scholarly journals Origin of tropical American burrowing reptiles by transatlantic rafting

2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Vidal ◽  
Anna Azvolinsky ◽  
Corinne Cruaud ◽  
S.Blair Hedges
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Middle East ◽  
South America ◽  
Atlantic Ocean ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
Terrestrial Vertebrates ◽  
Caribbean Islands ◽  
Squamate Reptiles ◽  
Land Mass ◽  
Dispersal Events

Populations of terrestrial or freshwater taxa that are separated by oceans can be explained by either oceanic dispersal or fragmentation of a previously contiguous land mass. Amphisbaenians, the worm lizards (approx. 165 species), are small squamate reptiles that are uniquely adapted to a burrowing lifestyle and inhabit Africa, South America, Caribbean Islands, North America, Europe and the Middle East. All but a few species are limbless and they rarely leave their subterranean burrows. Given their peculiar habits, the distribution of amphisbaenians has been assumed to be primarily the result of two land-mass fragmentation events: the split of the supercontinent Pangaea starting 200 Myr ago, separating species on the northern land mass (Laurasia) from those on the southern land mass (Gondwana), and the split of South America from Africa 100 Myr ago. Here we show with molecular evidence that oceanic dispersal—on floating islands—played a more prominent role, and that amphisbaenians crossed the Atlantic Ocean in the Eocene (40 Myr ago) resulting in a tropical American radiation representing one-half of all known amphisbaenian species. Until now, only four or five transatlantic dispersal events were known in terrestrial vertebrates. Significantly, this is the first such dispersal event to involve a group that burrows, an unexpected lifestyle for an oceanic disperser.

scholarly journals Paleogene community change among terrestrial vertebrates of the Western Hemisphere

1992 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 282-282
Author(s):  
Richard K. Stucky
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Community Change ◽  
Taxonomic Composition ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Dental Morphology ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Terrestrial Vertebrates ◽  
Morphological Adaptations ◽  
Dinosaur Extinction

Paleogene vertebrate communities in North and South America show dramatic changes in taxonomic composition and ecological organization. Worldwide, mammals diversified substantially following dinosaur extinction (Fig. 1). Most families of living vertebrates appear by the end of the Paleogene. In North America, placental omnivores, herbivores and carnivores dominate mammalian communities, but in South America marsupial carnivores and omnivores and placental herbivores dominate them. Immigration from Asia and Europe to North America of taxa from several placental orders (Perissodactyla, Primates, Artiodactyla, Rodentia, Carnivora, Mesonychia, Creodonta) occurred periodically during the Paleogene. South America, however, was completely isolated from the Paleocene to the Oligocene when Rodentia and perhaps Primates first appear. Despite the independent evolutionary histories of these continents, their constituent species show remarkable convergences in morphological adaptations including body size distributions, dental morphology, and other features. Low resolution chronostratigraphic data for the Paleogene of South America precludes correlation with North American faunas. In North America, patterns of diversification and extinction appear to be related to climatic events. Morphological convergences appear to be related to climate and concomitant habitat change, but may also be a function of coevolution via predator-prey interactions and diffuse competition among guild members.

scholarly journals International increase in Salmonella enteritidis: A new pandemic?

1990 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. Rodrigue ◽  
R. V. Tauxe ◽  
B. Rowe
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Atlantic Ocean ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
European Countries ◽  
The Past ◽  
America South ◽  
Global Increase ◽  
Salmonella Serotype ◽  
Reported Data

SUMMARYOver the past 5 years Salmonella enteritidis infections in humans have increased on both sides of the Atlantic ocean. The WHO salmonella surveillance data for 1979–87 were reviewed and show that S. enteritidis appears to be increasing on at least the continents of North America, South America, and Europe, and may include Africa. S. enteritidis isolates increased in 24 (69%) of 35 countries between 1979 and 1987. In 1979, only 2 (10%) of 21 countries with reported data reported S. enteritidis as their most common salmonella serotype; in 1987, 9 (43%) of 21 countries reported S. enteritidis as their most common serotype; 8 (89 %) of 9 were European countries. Although the reason for the global increase is not yet clear, investigations in individual countries suggest it is related to consumption of eggs and poultry which harbour the organism.

