scholarly journals Effect of Organic and Inorganic Salts on the Development of Helminthosporium solani, the Causal Agent of Potato Silver Scurf

Plant Disease ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 86 (9) ◽  
pp. 1014-1018 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Hervieux ◽  
E. S. Yaganza ◽  
J. Arul ◽  
R. J. Tweddell
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Sodium Formate ◽  
Postharvest Disease ◽  
Potassium Sorbate ◽  
Sodium Metabisulfite ◽  
Silver Scurf ◽  
Helminthosporium Solani ◽  
Economic Significance

Potato silver scurf, caused by Helminthosporium solani, is an important postharvest disease of economic significance. Control of H. solani has been accomplished primarily by postharvest applications of thiabendazole. However, many strains of H. solani have become resistant to thiabendazole, resulting in failure of disease control. Consequently, alternative control strategies are needed. This study showed that several salts significantly reduced silver scurf development on potato tuber at a concentration of 0.2 M and that the timing of application also influenced salt efficacy. Among the 23 tested salts, aluminum chloride was the only one reducing silver scurf severity when applied either 2, 4, or 7 days after H. solani inoculation. Aluminum lactate, potassium sorbate, sodium carbonate, sodium metabisulfite, and trisodium phosphate also markedly reduced silver scurf severity but only when applied 2 or 4 days after inoculation. Ammonium acetate, calcium chloride, sodium benzoate, sodium citrate, and sodium formate reduced disease severity by at least 50% when applied 2 days after H. solani inoculation. With the exception of calcium chloride and sodium formate, these salts also were shown to strongly inhibit H. solani mycelial growth or spore germination in vitro. Results of this study further demonstrate the possibility of using selected salts for the control of potato silver scurf.

scholarly journals Postharvest Application of Organic and Inorganic Salts for Suppression of Silver Scurf on Potato Tubers

Plant Disease ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Olivier ◽  
Donald E. Halseth ◽  
Eduardo S. G. Mizubuti ◽  
Rosemary Loria
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Ammonium Bicarbonate ◽  
Potassium Bicarbonate ◽  
Postharvest Disease ◽  
Inorganic Salts ◽  
Potassium Sorbate ◽  
Silver Scurf ◽  
Potato Tubers ◽  
Pathogen Suppression

Seven organic and inorganic salts were tested for suppression of silver scurf, a postharvest disease of potato tubers caused by Helminthosporium solani. Potassium sorbate, calcium propionate, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate, potassium bicarbonate, and ammonium bicarbonate were added to V8 agar at concentrations of 0.06–0.2 M. Radial growth of H. solani was significantly reduced (P < 0.05) by all salts at all concentrations. All salts except sodium bicarbonate and potassium bicarbonate were fungicidal at 0.2 M. Effects of postharvest salt treatments on disease severity and sporulation of H. solani on inoculated and naturally infected potato tubers were evaluated in separate experiments. Greenhouse-grown tubers were inoculated with H. solani spore suspensions (2 × 105 spores/ml), incubated for 5 days, dipped into 0.2 M solutions of each of the salts, and incubated in a moist chamber at 22–24°C for 6 weeks. All salt treatments prevented lesion development and sporulation of H. solani and differed significantly (P < 0.05) from the control. Postharvest applications of test compounds (0.2M) also significantly (P < 0.05) reduced disease severity and H. solani sporulation on naturally infected, field-grown tubers after 15 weeks of storage at 10°C. Salt treatments did not differ in disease or pathogen suppression. These relatively nontoxic organic and inorganic salts have potential as postharvest applications for control of silver scurf.

Evaluation of different salts for the control of lettuce varnish spot: when phytotoxicity rules

2018 ◽  
Vol 98 (3) ◽  
pp. 753-761 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxime Delisle-Houde ◽  
Vicky Toussaint ◽  
Hicham Affia ◽  
Russell J. Tweddell
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Sodium Carbonate ◽  
Sodium Benzoate ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Potassium Sorbate ◽  
Sodium Metabisulfite ◽  
Pseudomonas Cichorii ◽  
Foliar Symptoms

