scholarly journals Cost of Fungicides Used to Manage Potato Late Blight in the Columbia Basin: 1996 to 1998

Plant Disease ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 399-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis A. Johnson ◽  
Thomas F. Cummings ◽  
Philip B. Hamm
Keyword(s):  
Late Blight ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Potato Late Blight ◽  
Columbia Basin ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Late Season ◽  
The North ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Mean Cost ◽  
Tuber Rot

The cost of managing potato late blight with fungicides in the Columbia Basin of Washington and Oregon in 1996 to 1998 was documented and compared with the cost of managing the epidemic in 1995. Mean number of fungicide applications on late-season potatoes from 1996 to 1998 ranged from 5.3 to 8.8 in the north Columbia Basin of Washington and 8.5 to 12.3 in the southern basin of Washington and Oregon. Mean cost per hectare of fungicides and application on late-season potatoes in 1998 was $316 per hectare ($128 per acre) in Washington's north basin and $472 per hectare ($191 per acre) in Washington's south basin. Even though the price of most fungicides had increased since 1995, total cost of control per hectare over the season was less during 1996 to 1998 than in 1995 because of altered management practices. These included fewer fungicide applications, a shift toward lower cost fungicides, substitution of aerial application by chemigation, and a reduction in the number of fields chemically desiccated before harvest. Total cost of managing late blight and tuber rot loss was $22.3 million in 1998, whereas it was $30 million in 1995. The 1998 cost included $19.8 million for fungicide applications and materials, $1.1 million for canopy desiccation, and $1.4 million loss due to tuber rot in storage.

scholarly journals Potato Late Blight in the Columbia Basin: An Economic Analysis of the 1995 Epidemic

Plant Disease ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Johnson ◽  
T. F. Cummings ◽  
P. B. Hamm ◽  
R. C. Rowe ◽  
J. S. Miller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Late Blight ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Columbia Basin ◽  
Copper Hydroxide ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Late Season ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Mean Cost ◽  
First Time

The cost of managing late blight in potatoes during a severe epidemic caused by new, aggressive strains of Phytophthora infestans in the Columbia Basin of Washington and Oregon in 1995 was documented. The mean number of fungicide applications per field varied from 5.1 to 6.3 for early- and midseason potatoes, and from 8.2 to 12.3 for late-season potatoes in the northern and southern Columbia Basin, respectively. In 1994, a year when late blight was not severe, the mean number of fungicide applications per field made to early- and midseason potatoes was 2.0; whereas late-season potatoes received a mean of 2.5 applications. The mean per acre cost of individual fungicides applied varied from $4.90 for copper hydroxide to $36.00 for propamocarb + chlorothalonil. Total per acre expenses (application costs plus fungicide material) for protecting the crop from late blight during 1995 ranged from $106.77 to $110.08 for early and midseason potatoes in different regions of the Columbia Basin and from $149.30 to $226.75 for lateseason potatoes in the northern and southern Columbia Basin, respectively. Approximately 28% of the crop was chemically desiccated before harvest as a disease management practice for the first time in 1995, resulting in an additional mean cost of $34.48/acre or $1.3 million for the region. Harvested yields were 4 to 6% less than in 1994. The total cost of managing late blight in the Columbia Basin in 1995 is estimated to have approached $30 million.

Unrelated Cord Blood Transplantation in India: Breaking the Cost Barrier

Blood ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 118 (21) ◽  
pp. 4768-4768
Author(s):  
Satya Prakash Yadav ◽  
Anupam Sachdeva
Keyword(s):  
Cord Blood ◽  
Thalassemia Major ◽  
Unrelated Donor ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Duration Of Stay ◽  
Unrelated Cord Blood ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Mean Cost

