Abstract
Funding Acknowledgements
Type of funding sources: None.
Introduction
With the global shift towards a more personalized approach in the management of diabetes, there is an increasing interest in exploring the application of new parameters, such as HbA1c and lipid variability, to better monitor disease progression and evaluate the prognosis. Given that metabolic abnormalities may exacerbate the risk of adverse outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, patients who are partially or fully dependent on insulin are more likely to have severe disease and may be at higher risks of arrhythmias.
Purpose
The aim of the present study aims was to assess the predictive value of HbA1c and lipid variability towards ventricular tachycardia (VT), ventricular fibrillation (VF), or SCD, as well as incident AF in type 2 diabetic patients receiving insulin therapy.
Methods
The territory-wide retrospective observational study consists of type 2 diabetic patients prescribed with insulin, who attended publicly funded clinics and hospitals in Hong Kong between January 1st, 2009 to December 31st, 2009. Variability in total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), triglyceride, and HbA1c were assessed through their standard deviation (SD) and coefficient of variation (CV) for patients with at least three measurements of the respective indices. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to predict for the primary outcomes- incident SCD and AF.
Results
A total of 23329 patients (mean ± SD age: 64 ± 14 years old; 51% male; mean HbA1c 8.6 ± 1.3%) were included. In total, 2512 and 1846 patients experienced incident SCD and AF respectively over the course of follow-up. On multivariate analysis, higher HbA1c variability (SD: hazard ratio [HR]: 1.45, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.21-1.75; p < 0.0001) and triglyceride variability (SD: HR: 1.36, 95%CI: 1.24-1.49; p < 0.0001) were associated with increased of SCD risk. By contrast, only the increase in LDL-C variability was predictive of AF (SD: HR 2.95, 95%CI 1.37-6.39; p= 0.006).
Conclusions
Higher HbA1c variability and lipid variability were associated with increased of SCD risk while only higher LDL-C variability was predictive of incident AF. Therefore, poor glucose control and variability in lipid parameters in diabetic patients are associated with SCD and incident AF. These observations suggest the need to re-evaluate the extent of glycemic control required for outcome optimization.