scholarly journals Perhitungan Skala Biaya Kerugian Akibat Tumpahan Minyak: Relevansinya untuk Perairan Indonesia

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauludiyah
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Marine Pollution ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Assessment Instruments ◽  
Specific Data ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
The North ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Main Factor

This paper argues that it is a need to approach oil spills problems by incorporating economic losses associated with the spills. Indonesia's position is very strategic for commercial sea traffics and for a number of oil and gas industries, making it important to consider marine pollution from oil spills. This pollution can reduce water quality and result in environmental impacts and economic losses. This paper presents figure that a total cost due to oil spills can be estimated with a function of spill size alone based on data considering environmental degradation, socio-economic losses and clean-up costs. The calculation was undertaken by using the approach estimates the total cost of losses as a function of the volume of oil spills because the volume are the main factor governing the level of contamination and its impact, the type of clean-up and the total spill cost. A scale of the cost of economic losses caused by oil spills in Indonesian waters is estimated. The estimates show that the cost of economic losses due to oil spills in the Indonesian area is in the range of 183 billion to 9.757 billion rupiahs. The calculation in this paper is still a low-level estimation and not site-specific yet, because the assessment instruments used are based on conditions in the North German area. It is expected by this preliminary effort, impact assessment and economic losses due to oil spills in Indonesian waters will be equipped with further studies on an analysis of economic losses supported with more comprehensive and specific data.

Economic Aspects of Oil Pollution

1982 ◽  
Vol 14 (9-11) ◽  
pp. 1171-1183 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.-P Lühr
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spills ◽  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Federal Republic Of Germany ◽  
Economic Aspects ◽  
Cost Of Transport ◽  
Oil Companies ◽  
The North ◽  
The Cost

The risk attending oil pollution is difficult to assess because of the different economic and ecological effects that may be caused, depending upon the geographical, hydrological and marine conditions. An enormous difference exists between estimates of oil losses from pipelines although from oil platforms the various estimates of losses are in closer agreement. On the basis of statistical data it is suggested that two or three major oil spills per year will occur in the North Sea, a major spill being one involving an oil loss of over 135 tonnes. Supertankers carry oil at about 40% of the cost of transport in small tankers. The bigger the tanker the greater the loss of oil when an accident occurs though the frequency of accident is less. The tankers owned by oil companies have a better accident-free record than the independent carriers and tankers sailing under flags of convenience have a worse record than those under other national flags. Oil spillages on the high seas usually causes little damage and on rocky coasts the damage is short lived. In shallow marine waters with minimal tidal effects and varied marine life the consequences could be disastrous and possibly irreversible. Beyond stating that the economic losses would be enormous under the last mentioned condition it is difficult to quantify the damage in economic terms. Consequently, a reasonable approach to an assessment of the economic costs of oil spillages is to estimate the cost of the measures that would have to be taken to prevent them and to deal with them if they occur. For instance in the AMOCO CADIZ accident resulting in a loss of about 220 000 tons of oil involved 10 000 persons in clean up operations, 4 500 metres of oil booms, 1000 vehicles, 50 vessels, aircraft and direct costs (ie. non-capital) estimated at 150 million DM, so that the primary economic damage during the year after the spillage would be 500-1000 million DM. This ignores the economic aspects of the ecological damage. Since an analysis of the causes of tanker accidents shows that they are mostly due to human failure and vessel defects it becomes necessary to devise policies that will as far as possible prevent such accidents and their consequences. This principle of prevention is the environmental policy which the Federal Republic of Germany will follow. This policy takes into account the maximum tolerable pollution from oil, the maximum extent of oil pollution that could result from oil tanker disasters under given situations, the capital and operating costs of dealing with such emergencies and the manpower and administration required for such operations. These risks involved in oil transportation would be studied and the desirability of discouraging the use of supertankers would be taken into account.

scholarly journals PSXIV-5 Results of external use of staphylococcal toxoid for the prevention of mastitis in cows