Five generally recognised as safe (GRAS) salts with antimicrobial activity were investigated for their potential use as bactericides for the control of lettuce varnish spot [Pseudomonas cichorii (Swingle) Stapp]. The phytotoxicity of salts was first assessed using greenhouse and in vitro assays. Greenhouse assays revealed that salts showed different levels of phytotoxicity. Potassium sorbate, sodium benzoate, and sodium carbonate at higher concentrations caused a noticeable decrease of growth along with foliar phytotoxicity symptoms while sodium metabisulfite and sodium bicarbonate caused exclusively foliar symptoms. Based on the phytotoxic doses 5% determined in vitro, salts can be ranked in ascending order of phytotoxicity as follows: sodium bicarbonate, potassium sorbate, sodium carbonate, sodium benzoate, and sodium metabisulfite. When applied at concentrations causing mild to moderate foliar symptoms of phytotoxicity and no noticeable effect on growth, salts did not significantly affect (p ≤ 0.01) survival of P. cichorii on lettuce leaf tissue and did not significantly reduce (p ≤ 0.01) varnish spot severity. Although sodium metabisulfite was applied at concentrations higher than the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration, it did not affect P. cichorii survival on leaf tissue.

scholarly journals Application of Organic and Inorganic Salts to Field-Grown Potato Tubers Can Suppress Silver Scurf During Potato Storage

Plant Disease ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 83 (9) ◽  
pp. 814-818 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Olivier ◽  
Carol R. MacNeil ◽  
Rosemary Loria
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Carbonate ◽  
Organic Salt ◽  
Postharvest Disease ◽  
Inorganic Salts ◽  
Potassium Sorbate ◽  
Silver Scurf ◽  
Potato Storage ◽  
Potato Tubers ◽  
Lesion Formation ◽  
Calcium Propionate

Silver scurf, caused by Helminthosporium solani, is an economically important postharvest disease of potato tubers. Organic and inorganic salts were evaluated for their ability to suppress silver scurf lesion development and sporulation of H. solani on potato tubers. Tubers were treated immediately after harvest with 0.2-M solutions of potassium sorbate, calcium propionate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate, ammonium bicarbonate, or water. Tween 20 was added as a surfactant to most treatments. Potassium sorbate (0.1 M), acidified potassium sorbate and calcium propionate treatments (0.2 M), and calcium chloride treatments (0.136 M) were included in additional experiments. Tubers were stored under commercial storage conditions for 4 to 6 months prior to disease evaluation. The extent of disease suppression varied among experiments; however, some treatments consistently reduced disease. Lesion formation on the tuber surface was reduced by 26 to 60% using potassium sorbate (in three of four experiments) compared to water-treated or untreated tubers. Sporulation was suppressed by 0.2 M potassium sorbate (78 to 99% reduction) in all four experiments. Sodium carbonate reduced lesion formation in two experiments and sporulation in three of four experiments. Other treatments inconsistently suppressed lesion formation or sporulation, or did not reduce disease. Addition of Tween or acidification of organic salt solutions did not improve silver scurf suppression in most cases. Potassium sorbate has very low mammalian toxicity and great potential as an innocuous and inexpensive postharvest fungicide for suppression of silver scurf during potato storage.

scholarly journals Effect of different salts on the development of Fusarium solani var. coeruleum, a causal agent of potato dry rot

2009 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mélanie R. Mecteau ◽  
Joseph Arul ◽  
Russell J. Tweddell
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Solani ◽  
Sodium Benzoate ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Trisodium Phosphate ◽  
Aluminium Chloride ◽  
Potassium Sorbate ◽  
Sodium Metabisulfite ◽  
Dry Rot ◽  
Potato Dry Rot

The objectives of this study were (1) to evaluate the effect of different salts on the in vitro development of Fusarium solani var. coeruleum, and (2) to evaluate the efficacy of the salts for reducing dry rot severity caused by the pathogen in potato tubers. The study showed that several salts significantly inhibited the mycelial growth of F. solani var. coeruleum. Aluminium acetate, aluminium chloride, sodium benzoate, sodium metabisulfite, potassium sorbate and trisodium phosphate completely inhibited mycelial growth. Exposure of F. solani var. coeruleum conidia to aluminium acetate, potassium sorbate, sodium benzoate, sodium metabisulfite or trisodium phosphate at 0.2 M resulted in 100% mortality of the conidia after 1 h while aluminium chloride and aluminium lactate caused 100% mortality after an exposure of 24 h. In order to evaluate the effect of salts on potato dry rot development, F. solani var. coeruleum-inoculated tubers were treated with the different salts and disease severity was evaluated following an incubation period of 7 d. Among the test salts, only aluminium chloride caused a significant reduction in potato dry rot compared with the control. The study points out the possibility of using aluminium chloride to control potato dry rot.

scholarly journals Selection of Antagonist Microorganisms Against Helminthosporium solani, Causal Agent of Potato Silver Scurf

