scholarly journals Effects of Crop Rotation and Irrigation on Verticillium dahliae Microsclerotia in Soil and Wilt in Cauliflower

1998 ◽  
Vol 88 (10) ◽  
pp. 1046-1055 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Xiao ◽  
K. V. Subbarao ◽  
K. F. Schulbach ◽  
S. T. Koike
Keyword(s):  
Verticillium Wilt ◽  
Verticillium Dahliae ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Subsurface Drip Irrigation ◽  
Irrigation Methods ◽  
Irrigation Regimes ◽  
Subsurface Drip ◽  
Field Plots ◽  
Plot Design

Experiments were conducted in field plots to evaluate the effects of broccoli residue on population dynamics of Verticillium dahliae in soil and on Verticillium wilt development on cauliflower under furrow and subsurface-drip irrigation and three irrigation regimes in 1994 and 1995. Treatments were a factorial combination of three main plots (broccoli crop grown, harvested, and residue incorporated in V.dahliae-infested plots; no broccoli crop or residue in infested plots; and fumigated control plots), two subplots (furrow and subsurface-drip irrigation), and three sub-subplots (deficit, moderate, and excessive irrigation regimes) arranged in a split-split-plot design with three replications. Soil samples collected at various times were assayed for V. dahliae propagules using the modified Anderson sampler technique. Incidence and severity of Verticillium wilt on cauliflower were assessed at 7- to 10-day intervals beginning a month after cauliflower transplanting and continuing until harvest. Number of propagules in all broccoli plots declined significantly (P < 0.05) after residue incorporation and continued to decline throughout the cauliflower season. The overall reduction in the number of propagules after two broccoli crops was approximately 94%, in contrast to the fivefold increase in the number of propagules in infested main plots without broccoli after two cauliflower crops. Disease incidence and severity were both reduced approximately 50% (P < 0.05) in broccoli treatments compared with no broccoli treatments. Differences between furrow and subsurface-drip irrigation were not significant, but incidence and severity were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in the deficit irrigation regime compared with the other two regimes. Abundance of microsclerotia of V. dahliae on cauliflower roots about 8 weeks after cauliflower harvest was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in treatments with broccoli compared with treatments without broccoli. Rotating broccoli with cauliflower and incorporating broccoli residues into the soils is a novel means of managing Verticillium wilt on cauliflower and perhaps on other susceptible crops. This practice would be successful regardless of the irrigation methods or regimes followed on the susceptible crops.

scholarly journals Nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide emissions from surface and subsurface drip irrigated tomato fields

2018 ◽  
Vol 98 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.P. Edwards ◽  
C.A. Madramootoo ◽  
J.K. Whalen ◽  
V.I. Adamchuk ◽  
A.S. Mat Su ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Subsurface Drip Irrigation ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
Irrigation Methods ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Subsurface Drip ◽  
Irrigation Practices

Irrigation practices change the soil moisture in agricultural fields and influence emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG). A 2 yr field study was conducted to assess carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from surface and subsurface drip irrigated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) fields on a loamy sand in southern Ontario. Surface and subsurface drip irrigation are common irrigation practices used by tomato growers in southern Ontario. The N2O fluxes were generally ≤50 μg N2O-N m−2 h−1, with mean cumulative emissions ranging between 352 ± 83 and 486 ± 138 mg N2O-N m−2. No significant difference in N2O emissions between the two drip irrigation practices was found in either study year. Mean CO2 fluxes ranged from 22 to 160 mg CO2-C m2 h−1 with cumulative fluxes between 188 ± 42 and 306 ± 31 g CO2-C m−2. Seasonal CO2 emissions from surface drip irrigation were significantly greater than subsurface drip irrigation in both years, likely attributed to sampling time temperature differences. We conclude that these irrigation methods did not have a direct effect on the GHG emissions from tomato fields in this study. Therefore, both irrigation methods are expected to have similar environmental impacts and are recommended to growers.

scholarly journals Productivity of Onions Using Subsurface Drip Irrigation versus Furrow Irrigation Systems with an Internet Based Irrigation Scheduling Program

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Enciso ◽  
John Jifon ◽  
Juan Anciso ◽  
Luis Ribera
Keyword(s):  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Furrow Irrigation ◽  
Subsurface Drip Irrigation ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Subsurface Drip ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Commercial Field ◽  
Plot Design

