scholarly journals Propofol Anesthesia Increases Long-range Frontoparietal Corticocortical Interaction in the Oculomotor Circuit in Macaque Monkeys

2019 ◽  
Vol 130 (4) ◽  
pp. 560-571 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Ma ◽  
Wentai Liu ◽  
Andrew E. Hudson
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Frontal Eye Field ◽  
Lateral Intraparietal Area ◽  
Cortical Areas ◽  
Eye Field ◽  
Phase Amplitude ◽  
Frequency Phase

Abstract Editor’s Perspective What We Already Know about This Topic What This Article Tells Us That Is New Background Frontoparietal functional connectivity decreases with multiple anesthetics using electrophysiology and functional imaging. This decrease has been proposed as a final common functional pathway to produce anesthesia. Two alternative measures of long-range cortical interaction are coherence and phase-amplitude coupling. Although phase-amplitude coupling within frontal cortex changes with propofol administration, the effects of propofol on phase-amplitude coupling between different cortical areas have not previously been reported. Based on phase-amplitude coupling observed within frontal lobe during the anesthetized period, it was hypothesized that between-lead phase-amplitude coupling analysis should decrease between frontal and parietal leads during propofol anesthesia. Methods A published monkey electrocorticography data set (N = 2 animals) was used to test for interactions in the cortical oculomotor circuit, which is robustly interconnected in primates, and in the visual system during propofol anesthesia using coherence and interarea phase-amplitude coupling. Results Propofol induces coherent slow oscillations in visual and oculomotor networks made up of cortical areas with strong anatomic projections. Frontal eye field within-area phase-amplitude coupling increases with a time course consistent with a bolus response to intravenous propofol (modulation index increase of 12.6-fold). Contrary to the hypothesis, interareal phase-amplitude coupling also increases with propofol, with the largest increase in phase-amplitude coupling in frontal eye field low-frequency phase modulating lateral intraparietal area β-power (27-fold increase) and visual area 2 low-frequency phase altering visual area 1 β-power (19-fold increase). Conclusions Propofol anesthesia induces coherent oscillations and increases certain frontoparietal interactions in oculomotor cortices. Frontal eye field and lateral intraparietal area show increased coherence and phase-amplitude coupling. Visual areas 2 and 1, which have similar anatomic projection patterns, show similar increases in phase-amplitude coupling, suggesting higher order feedback increases in influence during propofol anesthesia relative to wakefulness. This suggests that functional connectivity between frontal and parietal areas is not uniformly decreased by anesthetics.

scholarly journals Microcircuitry of agranular frontal cortex: contrasting laminar connectivity between occipital and frontal areas

2015 ◽  
Vol 113 (9) ◽  
pp. 3242-3255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taihei Ninomiya ◽  
Kacie Dougherty ◽  
David C. Godlove ◽  
Jeffrey D. Schall ◽  
Alexander Maier
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Resting State ◽  
Alpha Band ◽  
Cortical Areas ◽  
Supplementary Eye Field ◽  
Layer 4 ◽  
Eye Field ◽  
Phase Amplitude ◽  
Resting State Connectivity ◽  
The Relationship

Neocortex is striking in its laminar architecture. Tracer studies have uncovered anatomical connectivity among laminae, but the functional connectivity between laminar compartments is still largely unknown. Such functional connectivity can be discerned through spontaneous neural correlations during rest. Previous work demonstrated a robust pattern of mesoscopic resting-state connectivity in macaque primary visual cortex (V1) through interlaminar cross-frequency coupling. Here we investigated whether this pattern generalizes to other cortical areas by comparing resting-state laminar connectivity between V1 and the supplementary eye field (SEF), a frontal area lacking a granular layer 4 (L4). Local field potentials (LFPs) were recorded with linear microelectrode arrays from all laminae of granular V1 and agranular SEF while monkeys rested in darkness. We found substantial differences in the relationship between the amplitude of gamma-band (>30 Hz) LFP and the phase of alpha-band (7–14 Hz) LFP between these areas. In V1, gamma amplitudes in L2/3 and L5 were coupled with alpha-band LFP phase in L5, as previously described. In contrast, in SEF phase-amplitude coupling was prominent within L3 and much weaker across layers. These results suggest that laminar interactions in agranular SEF are unlike those in granular V1. Thus the intrinsic functional connectivity of the cortical microcircuit does not seem to generalize across cortical areas.

scholarly journals Distinct roles of prefrontal and parietal areas in the encoding of attentional priority

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (37) ◽  
pp. E8755-E8764 ◽  
Author(s):  
Panagiotis Sapountzis ◽  
Sofia Paneri ◽  
Georgia G. Gregoriou
Keyword(s):  
Target Object ◽  
Frontal Eye Field ◽  
Neuronal Responses ◽  
Lateral Intraparietal Area ◽  
Hierarchical Processing ◽  
Cortical Areas ◽  
Free Viewing ◽  
Eye Field ◽  
Feature Based ◽  
Scene Information