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 315-315
Author(s):  
Dariya Kashtanova ◽  
Valerii G Skopichev ◽  
Flura Alistratova ◽  
Polina A Polistovskaia ◽  
Nataliya A Panova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
North West ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
The North ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Mastitis in cows in the farms of the Russian Federation cause great economic damage. Economic losses include the cost of treating cows and the cost of recycled milk. In the farms of the North-West region of the Russian Federation mastitis occurs in 20–30% of lactating cows. An important task is to find effective ways to prevent mastitis. The task of our research included the study of the effectiveness of external use of staphylococcal toxoid. For the experiment, 2 experimental groups of dry cows of 10 animals each were formed. For the first group of cows, 5 days before the expected date of calving, an ointment containing staphylococcal toxoid and dimethyl sulfoxide was applied to the area of the milk mirror. Udder treatment was performed once a day for five days. Cows of the second group were immunized with Starvac® vaccine in accordance with the instructions, twice during the dry period. The third group of cows (n = 20) was the control. After calving, the concentration of immunoglobulins in colostrum was examined in all cows. In cows of the first group, the concentration of immunoglobulins G, M and A in colostrum was 8.59 ± 0.9; 1.1 ± 0.13 and 5.42 ± 0.9 g / l, respectively. The concentration of immunoglobulins in cows of the first group was higher, on average, by 1.3–2.0 times in comparison with cows that were given the Starvac vaccine. In comparison with the control group, the growth of all classes of immunoglobulins was determined by 2.2 - 5.2 times (P < 0.01). The results obtained showed high efficacy of external use of staphylococcal toxoid together with dimethisulfoxide.

Manufacture and Qualification of Small Diameter / Thickwall Reelable DSAWL Linepipe

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Hall ◽  
Martin Connelly ◽  
Graham Alderton ◽  
Andrew Hill ◽  
Shuwen Wen
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Fe Model ◽  
External Diameter ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
The North ◽  
Innovative Thinking ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
The Cost

Tough market conditions have seen the price of oil drop which with the subsequent uncertainty surrounding the industry have seen the oil and gas industry concentrate on reducing the cost of designing, installing and operating pipelines. A critical process for the industry is the procurement, manufacture and installation of appropriate linepipe. The method of installation is often dictated by the pipe size and the water depth that the pipe is to be laid in, however there are times when the choice of lay method is due to vessel availability and relative costs for each technique. In early 2014, Tata Steel successfully manufactured and delivered 16"OD × 0.875”WT X65 submerged arc welded longitudinal (SAWL) linepipe for installation via the reel lay method. Notable features about this fact were the size, which represents the thickest 16” external diameter UOE pipe yet delivered by Tata Steel, and that this was to be the first UOE pipe to be installed by the reel lay method in the North Sea. The ability to manufacture small diameter thickwall linepipe was only possible due to recent operational developments including an established tooling programme and a fully validated Finite Element (FE) model of the UOE process, along with years of experience of integrating these tools into the manufacturing process. This paper discusses the manufacturing challenges for small diameter thickwall linepipe, and how with the aid of modelling tools, innovative thinking and previous experience in supplying small diameter thickwall linepipe into two reel-installed projects, the pipe was manufactured and delivered with the properties shown to be compliant with DNV OS-F101 Supplementary Requirement P.

The Choice Of Rational Relationship Of The Method And Forms Of Construction Organization

2019 ◽  
pp. 46-50
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Work Organization ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Processing Plant ◽  
The North ◽  
Mobile Forms ◽  
Industrial Complexes ◽  
Construction Organization ◽  
Investment Process ◽  
The Cost

Features of the activities of the mobile units in remote and underdeveloped areas are considered. The interconnected spheres of their activity – labor, production, non-production, engineering – are allocated. Their most specific characteristics which together are effectively implemented through the formulated principles (ensuring the continuity of the investment process, minimizing the cost of heavy manual labor, etc.) are presented. But for this, mobile forms of work organization must be compatible with the methods of organizing the objects building. Based on the experience of oil and gas construction under the conditions of the North and Siberia, such a clear relationship between the factory-assembled method and mobile forms is revealed, as a result of which high indicators are achieved – a reduction in the volume of construction, a reduction in the area of construction, etc. The same results were confirmed in the construction of quite complicated industrial complexes on the example of Astrakhan gas processing plant. This is exactly a kind of interrelation between the method and the form of construction organization that should become the basis when developing regions with severe climatic conditions.

scholarly journals Cost of Fungicides Used to Manage Potato Late Blight in the Columbia Basin: 1996 to 1998

Plant Disease ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 399-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis A. Johnson ◽  
Thomas F. Cummings ◽  
Philip B. Hamm
Keyword(s):  
Late Blight ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Potato Late Blight ◽  
Columbia Basin ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Late Season ◽  
The North ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Mean Cost ◽  
Tuber Rot

