scholarly journals A simple explanation for the evolution of complex song syntax in Bengalese finches

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 20130842 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kentaro Katahira ◽  
Kenta Suzuki ◽  
Hiroko Kagawa ◽  
Kazuo Okanoya
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Simple Explanation ◽  
Complex Syntax ◽  
Complex Song ◽  
Internal States ◽  
Mapping Mechanism ◽  
Song Syntax ◽  
The Many ◽  
Sequential Behaviour

The songs of Bengalese finches ( Lonchura striata var. domestica ) have complex syntax and provide an opportunity to investigate how complex sequential behaviour emerges via the evolutionary process. In this study, we suggest that a simple mechanism, i.e. many-to-one mapping from internal states onto syllables, may underlie the emergence of apparent complex syllable sequences that have higher order history dependencies. We analysed the songs of Bengalese finches and of their wild ancestor, the white-rumped munia ( L. striata ), whose songs are more stereotypical and simpler compared with those of Bengalese finches. The many-to-one mapping mechanism sufficiently accounted for the differences in the complexity of song syllable sequences of these two strains.

scholarly journals Talking About the Non-Literal: Internal States and Explanations in Child-Constructed Narratives

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edy Veneziano
Keyword(s):  
Old French ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Narrative Skills ◽  
Children's Narratives ◽  
Internal States ◽  
French Speaking ◽  
Children's Attention ◽  
Evaluative Instrument ◽  
Children's Stories

Abstract Non-literal language most often permeates interesting and informative narratives. These are the non-perceptible, inferential aspects of a story, such as the explanation of events, the attribution of internal, particularly mental, states to the characters of the story, or the evaluation of events by the participants and/or the narrator. The main aim of this paper is to examine whether non-literal uses can be promoted in 7-year-old French-speaking children’s narratives through the use of a short conversational intervention (SCI) which focuses the children’s attention on the causes of events. The results show that, after the SCI, the expression of non-literal aspects, even higher-order ones, may make their appearance or significantly increase in children’s stories. The reasons for the effectiveness of the SCI in the promotion of non-literal uses of language and narrative skills in general, as well as the importance of using the SCI as an evaluative instrument, are discussed.

scholarly journals The Evolution of Neuroplasticity and the Effect on Integrated Information

Entropy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leigh Sheneman ◽  
Jory Schossau ◽  
Arend Hintze
Keyword(s):  
Information Integration ◽  
Functional Change ◽  
Darwinian Evolution ◽  
Integration Theory ◽  
Virtual Agents ◽  
Information Integration Theory ◽  
Feedback Learning ◽  
Internal States ◽  
The Many ◽  
Better Than

Information integration theory has been developed to quantify consciousness. Since conscious thought requires the integration of information, the degree of this integration can be used as a neural correlate (Φ) with the intent to measure degree of consciousness. Previous research has shown that the ability to integrate information can be improved by Darwinian evolution. The value Φ can change over many generations, and complex tasks require systems with at least a minimum Φ . This work was done using simple animats that were able to remember previous sensory inputs, but were incapable of fundamental change during their lifetime: actions were predetermined or instinctual. Here, we are interested in changes to Φ due to lifetime learning (also known as neuroplasticity). During lifetime learning, the system adapts to perform a task and necessitates a functional change, which in turn could change Φ . One can find arguments to expect one of three possible outcomes: Φ might remain constant, increase, or decrease due to learning. To resolve this, we need to observe systems that learn, but also improve their ability to learn over the many generations that Darwinian evolution requires. Quantifying Φ over the course of evolution, and over the course of their lifetimes, allows us to investigate how the ability to integrate information changes. To measure Φ , the internal states of the system must be experimentally observable. However, these states are notoriously difficult to observe in a natural system. Therefore, we use a computational model that not only evolves virtual agents (animats), but evolves animats to learn during their lifetime. We use this approach to show that a system that improves its performance due to feedback learning increases its ability to integrate information. In addition, we show that a system’s ability to increase Φ correlates with its ability to increase in performance. This suggests that systems that are very plastic regarding Φ learn better than those that are not.

