scholarly journals First Report of Bacterial Soft Rot of White Flowered Calla Lily Caused by Erwinia chrysanthemi in Taiwan

Plant Disease ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 86 (11) ◽  
pp. 1273-1273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y.-A. Lee ◽  
K.-P. Chen ◽  
Y.-C. Chang
Keyword(s):  
Soft Rot ◽  
Sweet Pepper ◽  
Erwinia Chrysanthemi ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
First Report ◽  
Zantedeschia Aethiopica ◽  
Calla Lily ◽  
Arginine Dihydrolase ◽  
Indole Production

In 2002, soft rot symptoms on white flowered calla lily (Zantedeschia aethiopica) were found in some nurseries in the Yang Ming Shan area, Taipei, Taiwan. The disease was characterized by foul smelling rot and collapse of flower stems. Isolations from diseased flower stems consistently yielded bacterial colonies that were translucent, white, and glistening on nutrient agar. Ten representative isolates were chosen for further characterization. All isolates were gram-negative rods, facultatively anaerobic, sensitive to erythromycin (25 μg/ml), negative for oxidase and arginine dihydrolase, and positive for catalase, phosphatase, tryptophanase (indole production), and lecithinase. They fermented glucose and reduced nitrates to nitrites. The maximum temperature for growth was 37°C. The isolates hydrolyzed gelatin and esculin, produced acids from utilizing D(+)-glucose, melibiose, amygdalin, L(+)-arabinose, D-mannitol, and sucrose, but not from trehalose, lactose, D-sorbitol, or maltose. They degraded pectate and rotted potato, carrot, sweet pepper, and onion slices. Bacterial suspensions (108 CFU/ml) were injected in stems of white flowered calla lily to fulfill Koch's postulates. Control plants were inoculated with sterile distilled water. Inoculated plants were kept in a growth chamber at 30°C. Symptoms developed 1 to 2 days in all four inoculated plants and appeared to be identical to those observed on diseased material in nurseries. The four control plants did not rot. The bacterium was readily reisolated from diseased plants, confirmed to be the inoculated pathogen, and identified as Erwinia chrysanthemi. E. carotovora subsp. carotovora has been reported to cause soft rot of other calla lilies, such as Zantedeschia sp. cvs. Black Magic and Pink Persuasion and Z. elliottiana in Taiwan (1). However, to our knowledge, this is the first report of soft rot caused by E. chrysanthemi on white flowered calla lily in Taiwan. Reference: (1) S. T. Hsu and K. C. Tzeng. Pages 9–18 in: Proc. Int. Conf. Plant Path. Bact., 5th. J. C. Lozano, ed. CIAT, Cali, Colombia, 1981.

scholarly journals Complete Genome Sequence of Dickeya dadantii subsp. dieffenbachiae Strain S3-1, Isolated from a White-Flowered Calla Lily in Taiwan

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (37) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yung-An Lee ◽  
Kuan-Pei Chen
Keyword(s):  
Genome Sequence ◽  
Complete Genome Sequence ◽  
Complete Genome ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Erwinia Chrysanthemi ◽  
Bacterial Soft Rot ◽  
Plant Host ◽  
Dickeya Dadantii ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Calla Lily

Erwinia chrysanthemi S3-1 is a bacterial soft rot pathogen of the white-flowered calla lily. The complete genome sequence of the strain was determined and used to reclassify the strain as Dickeya dadantii subsp. dieffenbachiae . The sequence will be useful to study plant host-driven speciation in strains of D. dadantii .

scholarly journals Influence of Soil Saturation and Temperature on Erwinia chrysanthemi Soft Rot of Carrot

Plant Disease ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 84 (6) ◽  
pp. 665-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Farrar ◽  
J. J. Nunez ◽  
R. M. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Disease Severity ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Weight Reduction ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Saturated Soil ◽  
Erwinia Chrysanthemi ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
First Report ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Increasing Temperature

