The Role of Cilia in the Regulation of Olfactory Horizontal Basal Cells

AbstractExposure to moderate doses of ionizing radiation (IR), which is sufficient for causing skin injury, can occur during radiation therapy as well as in radiation accidents. Radiation-induced skin injury occasionally recovers, although its underlying mechanism remains unclear. Moderate-dose IR is frequently utilized for bone marrow transplantation in mice; therefore, this mouse model can help understand the mechanism. We had previously reported that bone marrow-derived cells (BMDCs) migrate to the epidermis-dermis junction in response to IR, although their role remains unknown. Here, we investigated the role of BMDCs in radiation-induced skin injury in BMT mice and observed that BMDCs contributed to skin recovery after IR-induced barrier dysfunction. One of the important mechanisms involved the action of CCL17 secreted by BMDCs on irradiated basal cells, leading to accelerated proliferation and recovery of apoptosis caused by IR. Our findings suggest that BMDCs are key players in IR-induced skin injury recovery.

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Plasticity of basal cells during postnatal development in the rat epididymis

Reproduction ◽

10.1530/rep-12-0510 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 146 (5) ◽

pp. 455-469 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Winnie W C Shum ◽

Eric Hill ◽

Dennis Brown ◽

Sylvie Breton

Keyword(s):

Epithelial Cells ◽

Postnatal Development ◽

Tight Junctions ◽

Vas Deferens ◽

Structural Plasticity ◽

Basal Cells ◽

Cytokeratin 5 ◽

Rat Epididymis ◽

Immunofluorescence Labeling

Our previous study has shown that basal cells sense luminal factors by forming a narrow body projection that can cross epithelial tight junctions. As a first step toward characterizing the structural plasticity of basal cells, in this study, we followed their appearance and morphology in the rat epididymis and vas deferens (VD) during postnatal development and examined their modulation by androgens in adulthood. Immunofluorescence labeling for cytokeratin 5 showed that basal cells are absent at birth. They progressively appear in a retrograde manner from the VD and cauda epididymis to the initial segments during the postnatal weeks PNW1–3. At the onset of differentiation, basal cells are in contact with the lumen and their nucleus is located at the same level as that of adjacent epithelial cells. Basal cells then position their nucleus to the base of the epithelium, and while some are still in contact with the lumen, others have a ‘dome-shaped’ appearance. At PNW5–6, basal cells form a loose network at the base of the epithelium, and luminal-reaching basal cells are rarely detected. The arrival of spermatozoa during PNW7–8 did not trigger the development of projections in basal cells. However, cells with a narrow luminal-reaching projection began to reappear between PNW8 and PNW12 in the corpus and the cauda. Treatment with flutamide from PNW10 to PNW12 significantly reduced the number of luminal-reaching basal cell projections. In summary, basal cells exhibit significant structural plasticity during differentiation. Fewer apical-reaching projections were detected after flutamide treatment in adulthood, indicating the role of androgens in the luminal-sensing function of basal cells.

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Complete Cytolysis and Neonatal Lethality in Keratin 5 Knockout Mice Reveal Its Fundamental Role in Skin Integrity and in Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex

Molecular Biology of the Cell ◽

10.1091/mbc.12.6.1775 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 12 (6) ◽

pp. 1775-1789 ◽

Cited By ~ 80

Author(s):

Bettina Peters ◽

Jutta Kirfel ◽

Heinrich Büssow ◽

Miguel Vidal ◽

Thomas M. Magin

Keyword(s):

Epidermolysis Bullosa ◽

Basal Cells ◽

Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex ◽

Keratin 5 ◽

Neonatal Lethality ◽

Keratin Filaments ◽

Wide Range ◽

Skin Integrity

In human patients, a wide range of mutations in keratin (K) 5 or K14 lead to the blistering skin disorder epidermolysis bullosa simplex. Given that K14 deficiency does not lead to the ablation of a basal cell cytoskeleton because of a compensatory role of K15, we have investigated the requirement for the keratin cytoskeleton in basal cells by inactivating the K5 gene in mice. We report that the K5− / − mice die shortly after birth, lack keratin filaments in the basal epidermis, and are more severely affected than K14− / −mice. In contrast to the K14− / −mice, we detected a strong induction of the wound-healing keratin K6 in the suprabasal epidermis of cytolyzed areas of postnatal K5− / − mice. In addition, K5 and K14 mice differed with respect to tongue lesions. Moreover, we show that in the absence of K5 and other type II keratins, residual K14 and K15 aggregated along hemidesmosomes, demonstrating that individual keratins without a partner are stable in vivo. Our data indicate that K5 may be the natural partner of K15 and K17. We suggest that K5 null mutations may be lethal in human epidermolysis bullosa simplex patients.

