Annual Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense), and Large Crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis) are Alternative Hosts forClavibacter michiganensissubsp.nebraskensis, Causal Agent of Goss's Wilt of Corn

Weed Science ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 901-909 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph T. Ikley ◽  
Kiersten A. Wise ◽  
William G. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Clavibacter Michiganensis ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Alternative Hosts ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Large Crabgrass

Goss's bacterial wilt and leaf blight of corn is caused by the bacteriumClavibacter michiganensissubsp.nebraskensis(Cmn). This disease has recently re-emerged as an important disease in the Midwestern United States (US) and continues to spread. Cultural practices are currently the only methods available for controlling the disease. Weedy species in the generaEchinochloa,Setaria, andSorghumhave previously been described as alternative hosts of Cmn. The objective of this research was to use an isolate of Cmn from the eastern Midwest to examine the host status of previously confirmed hosts, as well as test whether additional weedy or cover crop species are alternative hosts of the bacterium. Plants were inoculated with a suspension of 1 × 108colony-forming units of Cmn per milliliter in a greenhouse experiment. Leaves were observed for typical symptoms of Goss's wilt 7 d after inoculation. Pathogen presence was determined by observing bacterial streaming microscopically, and isolating Cmn from symptomatic plants. Putative colonies of Cmn were confirmed with the use of morphological and molecular methods. Koch's Postulates were completed on populations of new plant species that showed symptoms. Results revealed three new hosts of Cmn: annual ryegrass, johnsongrass, and large crabgrass. In contradiction to previous reports, barnyardgrass was not a host of Cmn in this study. Results also confirm that giant foxtail, green foxtail, shattercane, and yellow foxtail are hosts of Cmn. These results redefine the known host range of Cmn and are important in identifying additional sources of inoculum to improve our understanding of the epidemiology of Goss's wilt.

scholarly journals Four Common Setaria Species are Alternative Hosts for Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis, Causal Agent of Goss's Bacterial Wilt and Blight of Corn

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig B. Langemeier ◽  
Tamra A. Jackson-Ziems ◽  
Greg R. Kruger
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Clavibacter Michiganensis ◽  
Clavibacter Michiganensis Subsp ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
History Of

Goss's bacterial wilt and blight, caused by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis (Cmn), has reemerged as an important disease of Zea mays (corn) in the U.S. Midwest. Results from a 2011 multistate survey indicated that Setaria spp. (foxtail) were often present in corn fields with a history of Cmn. The objective of this research was to determine if Setaria spp. that are common in the Midwest are susceptible to infection by Cmn. In the greenhouse, seedlings of four Setaria spp., including S. viridis (green foxtail), S. faberi (giant foxtail), S. verticillata (bristly foxtail), and S. pumila (yellow foxtail), and Zea mays (Golden Cross Bantam sweet corn, GCB) were inoculated with a suspension of 1.0 × 107 bacteria cells. The trial was arranged in a randomized complete block design and repeated once. Percent of symptomatic leaf area was visually estimated eight days after inoculation. S. faberi exhibited the highest levels of disease among the four Setaria spp., with disease incidence similar to what was observed on Z. mays. S. viridis was the next most susceptible. Symptoms were also observed on S. viridis, S. verticillata, and were lowest for S. pumila. Bacterial streaming was confirmed microscopically and Cmn was reisolated from the four Setaria species. Results indicate that these four Setaria spp. are susceptible to Cmn, thus serving as potential sources of inoculum. Accepted for publication 1 February 2014. Published 28 April 2014.

scholarly journals Impact of Inoculum Concentration on Goss’s Wilt Development in Corn and Alternative Hosts

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 155-159
Author(s):  
Taylor M. Campbell ◽  
Joseph T. Ikley ◽  
William G. Johnson ◽  
Kiersten A. Wise
Keyword(s):  
Disease Severity ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Inoculum Potential ◽  
Lesion Development ◽  
Corn Hybrids ◽  
Inoculum Concentration ◽  
Alternative Hosts ◽  
Greenhouse Study ◽  
Giant Foxtail