In 1998, soft rot caused by Erwinia chrysanthemi resulted in an estimated loss of 1,800 tons of carrots in California. The disease appeared to be related to unusually high temperatures and excessive irrigation. To determine the optimum conditions for development of soft rot under controlled conditions, pots of carrots inoculated with E. chrysanthemi were saturated with water and incubated at 20, 25, 30, or 35°C. Plants were harvested and examined for disease 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, and 96 h after inoculation. Negligible disease occurred after 12 h. Disease severity and incidence increased with increasing temperature and duration of saturation from 24 to 96 h. In a second experiment, carrot disks were inoculated with three isolates each of E. chrysanthemi and E. carotovora subsp. carotovora and incubated at 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35°C. After 48 h, the disks were washed to remove rotted tissue and reweighed. Neither bacterium reduced carrot disk weight at 15°C. In general, moderate weight reduction occurred at 20 and 25°C. The greatest degree of soft rot was caused by E. chrysanthemi at 30 and 35°C. E. carotovora subsp. carotovora isolates were relatively less virulent than E. chrysanthemi at 30°C and none of the E. carotovora subsp. carotovora isolates reduced carrot disk weight at 35°C. This is the first report of E. chrysanthemi causing soft rot of carrot in California. Based on these results, growers should limit the length of time carrot roots are exposed to saturated soil, especially at high soil temperatures.

scholarly journals A New Screening Method for the Selection of Calla Lily Zantedeschia aethiopica Cultivars Resistant to Calla Lily Soft Rot

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 366-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyang Young Joung ◽  
Mok Pil Choi ◽  
Kyung Sook Han ◽  
Su Kim ◽  
Dae Hoe Goo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Screening Method ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Zantedeschia Aethiopica ◽  
Calla Lily ◽  
Selection Of

scholarly journals First Report of Botrytis Gray Mold on Common Calla Lily in Buenos Aires, Argentina

Plant Disease ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 90 (7) ◽  
pp. 970-970 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. Rivera ◽  
S. E. Lopez
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Buenos Aires ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
First Report ◽  
Zantedeschia Aethiopica ◽  
Calla Lily ◽  
Japanese Quince ◽  
Dark Green

Common calla lily (Zantedeschia aethiopica (L.) Spreng., family Araceae) is an evergreen herbaceous South African ornamental plant that forms a tuft of fleshy-stalked, glossy, dark green leaves. At bloom during the summertime, large, funnel-shaped, waxy-white spaths that surround a bright yellow spadix form at the end of high stalks. In August 2003, large, irregular brown spots with a 3- to 4-mm yellow halo were observed on leaves of 10 plants growing near Japanese quince shrubs (Chaenomeles lagenaria (Loisel.) Koidz.) in Escobar, Buenos Aires. Debris of Japanese quince petals were attached to the center of the lesions with profuse sporulation of Botrytis cinerea Pers. (1). Pathogen spores were disposed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and incubated at 22°C. Mycelium was initially whitish and turned gray with age. Black conidiophores bore botryose heads of hyaline, ellipsoid, unicellular conidia, gray in mass, 7.5 to 10.5 μm × 6.8 to 7.5 (average 9.2 to 7 μm). Black, irregular sclerotia formed at random in culture. Inoculum was prepared from 7-day-old cultures on PDA. Six flowering common calla lilies planted in 5-liter plastic pots were inoculated by spraying a suspension of 2.5 × 106 conidia per ml of sterile distilled water. Six healthy plants were sprayed with sterile distilled water. Each plant was covered with a transparent polyethylene bag for 3 days and kept at 21°C under a 12-h photoperiod. After a 12-day incubation period, leaves showed elliptic to irregular brown spots surrounded by yellow halos. Tiny round to irregular brown spots developed on flower spaths that finally blighted. Water-treated plants remained symptomless. Koch's postulates were fulfilled by pathogen reisolation from diseased organs. To our knowledge, this is the first report of B. cinerea on Z. aethiopica in Argentina. Infection efficiency of B. cinerea increases when inoculated petals are positioned on leaves (2), which has epidemiological importance in landscapes with association of plant species that are potential hosts of this pathogen. Reference: (1) M. V. Ellis and J. M. Waller. No. 431 in: Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria. CMI, Kew, Surrey, UK, 1974. (2) C. Sirjusingh et al. Plant Dis. 80:154, 1996.

scholarly journals First Report of Bacterial Leaf Spot of Basil Caused by Pseudomonas viridiflava in Argentina

Plant Disease ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 83 (9) ◽  
pp. 876-876 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Alippi ◽  
S. Wolcan ◽  
E. Dal Bó
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Tween 80 ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Bacterial Leaf Spot ◽  
First Report ◽  
Arginine Dihydrolase ◽  
Pseudomonas Viridiflava ◽  
Physiological Tests