Abstract Abstract 4768 Background – India, with more than a billion population, has a huge burden of blood and cancer disorders many of which can be cured only by hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). More than 1500 transplants have been done till 2005 over a 20 year period in about 10 centers out of which 880 have been allogeneic HSCT and all have been from matched related donors (MRD).Unrelated HSCT is the only option for the patients without a MRD. It is almost impossible to find an unrelated matched donor in India due to ethnic diversity and lack of unrelated donor registries. Some public cord blood banks have been set up in India. So finding a suitable cord blood unit within India is possible. Unrelated Cord Blood Transplant (UCBT) is the only feasible option for patients who need to undergo unrelated HSCT in India but lack of experience and huge costs are perceived barriers. Data from USA showed mean cost of graft for pediatric UCBT was $58,910 and mean cost per day survived in first 100 days (excluding graft cost) was $4522 ((Majhail NS et al. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010;54:138–143). The costs of UCBT among children in India have not been described previously. Method - We calculated the costs of UCBT within the first 100-days among four children who received UCBT at Sir Ganga Ram hospital from April 2008 to Dec 2010. We also analyzed costs of transplantation in relation to patient age, weight, single vs. double cord, conditioning, Graft vs. Host Disease (GVHD) and mean duration of stay before day 100. Results - The 100-day probability of overall survival was 100%. The mean cost per day survived (excluding costs of graft acquisition) was $402 (range $360-460)) for UCBT recipients. Average total cost of each UCBT was $43500 (Range $32000-52000). Average duration of stay in hospital in first 100 days was 89 days (range 75–100). All grafts were procured from a public cord bank in India. Average cost of graft per cord unit was $5000. Diagnosis was thalassemia major-2, Familial Hemophagocytic Lympho Histiocytosis (HLH)-1 and AML-1. Lowest cost was for AML ($32000) and highest was for Pesaro class III thalassemia major ($52000). Mean age was 2.75 years (range 1–5 year). Mean weight was 12.25 kg (range 10–16 kg). Mean cell dose infused was 7 × 107 nucleated cells/kg weight of recipient (range 3–10 × 107nucleated cells/kg). Conditioning was Busulfan and Cyclophosphamide (BuCY) and Rabbit Anti-Thymoglobulin (ATG) for two patients (1 Thalassemia, 1 AML) costing $1500 per patient, Fludarabine & Melphalan and Campath for HLH costing $2500 and Treosulfan, Thiotepa, Fludarabine and ATG for class III thalassemia costing $7500. Mean cost per day for single cord was $385 and for double cord UCBT was $420. One patient rejected the graft. Three engrafted at median of 32 days (range 28 –39 days). GVHD was seen in two patients (both with double cord). CMV reactivation was seen in all cases. Invasive aspergillosis was seen in one patient who had thalassemia and it lead to highest expenditure. Campath based conditioning was associated with maximum hospital stay in child with HLH. All had Lansky score >90 pre-transplant No one needed dialysis, mechanical ventilation or hepatic veno-occlusive disease. Conclusions - Total cost of UCBT in India is less than the cost of the UCBT graft in USA and mean cost per day in India is almost one tenth of cost per day in USA. Low cost of UCBT in India would make this treatment feasible for many more patients who need to undergo unrelated HSCT. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

scholarly journals Perhitungan Skala Biaya Kerugian Akibat Tumpahan Minyak: Relevansinya untuk Perairan Indonesia

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauludiyah
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Marine Pollution ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Assessment Instruments ◽  
Specific Data ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
The North ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Main Factor

This paper argues that it is a need to approach oil spills problems by incorporating economic losses associated with the spills. Indonesia's position is very strategic for commercial sea traffics and for a number of oil and gas industries, making it important to consider marine pollution from oil spills. This pollution can reduce water quality and result in environmental impacts and economic losses. This paper presents figure that a total cost due to oil spills can be estimated with a function of spill size alone based on data considering environmental degradation, socio-economic losses and clean-up costs. The calculation was undertaken by using the approach estimates the total cost of losses as a function of the volume of oil spills because the volume are the main factor governing the level of contamination and its impact, the type of clean-up and the total spill cost. A scale of the cost of economic losses caused by oil spills in Indonesian waters is estimated. The estimates show that the cost of economic losses due to oil spills in the Indonesian area is in the range of 183 billion to 9.757 billion rupiahs. The calculation in this paper is still a low-level estimation and not site-specific yet, because the assessment instruments used are based on conditions in the North German area. It is expected by this preliminary effort, impact assessment and economic losses due to oil spills in Indonesian waters will be equipped with further studies on an analysis of economic losses supported with more comprehensive and specific data.