Goss’s bacterial wilt and blight of corn (Zea mays L.) is caused by Clavibacter nebraskensis (Cn). Research on Cn has confirmed alternative hosts for the disease, yet little is known about disease development in these alternative hosts. A greenhouse study was conducted to determine the inoculum concentration at which disease occurred for annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), giant foxtail (Setaria faberi Herrm.), and johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense L.), compared with Goss’s wilt susceptible and moderately resistant corn hybrids. Inoculum concentrations from 1 × 100 to 1 × 107 CFU/ml were compared for each individual species. Time for initial lesion development to occur was measured and compared among the hosts and inoculum concentrations. At 21 days after inoculation, both corn hybrids had higher disease severity than the alternative hosts, and disease severity increased for both corn hybrids when inoculum concentrations increased. Alternative hosts had no differences in disease severity as inoculum concentrations increased. Days required for initial lesion development to occur were similar for all hosts, and lesion development occurred sooner when inoculum concentration increased. Results demonstrate corn contributes more to the inoculum potential of Cn, but alternative hosts can still be a refuge for Cn.

Influence of Temperature, Rainfall, Grass Species, and Growth Stage on Efficacy of Fluazifop

1990 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 349-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reid J. Smeda ◽  
Alan R. Putnam
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Optimum Control ◽  
Free Interval ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Growth Room ◽  
Large Crabgrass

Field experiments were initiated to determine the efficacy of fluazifop as influenced by growth stage for green, yellow, and giant foxtail, large crabgrass, and Japanese millet. Additionally, the influence of air temperature and simulated rainfall on fluazifop efficacy for green foxtail and Japanese millet was determined by greenhouse and growth-room experiments. In both 1983 and 1984, fluazifop activity was reduced as the growth stage increased from 3- to 5- to 7-leaf for all species. Significant differences among species in susceptibility to fluazifop were evident with the descending order of tolerance: green foxtail > large crabgrass > yellow foxtail > giant foxtail > Japanese millet. Increasing the air temperature from 18 to 30 C reduced fluazifop control of green foxtail at herbicide rates less than 0.14 kg ai/ha but did not affect Japanese millet. A 1- to 2-h rain-free interval was required for optimum control of green foxtail and Japanese millet at 0.07 kg/ha fluazifop; the interval was reduced to 45 and 15 min, respectively, when fluazifop rates were 0.14 kg/ha. The longer rain-free interval required for optimum control of green foxtail compared to Japanese millet may reflect a slower rate of herbicide absorption in green foxtail.

scholarly journals 57 Effects of Diploid and Tetraploid Annual Ryegrass Cultivars on Cattle Performance, Herbage Mass, and Nutritive Value

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 20-20
Author(s):  
Sarah M Montgomery ◽  
Brandi Karisch ◽  
Jane A Parish ◽  
Jesse Morrison ◽  
Brian Baldwin
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Cattle Grazing ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Grazing Period ◽  
Daily Gain