In June 1998, during a cool, humid period, typical bacterial spot symptoms were observed on basil plantlets (Ocimun basilicum L. ‘Royal Louis’ and ‘Zaes’) in a commercial greenhouse in La Plata, Argentina. Affected plants had dark brown to black lesions on cotyledons. Spots on leaves were first water soaked, then became necrotic and progressed inward from the margins. Disease incidence approached 30%. Symptoms were similar to those reported by Little et al. (2) on basil affected by Pseudomonas viridiflava. No pathogenic fungi or viruses were associated with symptomatic plants. Bacterial streaming was observed from lesion margins. Bacteria consistently isolated from leaf lesions formed cream-colored, glistening, convex colonies on sucrose peptone agar and a green fluorescent pigment on King's medium B. Bacterial growth produced a distinctive olive green pigment on glycerol agar medium and a pink pigment on T-5 medium (1). Four isolates selected for further study were aerobic, Gram-negative, non-spore-forming rods. In LOPAT (levan-oxidase-potato rot-arginine dihydrolase-tobacco hypersensitivity) tests, all induced a hypersensitive response in tobacco plants, caused soft rot of potato tubers, and were negative for levan, oxidase, and arginine dihydrolase. In addition, strains rotted onion slices and produced a reddish sunken lesion on bean pods. Acid was produced aerobically from D-glucose, mannitol, mesoinositol and sorbitol, but not from D-arabinose, L-rhamnose, melibiose, amygdalin, or sucrose. Bacteria used D-tartrate, pyruvate, and citrate, but not benzoate. The strains did not hydrolyze starch, exhibited an oxidative metabolism of glucose, and did not reduce nitrates to nitrites or accumulate poly-β-hydroxybutyrate inclusions. Negative reactions were obtained with indole, ornithine, and D-tryptophan. Isolates hydrolyzed gelatine, used Tween 80, were positive for catalase, and were unable to grow in the presence of 5% NaCl. Colonies developed at 4°C but not 37°C. Reactions were identical to those of reference strains ICMP 5776 and 12363, which were included in all tests for comparison. Pathogenicity was verified on 35-day-old basil plants by both spraying and infiltration inoculations with bacterial suspensions (108 and 105 cells per ml, respectively). Carborundum was included in the inoculum used for a set of plants inoculated by spraying. Controls were injected or sprayed (with and without Carborundum) with sterile, distilled water. In addition, bean (Phaseolus vulgaris cv. Nag12 INTA) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa cv. criolla), both reported as host plants, were inoculated by spraying with bacterial suspensions of 107 cells per ml plus Carborundum. After 48 h in a humid chamber, inoculated plants and controls were maintained at 23 ± 3°C. Symptoms on basil plants inoculated by injection or spraying with Carborundum were identical to those observed on basil in the field. Symptoms on bean and lettuce were similar to those described for P. viridiflava. The bacterium was reisolated from lesions of all species tested, fulfilling Koch's postulates. No lesions were observed on controls or on plants sprayed without Carborundum, suggesting that bacteria gain entry through wounds. The microorganism was identified by physiological tests and polymerase chain reaction as P. viridiflava. This is the first report of bacterial leaf spot of basil in Argentina. References: (1) R. Gitaitis et al. Plant Dis. 81:897, 1997. (2) E. L. Little et al. Plant Dis. 78:831, 1994.

scholarly journals First Report of Bacterial Soft Rot on Vanda Orchids Caused by Dickeya chrysanthemi (Erwinia chrysanthemi) in the United States

Plant Disease ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 92 (6) ◽  
pp. 977-977 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Cating ◽  
J. C. Hong ◽  
A. J. Palmateer ◽  
C. M. Stiles ◽  
E. R. Dickstein
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
The United States ◽  
Erwinia Chrysanthemi ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Bacterial Disease ◽  
Water Control ◽  
First Report ◽  
Microbial Identification