When searching for an object in a crowded scene, information about the similarity of stimuli to the target object is thought to be encoded in spatial priority maps, which are subsequently used to guide shifts of attention and gaze to likely targets. Two key cortical areas that have been described as holding priority maps are the frontal eye field (FEF) and the lateral intraparietal area (LIP). However, little is known about their distinct contributions in priority encoding. Here, we compared neuronal responses in FEF and LIP during free-viewing visual search. Although saccade selection signals emerged earlier in FEF, information about the target emerged at similar latencies in distinct populations within the two areas. Notably, however, effects in FEF were more pronounced. Moreover, LIP neurons encoded the similarity of stimuli to the target independent of saccade selection, whereas in FEF, encoding of target similarity was strongly modulated by saccade selection. Taken together, our findings suggest hierarchical processing of saccade selection signals and parallel processing of feature-based attention signals within the parietofrontal network with FEF having a more prominent role in priority encoding. Furthermore, they suggest discrete roles of FEF and LIP in the construction of priority maps.

scholarly journals Differential Recordings of Local Field Potential:A Genuine Tool to Quantify Functional Connectivity

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meyer Gabriel ◽  
Caponcy Julien ◽  
Paul A. Salin ◽  
Comte Jean-Christophe
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Local Field ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Field Potential ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Cortical Areas ◽  
Electrophysiological Method ◽  
Local Field Potential Lfp

AbstractLocal field potential (LFP) recording is a very useful electrophysiological method to study brain processes. However, this method is criticized for recording low frequency activity in a large area of extracellular space potentially contaminated by distal activity. Here, we theoretically and experimentally compare ground-referenced (RR) with differential recordings (DR). We analyze electrical activity in the rat cortex with these two methods. Compared with RR, DR reveals the importance of local phasic oscillatory activities and their coherence between cortical areas. Finally, we show that DR provides a more faithful assessment of functional connectivity caused by an increase in the signal to noise ratio, and of the delay in the propagation of information between two cortical structures.

scholarly journals Functional localization of the frontal eye fields in the common marmoset using microstimulation

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janahan Selvanayagam ◽  
Kevin D. Johnston ◽  
David J. Schaeffer ◽  
Lauren K. Hayrynen ◽  
Stefan Everling
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Attention ◽  
Common Marmoset ◽  
Frontal Eye Field ◽  
Cortical Region ◽  
Compelling Evidence ◽  
Primate Model ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Cortical Areas ◽  
Eye Field ◽  
The Common

AbstractThe frontal eye field (FEF) is a critical region for the deployment of overt and covert spatial attention. While investigations in the macaque continue to provide insight into the neural underpinnings of the FEF, due to its location within a sulcus the macaque FEF is virtually inaccessible to electrophysiological techniques such as high-density and laminar recordings. With a largely lissencephalic cortex, the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) is a promising alternative primate model for studying FEF microcircuitry. Putative homologies have been established with the macaque FEF on the basis of cytoarchitecture and connectivity, however physiological investigation in awake, behaving marmosets is necessary to physiologically locate this area. Here we addressed this gap using intracortical microstimulation in a broad range of frontal cortical areas in marmosets. We implanted marmosets with 96-channel Utah arrays and applied microstimulation trains while they freely viewed video clips. We evoked short-latency fixed vector saccades at low currents (<50 μA) in areas 45, 8aV, 8C and 6DR. We observed a topography of saccade direction and amplitude consistent with findings in macaques and humans; we observed small saccades in ventrolateral FEF and large saccades combined with contralateral neck and shoulder movements encoded in dorsomedial FEF. Our data provide compelling evidence supporting homology between marmoset and macaque FEF and suggest the marmoset is a useful primate model for investigating FEF microcircuitry and its contributions to oculomotor and cognitive functions.Significance StatementThe frontal eye field (FEF) is a critical cortical region for overt and covert spatial attention. The microcircuitry of this area remains poorly understood, as in the macaque, the most commonly used model, it is embedded within a sulcus and is inaccessible to modern electrophysiological and optical imaging techniques. The common marmoset is a promising alternative primate model due to its lissencephalic cortex and potential for genetic manipulation. However, evidence for homologous cortical areas in this model remains limited and unclear. Here we applied microstimulation in frontal cortical areas in marmosets to physiologically identify the FEF. Our results provide compelling evidence for a frontal eye field in the marmoset, and suggest that the marmoset is a useful model for FEF microcircuitry.

scholarly journals Estimating Phase Amplitude Coupling between Neural Oscillations Based on Permutation and Entropy

Entropy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (8) ◽  
pp. 1070
Author(s):  
Liyong Yin ◽  
Fan Tian ◽  
Rui Hu ◽  
Zhaohui Li ◽  
Fuzai Yin
Keyword(s):  
Mutual Information ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Neural Oscillations ◽  
Low Frequency Oscillation ◽  
High Frequency Oscillations ◽  
Phase Amplitude ◽  
Data Length ◽  
Permutation Analysis ◽  
Frequency Phase