The cost of managing potato late blight with fungicides in the Columbia Basin of Washington and Oregon in 1996 to 1998 was documented and compared with the cost of managing the epidemic in 1995. Mean number of fungicide applications on late-season potatoes from 1996 to 1998 ranged from 5.3 to 8.8 in the north Columbia Basin of Washington and 8.5 to 12.3 in the southern basin of Washington and Oregon. Mean cost per hectare of fungicides and application on late-season potatoes in 1998 was $316 per hectare ($128 per acre) in Washington's north basin and $472 per hectare ($191 per acre) in Washington's south basin. Even though the price of most fungicides had increased since 1995, total cost of control per hectare over the season was less during 1996 to 1998 than in 1995 because of altered management practices. These included fewer fungicide applications, a shift toward lower cost fungicides, substitution of aerial application by chemigation, and a reduction in the number of fields chemically desiccated before harvest. Total cost of managing late blight and tuber rot loss was $22.3 million in 1998, whereas it was $30 million in 1995. The 1998 cost included $19.8 million for fungicide applications and materials, $1.1 million for canopy desiccation, and $1.4 million loss due to tuber rot in storage.

The Cost of Oil Spills from Tankers: An Analysis of IOPC Fund Incidents

1999 ◽  
Vol 1999 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine J. Grey
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Highly Effective ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Cost

ABSTRACT The 1971 and 1992 International Oil Pollution Compensation Funds (IOPC Funds) provide compensation to the victims of oil spills from tankers in countries which have ratified the 1971 and 1992 Fund Conventions. Since 1978, they have dealt with more than 100 incidents, paying compensation in 68 of these. Details of the individual incidents are given together with the total cost for each, expressed in US$. The numbers, sizes and costs of the incidents are analysed in detail and compared with the incidence of all tanker spills in Fund countries, using data from the International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation's (ITOPF) Oil Spill Database. This analysis reveals a number of trends relating to the size of tankers; the amount and type of oil spilled; and the geographical location. The 1971 IOPC Fund has undoubtedly proved highly effective, but recent incidents have tested the limits of compensation available. The 1992 Fund Convention entered into force in May 1996, providing both higher limits and a broader scope. However, the threshold at which it comes into effect is also higher, thereby excluding many of the less expensive spills which would previously have been covered by the 1971 Fund Convention. The significance of this for the numbers and costs of incidents likely to be dealt with by both the 1971 and the 1992 IOPC Funds is examined.

scholarly journals Investigation of a Magnetic-Type Waterproof Oil Spill Stop Device for Ships

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 636
Author(s):  
Chong-Ju Chae
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spills ◽  
Marine Pollution ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Water Pressure ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Minimum Diameter ◽  
Formal Safety Assessment ◽  
Magnetic Type ◽  
The Cost

If a ship’s hull or tank breaks, the ship may sink, or oil spills can cause enormous damage to the environment. If the ship is equipped with a capable, cost-effective oil or liquid flow stop emergency device, casualties and marine pollution could be reduced. Many magnetic-type liquid spill stop emergency devices developed since 1904 have limitations, such as difficulties with installation and impossibility of use during sailing. This study demonstrated the applicability of a magnetic-type liquid spill stop emergency device through tests for water pressure and leakage, attachment, magnetic fields, and the generation of sparks. Results showed that the device can be applied to the ship’s side hull and bottom with a specified minimum diameter at a pressure depth of 1.0 kg/cm2 while sailing at a speed of 18 kts (9.26 m/s). If the distance from the device was at least approximately 750 mm, the magnetic field had no effect, and there was no risk of explosion due to sparks. A cost–benefit analysis based on the International Maritime Organization-approved guidelines for formal safety assessment confirmed the cost effectiveness of the device. This experimental study confirmed that the magnetic liquid stop emergency device is generally applicable to a ship’s hull.

Summary and conclusions: environmental effects of North Sea oil and gas developments

1987 ◽  
Vol 316 (1181) ◽  
pp. 669-677 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
North Sea ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Marine Pollution ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Benthic Fauna ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Offshore Platforms ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Sea