Vanda orchids are epiphytes grown for their attractive flowers by commercial producers and hobbyists throughout Florida. In August 2007, five Vanda hybrids, with an economic value of $150 each, were found at a nursery in central Florida with leaves that were macerated, brown, and water soaked. According to the growers, the plants were normal the previous day but symptoms developed rapidly. The plants were immediately removed from the greenhouse to prevent potential disease spread. Bacteria were isolated according to the method of Schaad et al. (1). Isolated bacteria grew at 37°C, were gram negative, degraded pectate, and produced phosphatase. MIDI (Sherlock version TSBA 4.10; Microbial Identification 16 System, Newark, DE) (SIM 0.906) identified the bacteria as Erwinia chrysanthemi (Dickeya chrysanthemi Burkholder et al. 1953) Samson et al. 2005. PCR was performed on the 16S rRNA gene (GenBank Accession No. EU526397) with primers 27f (5′-GAGAGTTTGATCCTG GCTCAG-3′) and 1495r (5′-TACGGCTACCTTGTTACGA-3′) (2). Subsequent DNA sequencing and GenBank search showed the isolated strain is 99% identical to that of Dickeya chrysanthemi. Four leaves each of six Vanda hybrids were inoculated by injecting approximately 150 μl of a bacteria suspension at 1 × 108 CFU/ml into each leaf. One plant was inoculated with water in each of four leaves. Plants were enclosed in plastic bags and returned to the greenhouse under 50% shade at 29°C day and 17°C night temperatures. Within 24 h, soft rot symptoms appeared on inoculated leaves. The water control appeared normal. D. chrysanthemi was reisolated and identified with the above method, thus Koch's postulates were fulfilled. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a soft rot caused by D. chrysanthemi on Vanda hybrids. Because of the popularity and high value of Vanda orchids, proper identification of this rapidly progressing bacterial disease is of great importance for the commercial producer and homeowner alike. References: (1) N. W. Schaad et al. Erwinia soft rot group. Page 56 in: Laboratory Guide for Identification of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria. 3rd ed. N. W. Schaad et al., eds. American Phytopathological Society. St. Paul, MN, 2001. (2) W. G. Weisburg. J. Bacteriol. 173:697, 1991.

scholarly journals First Report of Bacterial Leaf Spot of Basil Caused by Pseudomonas viridiflava in Hungary

Plant Disease ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Végh ◽  
M. Hevesi ◽  
Zs. Némethy ◽  
L. Palkovics
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Hypersensitive Reaction ◽  
Bacterial Suspension ◽  
Bacterial Leaf Spot ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
First Report ◽  
Arginine Dihydrolase ◽  
Pseudomonas Viridiflava

In April 2011, typical bacterial spot symptoms were observed on sweet basil plantlets (Ocimum basilicum L.) in a supermarket in Budapest, Hungary. Affected plants had dark brown-to-black lesions on the cotyledons. Spots on the leaves were first water soaked and then became necrotic and progressed inward from the margins. Symptoms were similar to those reported by Little et al. (3) on basil affected by Pseudomonas viridiflava. Bacteria consistently isolated from leaf lesions formed mucoid colonies with a green fluorescent pigment on King's B medium. Strains were gram negative. In LOPAT (levan-oxidase-potato rot-arginine dihydrolase-tobacco hypersensitivity) tests (2), all induced a hypersensitive reaction (HR) in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. White Burley) leaves (1), caused soft rot of potato tuber slices, and were negative for levan, oxidase, and arginine dihydrolase. Biochemical tests, API 20NE and API 50 CH (Biomérieux, Marcy l'Etoile, France), were also used for identification. The pathogenicity of three isolates was tested twice by injecting 20-day-old healthy basil plants with a bacterial suspension (107 CFU/ml). Controls were injected with sterile distilled water. Plants were kept at 25 to 28°C and 80 to 100% relative humidity. Forty-eight hours after inoculation, dark brown-to-black lesions were observed only on inoculated plants. The bacterium was reisolated from lesions of all plants tested, fulfilling Koch's postulates. No lesions were observed on controls. To identify the pathogen, a PCR technique was used. The 16SrDNA region was amplified with general bacterial primer pair (63f forward and 1389r reverse) (4) then the PCR products were cloned into Escherichia coli DH5α cells and a recombinant plasmid was sequenced by M13 forward and reverse primers. The sequence was deposited in GenBank (Accession No. HE585219). On the basis of the symptoms, biochemical tests, and 16SrDNA sequence homology (99% sequence similarity with a number of P. viridiflava isolates), the pathogen was identified as P. viridiflava. To our knowledge, this is the first report of bacterial leaf spot of basil in Hungary, which can seriously affect the basil production. References: (1) Z. Klement. Nature 199:299, 1963. (2) R. A. Lelliot et al. Appl. Bacteriol. 29:470, 1966. (3) E. L. Little et al. Plant Dis. 78:831, 1994. (4) A. M. Osborn et al. Environ. Microbiol. 2:39, 2000.

scholarly journals Outbreak of Erwinia carotovora on Zantedischia spp. in South Africa

Plant Disease ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 83 (10) ◽  
pp. 966-966
Author(s):  
E. L. Mansvelt ◽  
E. Carstens
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Reference Strain ◽  
Erwinia Carotovora ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Initial Symptom ◽  
Cut Flower ◽  
Arginine Dihydrolase ◽  
Potato Slices ◽  
Tuber Rot