Airline Effective Green Operations Strategy Patterns

2020 ◽  
pp. 172-189
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Middle East ◽  
South America ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Operations Strategy ◽  
Green Practices ◽  
Green Strategy

This chapter reports airline effective green operations strategy patterns adopted by each region. To achieve this aim, green practices of 23 airlines from five regions were investigated. The data used in this chapter was the effective green operations strategy that adopted by each airline, which is the result of the previous chapter. The chapter reported the effective green strategy patterns that adopted by each region. The effectiveness of these strategy patterns was moderate in Asia, Europe, the Middle East, and North America, but high in South America. This chapter helps decision makers and academics alike, since the decision makers can adopt the most effective patterns. In addition, the academics have in-depth insight about the green strategy patterns that adopted by each region, so the propositions and hypotheses of future researches could be formulated according to the results of this study.

Pseudocercospora abelmoschi. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1980 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. M. Kirk
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Middle East ◽  
South America ◽  
Sierra Leone ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
West Indies ◽  
East Indies ◽  
New Hebrides

Abstract A description is provided for Pseudocercospora abelmoschi. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On species of Hibiscus, especially H. esculentus. DISEASE: Causes a leaf spot or blight on Hibiscus spp. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda), Asia (Burma, India, Nepal, Pakistan), East Indies (Brunei, Malaya, New Hebrides, Philippines, Sarawak, Taiwan), Middle East (Yemen), Europe (Italy: San Domingo), North America (USA), West Indies (Antigua, Grenada, Jamaica, St. Vincent, Trinidad), South America (Venezuela). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne conidia.

scholarly journals A new Palaeocene crocodylian from southern Argentina sheds light on the early history of caimanines

2018 ◽  
Vol 285 (1885) ◽  
pp. 20180843 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Bona ◽  
Martín D. Ezcurra ◽  
Francisco Barrios ◽  
María V. Fernandez Blanco
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
South American ◽  
North Central ◽  
Skull Roof ◽  
History Of ◽  
Event Based ◽  
Dispersal Events ◽  
North And South America

Caimanines are crocodylians currently restricted to South and Central America and the oldest members are from lower Palaeocene localities of the Salamanca Formation (Chubut Province, Argentina). We report here a new caimanine from this same unit represented by a skull roof and partial braincase. Its phylogenetic relationships were explored in a cladistic analysis using standard characters and a morphogeometric two-dimensional configuration of the skull roof. The phylogenetic results were used for an event-based supermodel quantitative palaeobiogeographic analysis. The new species is recovered as the most basal member of the South American caimanines, and the Cretaceous North American lineage ‘ Brachychampsa and related forms' as the most basal Caimaninae. The biogeographic results estimated north-central North America as the ancestral area of Caimaninae, showing that the Cretaceous and Palaeocene species of the group were more widespread than thought and became regionally extinct in North America around the Cretaceous–Palaeocene boundary. A dispersal event from north-central North America during the middle Late Cretaceous explains the arrival of the group to South America. The Palaeogene assemblage of Patagonian crocodylians is composed of three lineages of caimanines as a consequence of independent dispersal events that occurred between North and South America and within South America around the Cretaceous–Palaeogene boundary.

Connecting to the World's Collections: Making the Case for the Conservation and Preservation of Our Cultural Heritage

2010 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 653-654
Author(s):  
Joyce Hill Stoner
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Middle East ◽  
South America ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Decorative Arts ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Library Services ◽  
The World ◽  
Heritage Buildings ◽  
Practical Recommendations

Sixty cultural heritage leaders from 32 countries, including representatives from Africa, Asia, the Middle East, South America, Australia, Europe, and North America, gathered in October 2009 in Salzburg, Austria, to develop a series of practical recommendations to ensure optimal collections conservation worldwide. Convened at Schloss Leopoldskron, the gathering was conducted in partnership by the Salzburg Global Seminar (SGS) and the Institute for Museum and Library Services (IMLS). The participants were conservation specialists from libraries and museums, as well as leaders of major conservation centers and cultural heritage programs from around the world. As cochair Vinod Daniel noted, no previous meeting of conservation professionals has been “as diverse as this, with people from as many parts of the world, as cross-disciplinary as this.” The group addressed central issues in the care and preservation of the world's cultural heritage, including moveable objects (library materials, books, archives, paintings, sculpture, decorative arts, photographic collections, art on paper, and archaeological and ethnographic objects) and immoveable heritage (buildings and archaeological sites).