scholarly journals Implementation Strategy and Cost of Mozambique’s HPV vaccine demonstration project

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Soi ◽  
Joseph B. Babigumira ◽  
Baltazar Chilundo ◽  
Vasco Muchanga ◽  
Luisa Matsinhe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hpv Vaccine ◽  
National Level ◽  
Demonstration Project ◽  
Immunization Program ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
School Based ◽  
Demand Creation ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Mean Cost

Abstract Background Cost is as an important determinant of health program implementation. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive evaluation of the implementation strategy of Mozambique’s school-based HPV vaccine demonstration project. We sought to estimate the total cost of the program and the cost per fully immunized girl (FIG), and to project the total cost of implementing a similar immunization program at the national level. Methods We collected primary data through document review, participatory observation, and key informant interviews with project implementers at the central offices of the national immunization program, provincial and district health directorates, and in health facilities. We used a combination of micro-costing methods— the identification and measurement of resources quantities and valuation by application of unit costs, and gross costing—the consideration of resource bundles as they apply to the number of FIGs. We extrapolated the cost per FIG to the HPV-vaccine-eligible population of Mozambique under current guidelines to demonstrate the projected total annual cost for a similarly executed HPV vaccine program. Results The total cost of the Mozambique HPV vaccine demonstration project was $523,601. The mean cost per FIG was $72 (95% CI: $62 - $83) in year one, $38 (95% CI: $37 - $40) in year two, and $54 (95% CI: $49 - $61) for years one and two. The mean cost per FIG with the third HPV vaccine dose excluded from implementation was $60 (95% CI: $50 - $72) in year one, $38 (95%CI: $31 - $46) in year two, and $48 (95%CI: $42 - $55) for years one and two. The projected annual cost of a two-dose vaccine program targeting all 10-year-old girls in the country was $18,156,549 ($15,865,384 - $20,748,196). The main cost drivers in the analysis were vaccine price, number of doses administered per recipient, program startup costs, and the costs of demand creation. Conclusion National adaptation and scale-up of Mozambique’s school-based HPV vaccine strategy would result in substantial costs. To achieve national-level HPV vaccine roll out and sustainability, stakeholders will need to negotiate vaccine prices and achieve better efficiency in startup activities and demand creation.

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy versus flexible ureteroscopy in terms of cost-effectiveness in patients with 10–30 mm renal stones

2019 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-46
Author(s):  
Abdullah Erdoğan ◽  
Ercüment Keskin ◽  
Abdulsemet Altun
Keyword(s):  
Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy ◽  
Renal Stones ◽  
Flexible Ureteroscopy ◽  
Common Disease ◽  
Retrograde Intrarenal Surgery ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Extracorporeal Shock Wave ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Mean Cost

Purpose: Kidney stones are one of the most common urological problems. When deciding on the method of treatment for this common disease, the cost of the procedure should also be taken into consideration. Materials and methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of 55 patients who underwent percutaneous nephrolithotomy and 75 patients who underwent retrograde intrarenal surgery between January 2016 and November 2018. Until operative success was achieved, all additional surgical procedures, extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy procedures, and interventional procedures required to resolve complications were recorded. Total cost was compared between the percutaneous nephrolithotomy and retrograde intrarenal surgery groups. Results: No significant difference was found between the percutaneous nephrolithotomy and retrograde intrarenal surgery groups in terms of gender, mean age, stone side, stone localization and stone surface area. The total cost of 55 patients that underwent percutaneous nephrolithotomy was calculated as US$14.766 after the first operation, and the total cost of 75 patients that underwent retrograde intrarenal surgery was determined to be US$46.627. The mean cost per patient was calculated US$320 ± US$186 for percutaneous nephrolithotomy and US$749 ± US$242 for retrograde intrarenal surgery (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy is a lower-cost and successful method in the surgical treatment of 1–3 cm stones, but the serious complications involved in this operation should be kept in mind.