Plant Disease ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 86 (7) ◽  
pp. 717-720 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Michaud ◽  
C. Martinez ◽  
A.-M. Simao-Beaunoir ◽  
R. R. Bélanger ◽  
R. J. Tweddell
Keyword(s):  
Seed Tuber ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Streptomyces Griseus ◽  
Silver Scurf ◽  
Helminthosporium Solani ◽  
Potato Tubers ◽  
Biocontrol Program ◽  
Individual Ability ◽  
Arcanobacterium Haemolyticum ◽  
Arthrobacter Oxydans

Silver scurf, caused by the fungus Helminthosporium solani, is an important disease affecting potato tubers. Control of the disease has been hampered by the development of H. solani strains resistant to thiabendazole, the only fungicide used in postharvest treatment. As a result, alternative control strategies are needed. In this study, 100 selected soil samples from the province of Québec were tested for their effect on silver scurf development on potato tubers. The results showed that 10 soils were able to decrease silver scurf development on tubers incubated at 10, 15, or 24°C. Many microorganisms were isolated from these soils and tested for their individual ability to reduce H. solani development using a whole-tuber assay. Several of them, including Alcaligenes piechaudii, Aquaspirillum autotrophicum, Arcanobacterium haemolyticum, Arthrobacter oxydans, Bacillus mycoides, Kocuria rosea, Streptomyces griseus, and a fungus of the class Zygomycetes displayed an ability to reduce the development of silver scurf on potato tubers at 10, 15, or 24°C. These results can find useful applications toward a biocontrol program of potato silver scurf as postharvest or seed tuber treatment.

scholarly journals Selection of Microorganisms for Biological Control of Silver Scurf (Helminthosporium solani) of Potato Tubers

Plant Disease ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 81 (6) ◽  
pp. 647-652 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. K. Elson ◽  
D. A. Schisler ◽  
R. J. Bothast
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Physiological Age ◽  
Postharvest Disease ◽  
Silver Scurf ◽  
Infested Soil ◽  
Helminthosporium Solani ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
Γ Irradiation ◽  
Selection Of

Few management strategies exist for silver scurf, an important postharvest disease of potatoes. In this study, the microbiota of 47 agricultural soils and 7 tuber samples was screened for biological control agents of silver scurf. Soil or periderm samples were transferred to separate samples of γ irradiation-sterilized field soil enriched with potato periderm. After incubation, the samples were assayed for biological suppressiveness to silver scurf using a whole-tuber/infested soil assay. Over 430 isolates of bacteria, yeasts, and actinomycetes were recovered from tubers and soil associated with the 12 most suppressive soil samples. Thirteen strains were selected for further study on three different strains of Helminthosporium solani, including one that was resistant to thiabendazole. Microbial strains that significantly inhibited H. solani (P ≤ 0.05) in at least one experiment were identified as Pseudomonas putida (PM1), Nocardia globerula (S244), and Xanthomonas campestris (P76). Colonization studies with rifampicin-resistant strains of putative biological control agents revealed that long-term colonization of the tuber surface was not necessary to reduce disease symptoms. Highly variable levels of conidiophore production prevented selection of the single most suppressive strain. Possible sources of variability in biological control are discussed, including physiological age of the tuber, tuber infection in the field, and uneven free moisture in the storage.

scholarly journals Mycoparasitism of Helminthosporium solani by Acremonium strictum

2007 ◽  
Vol 97 (10) ◽  
pp. 1331-1337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viviana V. Rivera-Varas ◽  
Thomas A. Freeman ◽  
Neil C. Gudmestad ◽  
Gary A. Secor
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Silver Scurf ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Helminthosporium Solani ◽  
Acremonium Strictum ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
The Impact

Isolates of Helminthosporium solani, the causal agent of silver scurf of potato, collected from multiple locations consistently show white sectoring and rings, differential coloration, and reduced sporulation in culture. It has been accepted that this growth pattern is normal for H. solani cultures. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed the presence of a contaminating fungus in close association with cultures of H. solani. Repeated hyphal tip isolation techniques were used to separate H. solani from the fungal contaminant. Resultant pure cultures of H. solani were uniformly black in color, without white sectors or rings. The contaminating fungus was identified as Acremonium strictum. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the relationship between A. strictum and H. solani, and evaluate the impact of the fungicolous A. strictum on the growth and biology of H. solani. In vitro studies demonstrated that A. strictum significantly reduced sporulation of H. solani isolates from 65 to 35%, spore germination from 53 to 43%, and mycelial growth from 40 to 32% compared with noncontaminated cultures of H. solani. These data indicate that A. strictum is antagonistic to H. solani, and can be considered a mycoparasite. A. strictum reduced H. solani conidia production on minitubers, thereby reducing inoculum for infection. However, treatment with A. strictum does not reduce silver scurf of previously infected tubers. Further studies are warranted to determine the full potential of A. strictum as a biological control agent of H. solanii-incited silver scurf of stored potato tubers and the most effective manner of use.