Evolution of Menispermaceae

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (12) ◽  
pp. 3130-3133 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Thanikaimoni
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Parallel Evolution ◽  
Continental Drift ◽  
Maximum Correlation ◽  
The North ◽  
Extant Species ◽  
Land Mass ◽  
London Clay

The polarity of character states of pollen, leaf, endocarp, seed, perianth, androecium, and gynoecium within the Menispermaceae is established on the basis of maximum correlation of characters. Instances of parallel evolution are explained. The origin and spread of the different genera, which manifest the various combinations of character states, are analysed in the light of the position of the continents during the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods. Menispermaceae seem to have originated in the lowlands of Africa during the Cretaceous when South America, Africa, Madagascar, and India were close to one another. Consequent to the continental drift each land mass might have carried with it some elements of the primitive Menispermaceae which must have eventually given rise to the neoendemics. The Sino–Japanese spread of this family seems to have been post-Himalayan. "Malesia" appears to be a secondary centre of diversification of taxa derived from India. Cissampelos, Cocculus, and Stephania seem to have originated in India and entered Africa during the Miocene. The Eocene endocarps of North America show affinity with those of the London Clay, which in turn were probably derived from the African stock. Among the extant species of North America only Calycocarpum lyonii seems to be the relic of the North American Tertiary flora and the rest appear to have been derived from east Asia.

scholarly journals An Unusual New Genus of Chrysididae From Oman (Hymenoptera)

1987 ◽  
Vol 94 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 333-335
Author(s):  
Lynn Siri Kimsey
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Middle East ◽  
South America ◽  
North Africa ◽  
North American ◽  
New Genus ◽  
Diverse Group ◽  
North And South America ◽  
North And South

The chrysidid tribe Elampini comprises a diverse group of genera. There are a number of small (1-3 species) highly derived genera in this group. Nearly all of these occur in 2 regions, southwestern North America and the area comprising the Middle East, southern USSR and North Africa. The small North American genera are Hedychreides Bohart, Microchridium Bohart, Minymischa Kimsey, Pseudolopyga Bodenstein and Xerochrum Bobart. Those in the latter region include: Haba Semenov, Prochridium Linsenmaier and the new genus, Adelopyga, described below. One genus, Muesebeckidium Krombein, occurs in both North and South America.The following abbreviations are used: F = flagellomere, MOD = midocellus diameter, PD = puncture diameter, Rs = forewing radial sector, and S = gastral sternum.

New Record of the Bottle Liverworts Sphaerocarpos Donnellii Aust. for Iraq and Middle East Countries

2021 ◽  
pp. 3453-3456
Author(s):  
Basheer Ali Basheer Al-Ni'ma
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Middle East ◽  
South America ◽  
New Record ◽  
Loamy Soil ◽  
Additional Species ◽  
South West ◽  
Middle East Countries ◽  
America South

    The Order Sphaerocarpales of the bottle liverwort consists of five genera, among which Sphaerocarpos in turn consists of  8-9 species. The genus is nearly worldwide distributed, but disjunct, sporadic, and localized throughout the range in North America, South America, Europe, Africa, and Australia. According to the published checklist, only two species of Sphaerocarpos were recorded in the middle east countries. These are S. texanus and S. michelii, both were found in Turkey, while only the latter was found in Iraq. By the current study, an additional species, S. donnellii, will be added to the byroflora of the Middle East (south west Asia) region. A specimen of this species was found in Mosul city, Nineveh province, Iraq, grown on loamy soil in a house garden.

Anthostomella lugubris. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Minter
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Atlantic Ocean ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Present Species ◽  
Ammophila Arenaria

Abstract A description is provided for Anthostomella lugubris. Some information on its dispersal and transmission and conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (Atlantic Ocean (Spain, Islas Canarias), Europe (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Ireland, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, UK), North America (USA, Florida), South America (Chile)) and habitats. Some members of Anthostomella are endobionts for part of their life cycle, but for the present species the time of substratum colonization and nutritional relations with the associated plants (including Ammophila arenaria) have not been established.

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