scholarly journals FUNGICIDE APPLICATION FREQUENCIES FOR POTATO LATE BLIGHT (Phytophthora infestans) MANAGEMENT IN THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 888f-889
Author(s):  
Bielinski M. Santos ◽  
James P. Gilreath ◽  
Persio R. Rodriguez
Keyword(s):  
Dominican Republic ◽  
Late Blight ◽  
Potato Late Blight ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Cost Component ◽  
Fungicide Application ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Application Programs ◽  
Cost Components

Field trials were conducted in Constanza, Dominican Republic to determine the most effective fungicide application programs against potato late blight, and the cost component associated to those programs. Fungicide programs were: a) chlorothalonil (1.0 kg a.i./ha) every 5, 8, 11, 14 or 17 days; b) chlorothalonil rotated with metalaxyl (1.5 kg a.i./ha) every 5, 8, 11, 14 or 17 days; c) mancozeb (1.5 kg a.i./ha) every 8 days (grower standard); and d) a nontreated control. Examined data indicated that the highest `Granola' marketable tuber weights were obtained with the rotation of metalaxyl and chlorothalonil applied every 5, 8 or 11 days (14, 9 or 6 applications/season). This same rotation every 5 or 8 days (14 or 9 applications/season) was the most effective controlling late blight. There was no correlation between disease severity and marketable yield. For the cost components, the fungicide rotation applied every 11 days reduced application costs by 29%, in comparison with applications every 8 days.

scholarly journals Opportunities for an improved potato late blight management in the Republic of Ireland: Field evaluation of the modified Irish Rules crop disease risk prediction model

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mladen Cucak ◽  
Rafael de Andrade Moral ◽  
Rowan Fealy ◽  
Keith Lambkin ◽  
Steven Kildea
Keyword(s):  
Late Blight ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Field Evaluation ◽  
Potato Late Blight ◽  
Current Standard ◽  
Republic Of Ireland ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Late Blight Management

Potato late blight remains the most significant disease threat of potato cultivation globally, often requiring expensive, time-consuming and environmentally unfriendly approaches to disease management. The goal of this research was to evaluate whether an estimation of potato late blight risk based on environmental factors can be reliably used to adjust the standard potato late blight management practices and the role of cultivar resistance under growing conditions and contemporary Phytophthora infestans populations in the Republic of Ireland. Using the modified Irish Rules model, it was possible to reduce fungicide usage by 58.7% on average, compared to current standard practices used by growers and without adversely compromising disease control and yield, with similar results achieved by the half dose programme. Host resistance levels were found to be correlated with a delay in the initiation of the epidemics, final foliar disease levels and reduction of fungicide usage. Disease levels on the highly resistant cultivars remained low and a clear selection pattern towards the P. infestans genotypes EU_13_A2 and EU_6_A1 was observed. An increase in the frequency of strains belonging to genotypes EU_13_A2 and EU_6_A1 was also observed to occur in the latter part of the trial growing seasons. Due to the increasingly dynamic nature of the population structure, associated with the continued evolution of the P. infestans population and the arrival of EU_36_A2 in the Republic of Ireland, routine population monitoring is required to ensure that potato late blight control strategies remain effective.

scholarly journals Implementation Strategy and Cost of Mozambique’s HPV vaccine demonstration project

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Soi ◽  
Joseph B. Babigumira ◽  
Baltazar Chilundo ◽  
Vasco Muchanga ◽  
Luisa Matsinhe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hpv Vaccine ◽  
National Level ◽  
Demonstration Project ◽  
Immunization Program ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
School Based ◽  
Demand Creation ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Mean Cost

