Cats with calcium oxalate stones and renal disease have different plasma metabolome when compared to cats with healthy renal function

Abstract Objectives Inflammatory processes play an important role in the initiation and progression of kidney disease. Renal calcium oxalate stone formed from the crystal deposits in the tubular epithelial cells can increase reactive oxygen species and subsequent inflammation. We investigated the gene expression Methods At the time of death the circulating levels of creatinine and SDMA, markers of kidney decline, were significantly higher in cats with renal disease (n = 11) or stone-forming cats (CaOx, n = 12) when compared to controls (n = 19). Results We identified 3 candidate genes including complement C3d receptor (CR2), MMP-7, and IKAROS family zinc finger 3, that were maximally up-regulated in renal disease with fold increases of 14.3, 13.9, and 10.9 when compared to controls (p < 0.01). Other selected inflammatory markers that were significantly increased but less than 10-fold included IL7R, TLR8, CXCR4, LCP1, IL2RB, and MSR1. The profile for maximally up-regulated genes in CaOx cats was somewhat similar when compared with those with renal disease with the exception of MMP-7. In CaOx cats the maximal up-regulation occurred in CR2, IKAROS family zinc finger 3, and L-selectin with fold increases of 33.9, 16.8, and 12.6 when compared to controls (p < 0.01). Selected inflammatory markers that were significantly increased, but less than 10-fold, included CD37, DOCK2, LCP1, CCL19, and TLR7 in CaOx compared to controls. Interestingly, there was a significant increase in Fc fragment of IgM receptor (FCMR) in both renal disease (12.4 fold) and CaOx (13.2 fold) when compared to controls. Our results identify newer immune biomarkers that are novel targets for attenuating kidney dysfunction and while there are similarities in the inflammatory genes upregulated in cats with kidney disease and stone formers, the expression profile of upregulated genes, taken as a whole, is different in both groups. Conclusions These results indicate that there are somewhat different renal responses to calcium oxalate stones and renal disease which suggests the optimal anti-inflammatory nutritional therapy may be different. Funding Sources Hill's Pet Nutrition, Inc.

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Plasma D Dimer: A Useful Marker of Fibrin Breakdown in Renal Failure

Thrombosis and Haemostasis ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1646627 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 61 (03) ◽

pp. 522-525 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

M P Gordge ◽

R W Faint ◽

P B Rylance ◽

H Ireland ◽

D A Lane ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Renal Failure ◽

Renal Function ◽

Acute Renal Failure ◽

Monoclonal Antibodies ◽

Diabetic Nephropathy ◽

Renal Disease ◽

Plasma Concentrations ◽

Significant Negative Correlation ◽

Healthy Controls ◽

D Dimer

SummaryD dimer and other large fragments produced during the breakdown of crosslinked fibrin may be measured by enzyme immunoassay using monoclonal antibodies. In 91 patients with renal disease and varying degrees of renal dysfunction, plasma D dimer showed no correlation with renal function, whereas FgE antigen, a fibrinogen derivative which is known to be cleared in part by the kidney, showed a significant negative correlation with creatinine clearance. Plasma concentrations of D dimer were, however, increased in patients with chronic renal failure (244 ± 3l ng/ml) (mean ± SEM) and diabetic nephropathy (308 ± 74 ng/ml), when compared with healthy controls (96 ± 13 ng/ml), and grossly elevated in patients with acute renal failure (2,451 ± 1,007 ng/ml). The results indicate an increase in fibrin formation and lysis, and not simply reduced elimination of D dimer by the kidneys, and are further evidence of activated coagulation in renal disease. D dimer appears to be a useful marker of fibrin breakdown in renal failure.

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Urinary stone composition analysis and clinical characterization of 1520 patients in central China

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-85723-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Daling Zhang ◽

Songchao Li ◽

Zhengguo Zhang ◽

Ningyang Li ◽

Xiang Yuan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Calcium Oxalate ◽

Urinary Stone ◽

Geographic Region ◽

Central China ◽

Urinary Stones ◽

Composition Analysis ◽

Stone Composition ◽

Calcium Oxalate Stones ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Lower Urinary

AbstractA total of 1520 patients with urinary stones from central China were collected and analysed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy between October 1, 2016 and December 31, 2019. For all patients, age, sex, comorbidities, stone location, laboratory examination and geographic region were collected. The most common stone component was calcium oxalate (77.5%), followed by calcium phosphate (8.7%), infection stone (7.6%), uric acid (UA) stone (5.3%)and cystine (0.9%). The males had more calcium oxalate stones (p < 0.001), while infection stone and cystine stones occurred more frequently in females (p < 0.001). The prevalence peak occurred at 41–60 years in both men and women. UA stones occurred frequently in patients with lower urinary pH (p < 0.001), while neutral urine or alkaline urine (p < 0.001) and urinary infection (p < 0.001) were more likely to be associated with infection stone stones. Patients with high levels of serum creatinine were more likely to develop UA stones (p < 0.001). The proportion of UA stones in diabetics was higher (p < 0.001), and the incidence of hypertension was higher in patients with UA stones (p < 0.001). Compared to the other types, more calcium oxalate stones were detected in the kidneys and ureters (p < 0.001), whereas struvite stones were more frequently observed in the lower urinary tract (p = 0.001). There was no significant difference in stone composition across the Qinling-Huaihe line in central China except UA stones, which were more frequently observed in patients south of the line (p < 0.001).

