ABSTRACTOBJECTIVETo describe the clinical characteristics and epidemiological features of severe (non-ICU) and critically patients (ICU) with COVID-19 at triage, prior hospitalization, in one of the main hospitals in The Balearic Islands health care system.DESIGNRetrospective observational studySETTINGSon Llatzer University Hospital in Palma de Mallorca (Spain)PARTICIPANTSAmong a cohort of 52 hospitalized patients as of 31 March 2020, 48 with complete demographic information and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) positive test, were analyzed. Data were collected between March 15th, 2020, and March 31th 2020, inclusive of these dates.MAIN OUTCOMESClinical, vital signs and routine laboratory outcomes at the time of hospitalization, including symptoms reported prior to hospitalization. Demographics and baseline comorbidities were also collected. Mortality was reported at the end of the study.RESULTS48 patients (27 non-ICU and 21 ICU) resident in Mallorca, Spain (mean age, 66 years, [range, 33-88 years]; 67% males) with positive SARS-CoV-2 infection were analyzed. There were no differences in age or sex among groups (p >.05). Initial symptoms included fever (100%), coughing (85%), dyspnea (76%), diarrhea (42%) and asthenia (21%). The majority of patients in this case series were hospitalized because of low SpO2 (SpO2 below 90%) and presentation of bilateral pneumonia (94%) at triage. ICU patients had a higher prevalence of dyspnea compared to non-ICU patients (95% vs 61%, p = .022). Acute respiratory syndrome (ARDS) was presented in 100% of the ICU-patients. All the patients included in the study required oxygen therapy. ICU-patients had lymphopenia as well as hypoalbuminemia. Inflammatory markers such as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), C-reactive protein (CRP), and procalcitonin were significantly higher in ICU patients compared to non-ICU (p < .001).Lower albumin levels were associated with poor prognosis measured as longer hospital length (r= −0.472, p <.001) and mortality (r= −0.424, p=.003). Interestingly we also found, that MCV was lower among of those patients who died (p=.0002). As of April 28, 2020, 10 patients (8 ICU and 2 non-ICU) had died (21% mortality) and while 100% of the non-ICU patients had been discharged, 33% of ICU patients still remained hospitalized (5 in ICU and 2 had been transferred to ward).CONCLUSIONCritically ill patients with COVID-19 present lymphopenia, hypoalbuminemia as well high levels of inflammation. Lower levels of albumin were associated with poorer outcomes in COVID-19 patients. Albumin might be of importance because of its association with disease severity in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2.WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN IN THIS TOPICSpain has been hit particularly hard by the pandemic. By the time that this manuscript was written more than 25.000 deaths related to COVID-19 have been confirmed. There is limited information available describing the clinical and epidemiological features of Spanish patients requiring hospitalization for COVID-19. Also, it is important to know the characteristics of the hospitalized patients who become critically illWHAT THIS STUDY ADDSThis small case series provides the first steps towards a comprehensive clinical characterization of severe and critical COVID-19 adult patients in Spain. The overall mortality in our patients was 21%. To our knowledge this is the first report with reporting these features in Spain. At triage the majority of patients had lower SpO2 (<90%) and bilateral pneumonia. The most common comorbidities were hypertension (70%), dyslipidemia (62%) and cardiovascular disease (30%). Critically ill patients present hypoalbuminemia and lymphopenia, as well as higher levels of inflammation. Albumin might be of importance because of its association with disease severity and mortality in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2.
The Effect of Nutrition on Early Stress-Induced Hyperglycemia, Serum Insulin Levels, and Exogenous Insulin Administration in Critically Ill Patients With Septic Shock