Abstract Background Cost is as an important determinant of health program implementation. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive evaluation of the implementation strategy of Mozambique’s school-based HPV vaccine demonstration project. We sought to estimate the total cost of the program and the cost per fully immunized girl (FIG), and to project the total cost of implementing a similar immunization program at the national level. Methods We collected primary data through document review, participatory observation, and key informant interviews with project implementers at the central offices of the national immunization program, provincial and district health directorates, and in health facilities. We used a combination of micro-costing methods— the identification and measurement of resources quantities and valuation by application of unit costs, and gross costing—the consideration of resource bundles as they apply to the number of FIGs. We extrapolated the cost per FIG to the HPV-vaccine-eligible population of Mozambique under current guidelines to demonstrate the projected total annual cost for a similarly executed HPV vaccine program. Results The total cost of the Mozambique HPV vaccine demonstration project was $523,601. The mean cost per FIG was $72 (95% CI: $62 - $83) in year one, $38 (95% CI: $37 - $40) in year two, and $54 (95% CI: $49 - $61) for years one and two. The mean cost per FIG with the third HPV vaccine dose excluded from implementation was $60 (95% CI: $50 - $72) in year one, $38 (95%CI: $31 - $46) in year two, and $48 (95%CI: $42 - $55) for years one and two. The projected annual cost of a two-dose vaccine program targeting all 10-year-old girls in the country was $18,156,549 ($15,865,384 - $20,748,196). The main cost drivers in the analysis were vaccine price, number of doses administered per recipient, program startup costs, and the costs of demand creation. Conclusion National adaptation and scale-up of Mozambique’s school-based HPV vaccine strategy would result in substantial costs. To achieve national-level HPV vaccine roll out and sustainability, stakeholders will need to negotiate vaccine prices and achieve better efficiency in startup activities and demand creation.

scholarly journals Adaption of potato late blight prediction models for New Zealand

2004 ◽  
Vol 57 ◽  
pp. 25-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.R. Henshall ◽  
R.M Beresford
Keyword(s):  
Late Blight ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Potato Late Blight ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Infection Models ◽  
Weather Stations ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Smith Model

Current management of potato late blight (caused by Phytophthora infestans) in the Pukekohe district is by frequent application of fungicides but consumer concerns over chemical use may require more accurate targeting of spray applications to times of greatest disease risk Decision support systems incorporating potato late blight infection models have the potential to assist growers in modifying management practices Outputs of two overseas models and one developed locally were compared using data from two weather stations at Pukekohe (severe late blight area) and Lincoln (low disease risk) over the 2003/04 growing season Two of the models were too sensitive for Pukekohe conditions but the Smith model developed in the United Kingdom gave usable results No attempt was made to verify the performance of the models under field conditions

scholarly journals Use of Phosphonate to Manage Foliar Potato Late Blight in Developing Countries

Plant Disease ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 96 (7) ◽  
pp. 1008-1015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Kromann ◽  
Willmer G. Pérez ◽  
Arturo Taipe ◽  
Elmar Schulte-Geldermann ◽  
Buddhi Prakash Sharma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Late Blight ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Potato Late Blight ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Potato Foliage ◽  
Potato Genotype ◽  
The Cost

Twenty phosphonate products found in the agrochemical market in Ecuador and Peru were evaluated in bioassays for the control of foliar potato late blight, caused by Phytophthora infestans. Eight phosphonate products were evaluated in 16 field experiments done in Peru, Ecuador, Kenya, and Nepal. A meta-analysis across locations involving 71 combinations of potato genotype by site and year demonstrated a significant relationship between phosphonate application rate and efficacy for controlling late blight on potato foliage. The meta-analysis revealed that phosphonate rates of approximately 2.5 g a.i./liter provided efficacy similar to that of the conventional contact fungicides mancozeb and chlorothalonil used at similar rates. At rates higher than 2.5 g a.i./liter, the efficacy of phosphonate was superior to the contact fungicides. Overall, late blight control by phosphonate appeared relatively stable in field experiments across locations. An analysis of field experiments and 64 combinations of potato genotype by site and year showed no correlation between the susceptibility level of potato genotypes and efficacy of phosphonates. The cost of both phosphonate compounds and contact fungicides varied greatly among the countries of the field study; however, in Kenya, control with phosphonate was clearly less expensive than with mancozeb.

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