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African-Caribbean ethnicity and HbA1c variability are associated with rapid non-linear renal function decline in patients with type 2 diabetes who reach end-stage renal disease

Journal of Diabetes and its Complications ◽

10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2021.107875 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 107875

Author(s):

Stanimir I. Stoilov ◽

Nikolaos Fountoulakis ◽

Angeliki Panagiotou ◽

Stephen Thomas ◽

Janaka Karalliedde

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Renal Function ◽

Renal Disease ◽

End Stage Renal Disease ◽

Renal Function Decline ◽

African Caribbean ◽

Stage Renal Disease ◽

End Stage ◽

Hba1c Variability

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Neuronal regulation of renal function: A model system for nervous system interactions

Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology ◽

10.1139/y92-097 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 70 (5) ◽

pp. 733-734 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J. Michael Wyss

Keyword(s):

Nervous System ◽

Renal Function ◽

Renal Disease ◽

Easy Access ◽

Renal Nerves ◽

Clinical Consequence ◽

Nerve Activity ◽

Renal Nerve ◽

Renal Nerve Activity

The kidney is the most highly innervated peripheral organ, and both the excretory and endocrine functions of the kidney are regulated by renal nerve activity. The kidney plays a dominant role in body fluid homeostasis, blood ionic concentration, and pH and thereby contributes importantly to systemic blood pressure control. Early studies suggested that the neural-renal interactions were responsible only for short-term adjustments in renal function, but more recent studies indicate that the renal nerves may be a major contributor to chronic renal defects leading to established hypertension and (or) renal disease. The neural-renal interaction is also of considerable interest as a model to elucidate the interplay between the nervous system and peripheral organs, since there is abundant anatomical and physiological information characterizing the renal nerves. The investigator has easy access to the renal nerves and the neural influence on renal function is directly quantifiable both in vivo and in vitro. In this symposium that was presented at the 1990 annual convention of the Society for Neuroscience in St. Louis, Missouri, three prominent researchers evaluate the most recent progress in understanding the interplay between the nervous system and the kidney and explore how the results of these studies relate to the broader questions concerning the nervous system's interactions.First, Luciano Barajas examines the detailed anatomy of the intrarenal distribution of the efferent and afferent renal nerves along the nephron and vasculature, and he evaluates the physiological role of each of the discrete components of the innervation. His basic science orientation combined with his deep appreciation of the clinical consequence of the failure of neural-renal regulation enhances his discussion of the anatomy. Ulla C. Kopp discusses the role of the renorenal reflex, which alters renal responses following stimulation of the contralateral kidney. She also considers her recent findings that efferent renal nerve activity can directly modify sensory feedback to the spinal cord from the kidney. Finally, J. Michael Wyss examines the functional consequences of neural control of the kidney in health and disease. Although the nervous system has often been considered as only an acute regulator of visceral function, current studies into hypertension and renal disease suggest that neural-renal dysfunction may be an important contributor to chronic diseases.Together, these presentations examine most of the recent advances in the area of neural-renal interactions and point out how these data form a basis for future research into neuronal interactions with all visceral organs. The relative simplicity of the neural-renal interaction makes this system an important model with which to elucidate all neural-peripheral and neural-neural interactions.

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Pharmacokinetics of tofacitinib, a janus kinase inhibitor, in patients with impaired renal function and end-stage renal disease

The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology ◽

10.1002/jcph.178 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 54 (1) ◽

pp. 46-52 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Sriram Krishnaswami ◽

Vincent Chow ◽

Mary Boy ◽

Cunshan Wang ◽

Gary Chan

Keyword(s):

Renal Function ◽

Renal Disease ◽

End Stage Renal Disease ◽

Impaired Renal Function ◽

Kinase Inhibitor ◽

Janus Kinase ◽

Janus Kinase Inhibitor ◽

Stage Renal Disease ◽

End Stage

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The Relation between the Concentration of Calcium Salts in the Urine and Renal Stone Composition in Patients with Calcium-Containing Renal Stones

Clinical Science ◽

10.1042/cs0430433 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 43 (3) ◽

pp. 433-441 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

R. W. Marshall ◽

M. Cochran ◽

W. G. Robertson ◽

A. Hodgkinson ◽

B. E. C. Nordin

Keyword(s):

Calcium Phosphate ◽

Calcium Oxalate ◽

Renal Stones ◽

Urine Ph ◽

Stone Composition ◽

Calcium Oxalate Stones ◽

Urine Oxalate ◽

The Difference ◽

Normal Urine ◽

Normal Men

1. Diurnal variations in urine calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate activity products were observed in normal men and patients with recurrent calcium oxalate or mixed oxalate—phosphate renal stones. 2. Maximum and minimum calcium oxalate products were higher in the patients than in the controls, the difference being most marked in the patients with calcium oxalate stones. 3. Maximum and minimum calcium phosphate products expressed as octocalcium phosphate [(Ca8H2(PO4)6], brushite or hydroxyapatite, were significantly higher than normal in the patients with mixed stones but not in the patients with calcium oxalate stones. 4. The raised calcium oxalate products in the patients were due mainly to increased concentrations of Ca2+ ions; these, in turn, were due mainly to an increased rate of excretion of calcium. Raised calcium phosphate products were due mainly to hypercalciuria, combined with abnormally high urine pH values. 5. Patients with recurrent calcium stones appear to fall into two types: (1) patients with calcium oxalate stones associated with hypercalciuria, a normal or raised urine oxalate and a normal urine pH; (2) patients with mixed oxalate—phosphate stones associated with hypercalciuria, a normal or raised urine oxalate and a raised urine pH. 6. The implications of these findings in regard to treatment are discussed.

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