scholarly journals Electrochemotherapy with Calcium Chloride and 17β-Estradiol Modulated Viability and Apoptosis Pathway in Human Ovarian Cancer

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Zofia Łapińska ◽  
Michał Dębiński ◽  
Anna Szewczyk ◽  
Anna Choromańska ◽  
Julita Kulbacka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Cell Membrane Permeability ◽  
Immunocytochemical Staining ◽  
Ovarian Cancer Cells ◽  
Apoptosis Pathway ◽  
17Β Estradiol

Estrogens (Es) play a significant role in the carcinogenesis and progression of ovarian malignancies. Depending on the concentration, Es may have a protective or toxic effect on cells. Moreover, they can directly or indirectly affect the activity of membrane ion channels. In the presented study, we investigated in vitro the effectiveness of the ovarian cancer cells (MDAH-2774) pre-incubation with 17β-estradiol (E2; 10 µM) in the conventional chemotherapy (CT) and electrochemotherapy (ECT) with cisplatin or calcium chloride. We used three different protocols of electroporation including microseconds (µsEP) and nanoseconds (nsEP) range. The cytotoxic effect of the applied treatment was examined by the MTT assay. We used fluorescent staining and holotomographic imaging to observe morphological changes. The immunocytochemical staining evaluated the expression of the caspase-12. The electroporation process’s effectiveness was analyzed by a flow cytometer using the Yo-Pro™-1 dye absorption assay. We found that pre-incubation of ovarian cancer cells with 17β-estradiol may effectively enhance the chemo- and electrochemotherapy with cisplatin and calcium chloride. At the same time, estradiol reduced the effectiveness of electroporation, which may indicate that the mechanism of increasing the effectiveness of ECT by E2 is not related to the change of cell membrane permeability.

scholarly journals Efficiency of Deoxynivalenol Detoxification by Microencapsulated Sodium Metabisulfite Assessed via an In Vitro Bioassay Based on Intestinal Porcine Epithelial Cells

ACS Omega ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 8382-8393
Author(s):  
Changning Yu ◽  
Peng Lu ◽  
Shangxi Liu ◽  
Qiao Li ◽  
Erhua Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Sodium Metabisulfite ◽  
In Vitro Bioassay

scholarly journals Trichoderma asperellum T76-14 Released Volatile Organic Compounds against Postharvest Fruit Rot in Muskmelons (Cucumis melo) Caused by Fusarium incarnatum

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Warin Intana ◽  
Suchawadee Kheawleng ◽  
Anurag Sunpapao
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Organic Compounds ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Cucumis Melo ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Postharvest Disease ◽  
Dual Culture ◽  
Trichoderma Asperellum ◽  
Volatile Organic

Postharvest fruit rot caused by Fusarium incarnatum is a destructive postharvest disease of muskmelon (Cucumis melo). Biocontrol by antagonistic microorganisms is considered an alternative to synthetic fungicide application. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms of action involved in the biocontrol of postharvest fruit rot in muskmelons by Trichoderma species. Seven Trichoderma spp. isolates were selected for in vitro testing against F. incarnatum in potato dextrose agar (PDA) by dual culture assay. In other relevant works, Trichoderma asperellum T76-14 showed a significantly higher percentage of inhibition (81%) than other isolates. Through the sealed plate method, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from T. asperellum T76-14 proved effective at inhibiting the fungal growth of F. incarnatum by 62.5%. Solid-phase microextraction GC/MS analysis revealed several VOCs emitted from T. asperellum T76-14, whereas the dominant compound was tentatively identified as phenylethyl alcohol (PEA). We have tested commercial volatile (PEA) against in vitro growth of F. incarnatum; the result showed PEA at a concentration of 1.5 mg mL−1 suppressed fungal growth with 56% inhibition. Both VOCs and PEA caused abnormal changes in the fungal mycelia. In vivo testing showed that the lesion size of muskmelons exposed to VOCs from T. asperellum T76-14 was significantly smaller than that of the control. Muskmelons exposed to VOCs from T. asperellum T76-14 showed no fruit rot after incubation at seven days compared to fruit rot in the control. This study demonstrated the ability of T. asperellum T76-14 to produce volatile antifungal compounds, showing that it can be a major mechanism involved in and responsible for the successful inhibition of F. incarnatum and control of postharvest fruit rot in muskmelons.

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