Abstract Annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) can be divided into two cytotypes: diploid (2n = 2x) and tetraploid (2n = 4x). Polyploid versions of a given plant species result in increased seedling vigor, more robust growth and, potentially, greater yield. While most data suggest no difference in yield between diploid and tetraploid cultivars, there is still potential for weight gain advantages thanks to increased non-structural carbohydrates in tetraploid cells. The objectives of this study were to compare weight gain of cattle grazing either diploid or tetraploid cultivars of annual ryegrass. Two diploid annual ryegrass cultivars (Marshall and Tam 90) and two tetraploid cultivars (Jumbo and Nelson) were planted in 0.81-ha pastures, each replicated four times. Four steers (mean initial BW = 214 kg) were randomly assigned to each pasture for an 82-d grazing period. Body weights were recorded starting at d0 then every 28 days throughout the season. Data were analyzed in the GLM procedure of SAS using a significance level of α = 0.05. There were significant differences between cytotypes with respect to seasonal yield with diploids (9547.90 kg/ha) yielding greater than tetraploids (7762.00 kg/ha). As expected, ADF and NDF fractions were significantly less for tetraploids (ADF; 31.39%, NDF; 31.39%) compared to diploids (ADF; 33.75%, NDF; 53.25%). Tetraploids also contained significantly greater crude protein (13.50%) than diploids (12.90%). Cytotype had no effect on final average daily gain (ADG) (P = 0.9427). However, final ADG was significantly impacted by cultivar (P = 0.0134). Final ADG for Tam 90 (1.10 kg/d) was greater than Marshall (0.92 kg/d). Cattle grazing Nelson (1.04 kg/d) and Jumbo (0.99 kg/d) did not differ. Results show that regardless of differences in seasonal yield and nutritive value between cytotypes, there were no advantages in ADG for cattle grazing either cytotype.

Herbicides for Postemergence Control of Annual Grass Weeds in Seedling Forage Grasses

Weed Science ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Peters ◽  
Russell S. Moomaw ◽  
Alex R. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Warm Season ◽  
Big Bluestem ◽  
Forage Grasses ◽  
Annual Grass ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Intermediate Wheatgrass ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Annual Grasses ◽  
Large Crabgrass ◽  
Warm Season Grasses

The control of three summer annual grass weeds with herbicides during establishment of forage grasses was studied near Concord and Mead, NE, in 1984, 1985, and 1986. Three cool-season forage grasses, intermediate wheatgrass, tall fescue, and smooth bromegrass, and two warm-season grasses, big bluestem and switchgrass, were included. The control of three major summer annual grasses, green foxtail, barnyardgrass, and large crabgrass, was excellent with fenoxaprop at 0.22 kg ai/ha. Slight to moderate injury to cool-season forage grasses and severe injury to warm-season grasses were evident. Sethoxydim at 0.22 kg ai/ha and haloxyfop at 0.11 kg ai/ha controlled green foxtail and large crabgrass, but not barnyardgrass. Sulfometuron-treated big bluestem and switchgrass plots had the best forage stand frequencies and yields and, at the rate used, sulfometuron satisfactorily controlled green foxtail but only marginally controlled barnyardgrass and large crabgrass.

Annual Grass Control in Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) with Postemergence Graminicides

1992 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 938-948 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chester L. Foy ◽  
Harold L. Witt
Keyword(s):  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Annual Grass ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Highly Effective ◽  
Annual Grasses ◽  
Large Crabgrass

Field experiments were conducted during 1982 to 1988 in Virginia to evaluate BAS 517, CGA 82725, clethodim, cloproxydim, fenoxaprop, fluazifop, fluazifop-P, haloxyfop, paraquat, quizalofop, SC-1084, sethoxydim, sethoxydim plus thifensulfuron, and terbacil for control of annual grasses in alfalfa. Herbicides were applied to alfalfa and grasses 2 to 30 cm in height after the first and/or second cuttings. Overall, the herbicides were highly effective in controlling fall panicum, giant foxtail, barnyardgrass, and large crabgrass. Alfalfa yields were not increased with herbicide treatments in several experiments. Only paraquat, applied later than recommended after cutting in one experiment, and sethoxydim plus thifensulfuron at one location reduced alfalfa yields.

scholarly journals Metabolism or behavior: explaining the performance of aphids on alkaloid-producing fungal endophytes in annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum)

Oecologia ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 185 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel A. Bastias ◽  
Andrea C. Ueno ◽  
Cristina R. Machado Assefh ◽  
Adriana E. Alvarez ◽  
Carolyn A. Young ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Annual Ryegrass

scholarly journals Comparative Physiological and Transcriptomic Analyses Reveal Mechanisms of Improved Osmotic Stress Tolerance in Annual Ryegrass by Exogenous Chitosan