Selection of the proper irrigation method will be advantageous to manage limited water supplies and increase crop profitability. The overall objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) and furrow irrigation on onion yield and irrigation use efficiency. This study was conducted in two locations, a commercial field and a field located at the Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center in Weslaco, TX. This study was conducted as a split-plot design for both sites with two treatments (SDI and furrow irrigation) and three replications per treatment. The total onion yield obtained with the SDI systems was more than 93% higher than the yield obtained with furrow irrigation systems. The large onion size was 181% higher for the SDI system than the furrow system in both sites. The colossal size yield was also higher. At one site colossal yield was 206% higher than furrow, while at another site furrow yielded no colossal onions and SDI had some production. It was concluded that drip irrigation systems more than double yields and increased onion size while using almost half of the water. This was due to SDI allowing for more frequent and smaller irrigation depths with higher irrigation efficiency than furrow irrigation systems.

scholarly journals Mechanisms of Subsurface Drip Irrigation-Mediated Suppression of Lettuce Drop Caused by Sclerotinia minor

1998 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 252-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Bell ◽  
L. Liu ◽  
B. Reidy ◽  
R. M. Davis ◽  
K. V. Subbarao
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Soil Microflora ◽  
Sampling Time ◽  
Furrow Irrigation ◽  
Subsurface Drip Irrigation ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
Irrigation Methods ◽  
Lettuce Drop ◽  
Subsurface Drip

Subsurface drip irrigation and associated mandatory minimum tillage practices significantly reduced the incidence of lettuce drop (Sclerotinia minor) and the severity of corky root on lettuce compared with furrow irrigation and conventional tillage. Three possible mechanisms for the drip irrigation-mediated disease suppression were examined in this study: qualitative and quantitative differences in the soil microflora under furrow and subsurface drip irrigation; their antagonism and potential bio-control effects on S. minor; and the physical distribution of soil moisture and temperature relative to the two irrigation methods. To determine if the suppressive effects under subsurface drip irrigation were related to changes in soil microflora, soils were assayed for actinomycetes, bacteria, and fungi during the spring and fall seasons. The effects of the irrigation methods on microbial populations were nearly identical during both seasons. In the spring season, the total number of fungal colonies recovered on potato dextrose agar amended with rose Bengal generally was greater in soils under drip irrigation than under furrow irrigation, but no such differences were observed during the fall. Numbers of actinomycetes and bacteria were not significantly different between irrigation methods during either season. No interaction between sampling time and irrigation methods was observed for any of the microbial populations during both seasons. Thus, the significant effect of sampling time observed for actinomycete and bacterial populations during the spring was most likely not caused by the irrigation treatments. There were also no qualitative differences in the three groups of soil microflora between the irrigation treatments. Even though some fungal, actinomycete, and bacterial isolates suppressed mycelial growth of S. minor in in vitro assays, the isolates came from both subsurface drip- and furrow-irrigated soils. In in planta assays, selected isolates failed to reduce the incidence of drop in lettuce plants. The soil moisture under subsurface drip irrigation was significantly lower at all depths and distances from the bed center after an irrigation event than under furrow irrigation. The soil temperature, in contrast, was significantly higher at both 5 and 15 cm depths under drip irrigation than under furrow irrigation. The suppression of lettuce drop under subsurface drip irrigation compared with furrow irrigation is attributed to differential moisture and temperature effects rather than to changes in the soil microflora or their inhibitory effects on S. minor.

Influence of irrigation method on water use and production of perennial pastures in northern Victoria

2006 ◽  
Vol 46 (12) ◽  
pp. 1605 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. Wood ◽  
L. Finger
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Dairy Industry ◽  
Subsurface Drip Irrigation ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Irrigation Method ◽  
Irrigation Methods ◽  
Subsurface Drip

The irrigation of pasture for the dairy industry accounts for a large proportion of Australia’s total irrigation water use, particularly in the Murray–Darling Basin. Most pasture is irrigated using the border-check method. The dairy industry is under increasing pressure to use water more efficiently in response to water market reforms and restrictions on future irrigation water availability, creating interest in the potential of alternative irrigation methods. A field experiment was conducted at Tatura, Victoria, Australia between July 2000 and July 2002 to quantify the differences in water use, perennial pasture production and pasture composition under border-check, surge, sprinkler and subsurface drip irrigation. The experiment aimed to assess each irrigation method as it would perform under farm best management practices. Measurements included applied water, tailwater runoff, soil water status, dry matter production and botanical composition. This experiment found that sprinkler and subsurface drip irrigation used on average 2 ML/ha.year (17–23%) less water than border-check irrigation while maintaining or increasing pasture production, consequently having a significantly higher water use efficiency. Surface runoff was significantly reduced under sprinkler and subsurface drip irrigation. Surge irrigation had no advantages over border-check. Although some differences in pasture composition were observed between irrigation treatments, the trends were inconsistent from one season to the next. The high water use by gravity fed irrigation methods is attributed to a combination of higher evaporation and groundwater accessions.

