization, and Distribution of Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae Associated with Creeping Bentgrass Etiolation and Decline

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-04-12-0377-re ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 96 (12) ◽

pp. 1736-1742 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Paul R. Giordano ◽

Arielle M. Chaves ◽

Nathaniel A. Mitkowski ◽

Joseph M. Vargas

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Creeping Bentgrass ◽

The United States ◽

Agrostis Stolonifera ◽

Golf Courses ◽

Putting Greens ◽

16S Rdna Sequence ◽

16S Rdna Sequence Analysis ◽

First Occurrence ◽

Significant Disease

Bacterial etiolation and decline caused by Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae is an emerging disease of creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) in and around the transition zone, a unique area of turfgrass culture between cool and warm regions of the United States. It is suspected that the disease has been present for many years, although diagnosis of the first occurrence was not reported until 2010. Solicitation of samples from golf courses in 2010 and 2011 was undertaken to investigate the prevalence and dissemination of Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae on creeping bentgrass. At least 21 isolates from 13 states associated with these outbreaks on golf courses were confirmed as A. avenae subsp. avenae by pathogenicity assays and 16S rDNA sequence analysis at two independent locations. Pathogenicity testing of bacterial isolates from creeping bentgrass samples exhibiting heavy bacterial streaming confirmed A. avenae subsp. avenae as the only bacterium to cause significant disease symptoms and turfgrass decline. Host range inoculations revealed isolates of A. avenae subsp. avenae to be pathogenic on all Agrostis stolonifera cultivars tested, with slight but significant differences in disease severity on particular cultivars. Other turfgrass hosts tested were only mildly susceptible to Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae infection. This study initiated research on A. avenae subsp. avenae pathogenicity causing a previously uncharacterized disease of creeping bentgrass putting greens in the United States.

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