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Notch1 maintains dormancy of olfactory horizontal basal cells, a reserve neural stem cell

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ◽

10.1073/pnas.1701333114 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 114 (28) ◽

pp. E5589-E5598 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Daniel B. Herrick ◽

Brian Lin ◽

Jesse Peterson ◽

Nikolai Schnittke ◽

James E. Schwob

Keyword(s):

Stem Cell ◽

Notch Signaling ◽

Neuronal Degeneration ◽

Tissue Injury ◽

Conditional Knockout ◽

Basal Cells ◽

Down Regulation ◽

Sustentacular Cell ◽

Sustentacular Cells ◽

Horizontal Basal Cells

The remarkable capacity of the adult olfactory epithelium (OE) to regenerate fully both neurosensory and nonneuronal cell types after severe epithelial injury depends on life-long persistence of two stem cell populations: the horizontal basal cells (HBCs), which are quiescent and held in reserve, and mitotically active globose basal cells. It has recently been demonstrated that down-regulation of the ΔN form of the transcription factor p63 is both necessary and sufficient to release HBCs from dormancy. However, the mechanisms by which p63 is down-regulated after acute OE injury remain unknown. To identify the cellular source of potential signaling mechanisms, we assessed HBC activation after neuron-only and sustentacular cell death. We found that ablation of sustentacular cells is sufficient for HBC activation to multipotency. By expression analysis, next-generation sequencing, and immunohistochemical examination, down-regulation of Notch pathway signaling is coincident with HBC activation. Therefore, using HBC-specific conditional knockout of Notch receptors and overexpression of N1ICD, we show that Notch signaling maintains p63 levels and HBC dormancy, in contrast to its suppression of p63 expression in other tissues. Additionally, Notch1, but not Notch2, is required to maintain HBC dormancy after selective neuronal degeneration. Taken together, our data indicate that the activation of HBCs observed after tissue injury or sustentacular cell ablation is caused by the reduction/elimination of Notch signaling on HBCs; elimination of Jagged1 expressed by sustentacular cells may be the ligand responsible.

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Possible role of serotonin in Merkel-like basal cells of the taste buds of the frog, Rana nigromaculata

Journal of Anatomy ◽

10.1046/j.1469-7580.1998.19340599.x ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 193 (4) ◽

pp. 599-610 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

KOJIRO HAMASAKI ◽

YUJI SETA ◽

KENJIRO YAMADA ◽

KUNIAKI TOYOSHIMA

Keyword(s):

Taste Buds ◽

Basal Cells ◽

Rana Nigromaculata

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Integrin expression during human epidermal development in vivo and in vitro

Development ◽

10.1242/dev.112.1.193 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 112 (1) ◽

pp. 193-206 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M.D. Hertle ◽

J.C. Adams ◽

F.M. Watt

Keyword(s):

Basement Membrane ◽

Spatial Organization ◽

Basal Layer ◽

Subsequent Development ◽

Sweat Glands ◽

Collagen Type Iv ◽

Integrin Expression ◽

Basal Cells

In order to investigate the role of extracellular matrix receptors of the integrin family in establishing the spatial organization of epidermal kerotinocytes, we used immunofluorescence microscopy to examine the expression of a range of integrin subunits during development of human palm and sole skin. All of the integrins expressed during development were also present in mature epidermis and were largely confined to the basal layer of keratinocytes in a pericellular distribution. The alpha 3 and beta 1 subunits were expressed prior to the initiation of stratification and did not change in abundance or distribution during subsequent development. alpha 4 and beta 3 were not detected at any time in the epidermis. Every other subunit examined showed spatial or temporal changes in expression. Staining for alpha 1 was strong before stratification and until mid-development, but was greatly decreased in neonatal epidermis. alpha 2 was first detected in small patches of basal cells prior to stratification, and thereafter was found in the entire basal layer, with greater staining in developing sweat glands. alpha 5 was not expressed until mid-development, and then primarily in developing sweat glands, with faint expression in neonatal epidermis. alpha v was detected following stratification, in developing sweat glands, and occasionally in neonatal epidermis. alpha 6 and beta 4 were peribasally expressed before stratification, but thereafter became concentrated at the basal cell surface in contact with the basement membrane, co-localizing with hemidesmosomes as determined by staining with bullous pemphigoid antiserum. We also examined the distribution of three known ligands for keratinocyte integrins: laminin and collagen type IV were present in the basement membrane zone at all stages of development, whereas fibronectin was only evident there until about 13 weeks estimated gestational age. Finally, we found that the changes in integrin expression that occur on initiation of stratification in vivo could be reproduced in organ cultures of developing skin; such cultures therefore provided a useful experimental model for further studies of the role of integrins in epidermal stratification.

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High and testosterone-dependent glucose 6-phosphatase activity in epithelium of mouse seminal vesicle.

Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry ◽

10.1177/34.9.2426346 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 34 (9) ◽

pp. 1207-1212 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

K Kanai ◽

S Kanamura ◽

J Watanabe

Keyword(s):

Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽

Seminal Vesicle ◽

Phosphatase Activity ◽

Seminal Fluid ◽

Reaction Medium ◽

Cell Types ◽

Seminal Vesicles ◽

Basal Cells ◽

Biochemical Activity

For study of the mechanism of seminal fructogenesis, glucose 6-phosphatase activity was examined cytochemically (a method modified from that of Wachstein and Meisel) and biochemically (the method of Leskes et al.) in seminal vesicles from normal, castrated, and castrated and testosterone-treated mice. The reaction product for the activity was localized in the endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope of all cell types composing the seminal vesicle. In normal seminal vesicle, the reaction product was apparently more abundant in columnar and basal cells than in other cell types. Ten, 20, and 30 days after castration, the abundant amount of reaction product in columnar and basal cells decreased to the level in other cell types. In animals treated with testosterone after castration, however, the reaction product in columnar and basal cells remained abundant. If fructose 6-phosphate was added to the reaction medium in place of glucose 6-phosphate, the amount and pattern of deposition of the reaction product did not change. Changes in biochemical activity in castrated or castrated and testosterone-treated animals paralleled the cytochemical results. The results show that the high activity in columnar and basal cells is under the control of testosterone, and the role of this enzyme is probably to release fructose into the seminal fluid.

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