This Royal Society Discussion Meeting has examined the total environmental impact of a whole industry in a single geographical area. Land-based developments related to the exploitation of the North Sea oilfields and their social consequences have been substantial, although neither the worst fears nor the best hopes have been realized. An accommodation has been reached with the fishing industry in the affected area. Offshore platforms are a source of chronic pollution from production water, but in recent years there has been a marked increase in the use of oil-based drilling muds and it is estimated that 20 Mt per year of petroleum hydrocarbons are added to the sea in oil-contaminated drill cuttings. The effect of these additions has been studied in the laboratory, in mesocosms and in field surveys which, together, yield a consistent picture. Within a radius of a few hundred metres of a platform there is impoverishment of the benthic fauna. Close to the platform the production of anoxic conditions through smothering and the activity of sulphide-producing bacteria is probably more significant than the toxic effect of the oil-based muds. Outside this immediate zone of impact, the oil results in organic enrichment and enhanced populations of some of the fauna. The total area affected is, in the context of the North Sea, minuscule. There is no evidence that plankton is materially affected and the success of commercial fisheries dependent upon the plankton crop is more influenced by fishery practices than by any other factor. Seabird populations, about which there was formerly much concern, have not so far been affected by oil pollution in the North Sea. There is wide fluctuation in recruitment success, but populations of species thought most vulnerable to oil pollution are generally increasing. Although marine pollution research has yielded valuable insights into the responses of individuals, populations and communities to perturbation, natural as well as man-made, it is not likely that future problems associated with oil extraction from the sea will be as stimulating to fundamental research. Different problems relating to environmental pollution should now be addressed by marine scientists.

scholarly journals BONN Agreement – More Than 50 Years of Spill Response Cooperation

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan Marius Ly ◽  
Laura de la Torre ◽  
Ronny Schallier
Keyword(s):  
North Sea ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Marine Pollution ◽  
50Th Anniversary ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Aerial Surveillance ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
Bonn Agreement

Abstract In 2019, the BONN Agreement celebrated 50 years of continuous cooperation in dealing with marine pollution in Europe. This makes the Bonn Agreement the oldest regional agreement in the world established by governments for jointly dealing with and responding to pollution incidents. The first “Agreement for Cooperation in Dealing with Pollution of the North Sea by Oil” was signed in 1969 by the eight states bordering the North Sea: Belgium, Denmark, Germany, France, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and the United Kingdom. This was shortly after the oil tanker “Torrey Canyon” broke up off Cornwall in 1967 spilling 117 000 tonnes of oil in the first major pollution disaster affecting Western Europe. In 1983 the agreement was expanded to include “other harmful substances” as well as oil and the European Union became a Contracting Party. In 1989 the agreement was amended to include aerial surveillance. In 2010, Ireland was included and in 2019, at the 50'th anniversary, a new enlargement of the geographical scope was approved by including the Bay of Biscay through Spain's accession and a new task related to the monitoring of air pollution from ships was incorporated. The area of the Bonn Agreement now covers the Greater North Sea and its approaches, comprising most of the heavy density traffic area and oil fields in Western Europe. During these 50 years, the cooperation has resulted in a number of achievements on different topics. Some of these are: - aerial surveillance and detection of marine pollution,- harmonized pollution reporting format,- common quantification of oil spills through the Bonn Agreement Oil Appearance Code,- systems for reimbursement of costs when rendering assistance as the Bonn Agreement provides for mutual assistance between Contracting Parties,- joint exercises,- information sharing on experiences and on research & development findings,- Bonn Agreement region-wide risk assessment through the BE-AWARE project. In October 2019, the agreement's 50th anniversary was celebrated and a ministerial meeting was held. This paper will give an overview of the history, the achievements and the future for the Bonn Agreement.

scholarly journals CAMCAT: an oil spill forecasting system for the Catalan-Balearic Sea based on the MFS products

2006 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 1791-1823 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Comerma ◽  
M. Espino ◽  
M. Salazar ◽  
F. Jerez ◽  
R. Madrigal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Marine Pollution ◽  
Mediterranean Area ◽  
Western Mediterranean ◽  
Management Tools ◽  
Contingency Plan ◽  
The North ◽  
Forecasting System ◽  
North Western

Abstract. The Prestige oil spill crisis (2002–2003), one of the worst oil spills that affected the Atlantic Spanish coastal line, pointed out that some management tools are needed in the form of laws, regulations and technical procedures. In particular, the issues are contingency planning and prevention against marine pollution and prediction for a proper response. In that background, the Catalan local government approved the CAMCAT (2004), a Regional contingency plan against marine pollution, to be framed within the (Spanish) National Contingency Plan. The CAMCAT contemplated the implementation of a Regional Forecasting System for the North-Western Mediterranean area, intended to help Catalan Authorities during any pollution emergency. The Laboratory of Maritime Engineering (LIM/UPC) has been responsible for the implementation of this Regional CAMCAT Forecasting System that is based (nested) on existing larger Forecasting Systems/Products, and it integrates several coastal observational data. The present paper is aiming to make an overview of the several scientific and technical activities related to the implementation and validation of the CAMCAT System.

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