In South Africa, summer-flowering Arum lilies are grown for the tuber, potted plant, and cut flower markets. In 1998, an outbreak of soft rot was detected on Zantedischia oculata cv. Black Magic and Z. elliottiana plants from several nurseries. Crop losses of up to 25% were incurred. The initial symptom was wilting of leaves. When plants were lifted from the soil, soft rot of the tuber was found. Tuber rot usually developed on one side, and plants developing from affected tubers wilted and died. No discoloration of leaf or tuber tissues was found. Isolations from diseased tissues consistently yielded bacterial colonies that were translucent, white, and glistening and that had entire margins on nutrient agar. Ten representative isolates were chosen for further characterization. Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora strain B56 was included as a reference strain. All isolates were gram-negative rods, oxidase and arginine dihydrolase negative, catalase positive, and facultatively anaerobic. They degraded pectate and rotted potato slices but did not hydrolyze starch. All isolates fermented glucose, reduced nitrates to nitrites, and grew at a maximum temperature of 37°C. Isolates produced acids from D(+)-glucose, D(+)-cellobiose, melibiose, amygdalin, L(+)-arabinose, D-mannitol, L(+)-rhamnose, sucrose, ribose, D(-)xylose, and D(-)glucose but not from D-arabinose, D-sorbitol, or maltose. Isolates liquefied gelatin and used citrate, arbutine, esculin, salicin, and cellobiose as the sole carbon source. Pathogenicity to Zantedischia spp. was tested by injection of tubers with an inoculum suspension containing 108 CFU/ml. Control plants were inoculated with sterile distilled water. Inoculated plants were kept in a greenhouse at 24°C. Symptoms developed 2 days after inoculation with the pathogen and appeared to be identical to those observed on diseased material in nurseries. Control plants did not rot. The bacterium was readily reisolated from diseased plants, confirmed to be the inoculated pathogen, and identified as E. carotovora, based on morphological, biochemical, and physiological characteristics and pathogenicity. E. aroideae has been reported to cause soft rot of rhizomes of winter-flowering Arum lilies (Z. aethiopica) in South Africa (1). However, this is the first report of soft rot caused by E. carotovora subsp. carotovora on tubers of Z. oculata and Z. elliottiana plants in South Africa. Reference: (1) V. Wager. 1970. Flower Garden Diseases and Pests. Purnell, Cape Town, South Africa.

scholarly journals Powdery mildew of ornamental species caused by Oidiopsis haplophylli in Brazil

2007 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 405-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ailton Reis ◽  
Leonardo Silva Boiteux ◽  
Milton Luiz Paz-Lima
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Sweet Pepper ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Host Specialization ◽  
Eustoma Grandiflorum ◽  
Zantedeschia Aethiopica ◽  
Calla Lily ◽  
Protected Cultivation ◽  
Ornamental Crops ◽  
Ornamental Species

Oidiopsis haplophylli (syn. Oidiopsis sicula) was identified as the causal agent of powdery mildew diseases occurring on five ornamental species in Brazil. This disease was observed in plastic house-grown lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum: Gentianaceae), in nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus: Tropaeolaceae) cultivated under open field conditions and in greenhouse-grown calla lily (Zantedeschia aethiopica: Araceae), impatiens (Impatiens balsamina: Balsaminaceae) and balloon plant (Asclepias physocarpa: Asclepiadaceae). Typical disease symptoms consisted of chlorotic areas on the upper leaf surface corresponding to a fungal colony in the abaxial surface. With the disease progression, these chlorotic areas eventually turned to necrotic (brown) lesions. Fungi morphology on all hosts was similar to that described for the imperfect stage of Leveillula taurica (O. haplophylli). The Koch's postulates were fulfilled by inoculating symptom-free plants via leaf-to-leaf contact with fungal colonies. Additional inoculations using an isolate of O. haplophylli from sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum) demonstrated that it is pathogenic to all five species belonging to distinct botanical families, indicating lack of host specialization. This is the first formal report of a powdery mildew disease on lisianthus, calla lilly, impatiens and nasturtium in Brazil. It is, to our knowledge, the first report of O. haplophyllii infecting A. physocarpa, extending the host range of this atypical powdery mildew-inducing fungus. This disease might become important on these ornamental crops especially in protected cultivation and also under field conditions in hot and dry areas of Brazil.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document