scholarly journals Distribution of Lettuce Big-Vein Incidence Under Three Irrigation Systems

Plant Disease ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (2) ◽  
pp. 206-212
Author(s):  
J. J. Hao ◽  
K. V. Subbarao
Keyword(s):  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Subsurface Drip Irrigation ◽  
Healthy Plant ◽  
Distribution Analysis ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Vector Distribution ◽  
Subsurface Drip

Spatial patterns of lettuce big-vein (LBV) incidence under furrow, sprinkler, and subsurface drip irrigation systems were determined. Because LBV pathogen is a virus and is vectored by the soilborne chytrid Olpidium brassicae, different irrigation systems likely affect the movement of the vector and were hypothesized to result in different distribution patterns and levels of the disease. Lettuce plants were mapped by recording the location of each LBV-infected or healthy plant in arbitrarily selected plots of sizes 16 by 30, 20 by 30, and 18 by 50 m in Salinas, Gonzales, and Santa Maria in California. Data were arrayed into different quadrat sizes by rearrangement, and disease incidence was calculated for each quadrat. Frequency distribution analysis and spatial autocorrelation analyses were performed on this data. LBV incidence was aggregated in all furrow-irrigated fields, four of five subsurface drip-irrigated fields, and two of three sprinkler-irrigated fields. The remaining fields had a random distribution. As the quadrat size increased, index of aggregation decreased, and vice versa. In fields under sprinkler irrigation, regardless of whether the spatial pattern of LBV was random or aggregated, no directional orientation occurred. However, under furrow or subsurface drip irrigation, the aggregation mostly occurred across the rows. Although irrigation type influenced LBV distribution pattern and incidence in lettuce fields, the differential effects of irrigation type on vector O. brassicae could not be discerned in this study. The sprinkler irrigation practiced in lettuce production until thinning may influence the vector distribution and the subsequent irrigation methods adapted for the remainder of the season in individual fields may play a significant role in disease incidence.

Subsurface Drip Irrigation and Fertigation of Broccoli

2002 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas L. Thompson ◽  
Thomas A. Doerge ◽  
Ronald E. Godin
Keyword(s):  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Subsurface Drip Irrigation ◽  
Subsurface Drip

Behaviour of the fecal pollution indicators in a soil irrigated with treated wastewater under onsurface and subsurface drip irrigation

2000 ◽  
Vol 42 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 75-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Campos ◽  
G. Oron ◽  
M. Salgot ◽  
L. Gillerman
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Fecal Pollution ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Subsurface Drip Irrigation ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater ◽  
Pollution Indicators ◽  
Subsurface Drip

A critical objective for any wastewater reuse programme is to minimise health and environmental hazard. When applying wastewater to soil–plant systems, it is to be noted that the passage of water through the soil considerably reduces the number of microorganisms carried by the reclaimed wastewater. Factors that affect survival include number and type of microorganisms, soil organic matter content, temperature, moisture, pH, rainfall, sunlight, protection provided by foliage and antagonism by soil microflora. The purpose of this work was to examine the behaviour of fecal pollution indicators in a soil irrigated with treated wastewater under onsurface and subsurface drip irrigation. The experiment was conducted in a vineyard located at a commercial farm near the City of Arad (Israel). Wastewater and soil samples were monitored during the irrigation period and examined for fecal coliforms, somatic and F+ coliphages and helminth eggs. Physico-chemical parameters were controlled in order to determine their relationship with removal of microorganisms. The results showed high reduction of the concentration of microorganisms when wastewater moves through the soil; and a good correlation between the reduction of fecal pollution indicators and moisture content, organic matter concentration and pH. The application of secondary treated domestic wastewater in this specific soil and under these irrigation systems affect the survival of microorganisms, thus reducing the health and environmental risk.

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