Genes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 853 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhao ◽  
Pan ◽  
Zhou ◽  
Yang ◽  
Meng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Stress ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Intact Cell ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Gene Expressions ◽  
Osmotic Stress Tolerance ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
The Impact

Water deficit adversely affects the growth and productivity of annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.). The exogenous application of chitosan (CTS) has gained extensive interests due to its effect on improving drought resistance. This research aimed to determine the role of exogenous CTS on annual ryegrass in response to water stress. Here, we investigated the impact of exogenous CTS on the physiological responses and transcriptome changes of annual ryegrass variety “Tetragold” under osmotic stress induced by exposing them to 20% polyethylene glycol (PEG)-6000. Our experimental results demonstrated that 50 mg/L exogenous CTS had the optimal effect on promoting seed germination under osmotic stress. Pre-treatment of annual ryegrass seedlings with 500 mg/L CTS solution reduced the level of electrolyte leakage (EL) as well as the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and proline and enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and ascorbic acid peroxidase (APX) under osmotic stress. In addition, CTS increased soluble sugars and chlorophyll (Chl) content, net photosynthetic rate (A), stomatal conductance (gs), water use efficiency (WUE), and transpiration rate (E) in annual ryegrass seedlings in response to three and six days of osmotic stress. Transcriptome analysis further provided a comprehensive understanding of underlying molecular mechanisms of CTS impact. To be more specific, in contrast of non-treated seedlings, the distinct changes of gene expressions of CTS-treated seedlings were shown to be tightly related to carbon metabolism, photosynthesis, and plant hormone. Altogether, exogenous CTS could elicit drought-related genes in annual ryegrass, leading to resistance to osmotic stress via producing antioxidant enzymes and maintaining intact cell membranes and photosynthetic rates. This robust evidence supports the potential of the application of exogenous CTS, which will be helpful for determining the suitability and productivity of agricultural crops.

Importance of Root, Shoot, and Seed Exposure on the Herbicidal Activity of EPTC

Weed Science ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reed A. Gray ◽  
Andre J. Weierich
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Herbicidal Activity ◽  
Vertical Position ◽  
Cyperus Esculentus ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Barrier Method ◽  
Triticum Vulgare ◽  
Root Exposure ◽  
Nutrient Solutions

A charcoal barrier method was devised to prevent the movement of S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate (EPTC) in the soil in order to expose certain parts of the plant without exposing the rest of the plant. Exposing the roots of barley (Hordeum vulgare L., var. Blue Mariot), oats (Avena sativa L., var. California Red), barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crusgalli L. Beauv.), annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), wheat (Triticum vulgare L.), rice (Oryza sativa L., var. Belle Patna), cotton (Gossypium peruvianum Cav.), and yellow nutgrass (Cyperus esculentus L.) caused more injury than shoot exposure, while shoot exposure caused slightly more injury than root exposure to Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense Pers.), sorghum (Sorghum vulgare Pers., hybrid Amak R-10), and peas (Pisum sativum L.). Seed exposure caused severe injury in some plant species but not others. The results obtained by this method disagree with published reports which claimed that only shoot exposure to EPTC led to injury. In numerous experiments with barley seeds accurately planted in a vertical position in a ½-inch layer of charcoal between two 1-inch layers of soil, root exposure always injured the plants more than shoot exposure. Exposing all parts (seeds, roots, and shoots) to EPTC caused the most injury to barley followed by exposing only the seeds, a combination of roots and shoots, roots, and shoots in decreasing order of injury symptoms. Similar results were obtained with oats when the depth of the treated soil above or below the seed was 1 inch, but increasing this depth to 1.5 inches or more resulted in more injury by shoot exposure than root exposure. The importance of root exposure was confirmed using another method of testing in which only the roots were exposed to the herbicide in nutrient solutions. Concentrations as low as 1 ppm of EPTC applied to the roots in nutrient solutions inhibited shoot growth of oats, barley, sorghum, and corn, while the growth of the roots was enhanced in some cases.

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