Cross-frequency phase–amplitude coupling (PAC) plays an important role in neuronal oscillations network, reflecting the interaction between the phase of low-frequency oscillation (LFO) and amplitude of the high-frequency oscillations (HFO). Thus, we applied four methods based on permutation analysis to measure PAC, including multiscale permutation mutual information (MPMI), permutation conditional mutual information (PCMI), symbolic joint entropy (SJE), and weighted-permutation mutual information (WPMI). To verify the ability of these four algorithms, a performance test including the effects of coupling strength, signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs), and data length was evaluated by using simulation data. It was shown that the performance of SJE was similar to that of other approaches when measuring PAC strength, but the computational efficiency of SJE was the highest among all these four methods. Moreover, SJE can also accurately identify the PAC frequency range under the interference of spike noise. All in all, the results demonstrate that SJE is better for evaluating PAC between neural oscillations.

scholarly journals A statistical framework to assess cross-frequency coupling while accounting for confounding analysis effects

eLife ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica K Nadalin ◽  
Louis-Emmanuel Martinet ◽  
Ethan B Blackwood ◽  
Meng-Chen Lo ◽  
Alik S Widge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Modeling Framework ◽  
Frequency Coupling ◽  
Phase Amplitude ◽  
Cross Frequency Coupling ◽  
Frequency Phase

Cross frequency coupling (CFC) is emerging as a fundamental feature of brain activity, correlated with brain function and dysfunction. Many different types of CFC have been identified through application of numerous data analysis methods, each developed to characterize a specific CFC type. Choosing an inappropriate method weakens statistical power and introduces opportunities for confounding effects. To address this, we propose a statistical modeling framework to estimate high frequency amplitude as a function of both the low frequency amplitude and low frequency phase; the result is a measure of phase-amplitude coupling that accounts for changes in the low frequency amplitude. We show in simulations that the proposed method successfully detects CFC between the low frequency phase or amplitude and the high frequency amplitude, and outperforms an existing method in biologically-motivated examples. Applying the method to in vivo data, we illustrate examples of CFC during a seizure and in response to electrical stimuli.

scholarly journals Differences in Noradrenaline Receptor Expression Across Different Neuronal Subtypes in Macaque Frontal Eye Field

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max Lee ◽  
Adrienne Mueller ◽  
Tirin Moore
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Pyramidal Neuron ◽  
Pyramidal Neurons ◽  
Inhibitory Interneuron ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Frontal Eye Field ◽  
Receptor Subtypes ◽  
Visual Spatial ◽  
Eye Field

Cognitive functions such as attention and working memory are modulated by noradrenaline receptors in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). The frontal eye field (FEF) has been shown to play an important role in visual spatial attention. However, little is known about the underlying circuitry. The aim of this study was to characterize the expression of noradrenaline receptors on different pyramidal neuron and inhibitory interneuron subtypes in macaque FEF. Using immunofluorescence, we found broad expression of noradrenaline receptors across all layers of the FEF. Differences in the expression of different noradrenaline receptors were observed across different inhibitory interneuron subtypes. No significant differences were observed in the expression of noradrenaline receptors across different pyramidal neuron subtypes. However, we found that putative long-range projecting pyramidal neurons expressed all noradrenaline receptor subtypes at a much higher proportion than any of the other neuronal subtypes. Nearly all long-range projecting pyramidal neurons expressed all types of noradrenaline receptor, suggesting that there is no receptor-specific machinery acting on these long-range projecting pyramidal neurons. This pattern of expression among long-range projecting pyramidal neurons suggests a mechanism by which noradrenergic modulation of FEF activity influences attention and working memory.

scholarly journals Visualization of Phase-Amplitude Coupling Using Rhythmic High-Frequency Activity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroaki Hashimoto ◽  
Hui Ming Khoo ◽  
Takufumi Yanagisawa ◽  
Naoki Tani ◽  
Satoru Oshino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Focal Epilepsy ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Θ Rhythm ◽  
Human Epilepsy ◽  
High Frequency Activity ◽  
Phase Amplitude ◽  
Intracranial Electrode ◽  
Intracranial Electrodes ◽  
Frequency Phase

AbstractObjectiveHigh-frequency activities (HFAs) and phase-amplitude coupling (PAC) are gaining attention as key neurophysiological biomarkers for studying human epilepsy. We aimed to clarify and visualize how HFAs are modulated by the phase of low-frequency bands during seizures.MethodsWe used intracranial electrodes to record seizures of symptomatic focal epilepsy (15 seizures in seven patients). Ripples (80–250 Hz), as representative of HFAs, were evaluated along with PAC. The synchronization index (SI), representing PAC, was used to analyze the coupling between the amplitude of ripples and the phase of lower frequencies. We created a video in which the intracranial electrode contacts were represented by circles that were scaled linearly to the power changes of ripple.ResultsThe main low frequency band modulating ictal-ripple activities was the θ band (4–8 Hz), and after completion of ictal-ripple burst, δ (1–4 Hz)-ripple PAC occurred. The video showed that fluctuation of the diameter of these circles indicated the rhythmic changes during significant high values of θ-ripple PAC.ConclusionsWe inferred that ripple activities occurring during seizure evolution were modulated by θ rhythm. In addition, we concluded that rhythmic circles’ fluctuation presented in the video represents the PAC phenomenon. Our video is thus a useful tool for understanding how ripple activity is modulated by the low-frequency phase in relation with PAC.

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