The calculation of higher-order energies in the many-body perturbation theory series

1985 ◽  
Vol 113 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.J. Knowles ◽  
K. Somasundram ◽  
N.C. Handy ◽  
K. Hirao
Keyword(s):  
Perturbation Theory ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Many Body ◽  
Many Body Perturbation Theory ◽  
The Many ◽  
Theory Series

scholarly journals Geographical dimensions of the high ground water levels in the city of Hit

2018 ◽  
Vol 216 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
Assist prof Dr. Mishaal Faisal Gdhab
Keyword(s):  
Field Survey ◽  
Underground Water ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Simple Explanation ◽  
Euphrates River ◽  
Groundwater Levels ◽  
River City ◽  
The Many ◽  
The City

       We tried in this research can offer a simple explanation for the problem of high groundwater levels in the city of Hit. And its repercussions on economic, environmental, social and health aspects in the city,We were checked in the causes and dimensions and give a scientific vision in order to overcome the obstacles.We have adopted the style inductive and field survey and analysis of the questionnaire, which was distributed to a sample of homes form.The study found that the most important results of the natural world (geology and surface) that a significant impact on this phenomenon. Also it left a large, social and environmental health and economic impacts on the city and its inhabitants. We greet you see the ground and salted Rookery, ponds, swamps and pollutants .... and housing that lacks the gardens. And walls cracked by moisture and become the most residential and public buildings infected with diseases buildings and extinction and the many diseases that affect the health of urban populations and the dispersion of land use and contamination of optical and environmental hit even sources of water supply and of the Euphrates River city and provided a scientific vision for treatment, among them the work of bumpers impede the progress of the underground water and increasing the discharge Trocars the old lining   

scholarly journals Model Paralelisasi Algoritma Genetika Terpandu pada Sistem Penjadwalan Kuliah Universitas dengan Alokasi Waktu Dinamis

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 550-556
Author(s):  
Muhammad Fachrie ◽  
Anita Fira Waluyo
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Computation Time ◽  
Fast Time ◽  
Recombination Mechanism ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Dynamic Time ◽  
The Many ◽  
Timetable Problem ◽  
Evolutionary Operators ◽  
The University

One of the many techniques used to solve the University Course Timetable Problem (UCTP) is Genetic Algorithm (GA) which is a technique in the field of Evolutionary Computation. However, GA has high computational complexity due to the large number of evolutionary operators that must be performed during the evolutionary process, so it takes a long time to produce an optimal timetable. The computation time will also increase when the number of optimized variables is very large, such as in UCTP. Of course, this makes the application less reliable by users. Therefore, this article proposes a parallelization model for GA to reduce computation time in solving UCTP problems. The proposed AG is designed with a multithreading CPU scheme and implements a guided creep mutation mechanism and eliminates the recombination mechanism to reduce more computation time. The proposed system was tested and evaluated using two different UCTP datasets from the University of Technology Yogyakarta which contained 878 and 1140 lecture meetings in even and odd semesters. Unlike the previous ones, this study discusses UCTP with dynamic time slots where the duration of the lecture depends on the course credits. From the tests that have been done, it is found that the GA that was built is able to generate optimal course timetable without any clashes in a relatively fast time, that is less than 60 minutes for 1140 lecture meetings and less than 20 minutes for 878 lecture meetings. The use of the multithreading CPU model has succeeded in reducing computation time by 62% when compared to the conventional model which only uses one thread.

Xenacoelomorpha Nervous Systems

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Martínez ◽  
Volker Hartenstein ◽  
Simon G. Sprecher
Keyword(s):  
Gene Networks ◽  
Parallel Evolution ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Nervous Systems ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Unique System ◽  
Changing Roles ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Many

The emergence and diversification of bilateral animals are among the most important transitions in the history of life on our planet. A proper understanding of the evolutionary process will derive from answering such key questions as, how did complex body plans arise in evolutionary time, and how are complex body plans “encoded” in the genome? the first step is focusing on the earliest stages in bilaterian evolution, probing the most elusive organization of the genomes and microscopic anatomy in basally branching taxa, which are currently assembled in a clade named Xenacoelomorpha. This enigmatic phylum is composed of three major taxa: acoel flatworms, nemertodermatids, and xenoturbellids. Interestingly, the constituent species of this clade have an enormously varied set of morphologies; not just the obvious external features but also their tissues present a high degree of constructional variation. This interesting diversity of morphologies (a clear example being the nervous system, with animals showing different degrees of compaction) provides a unique system in which to address outstanding questions regarding the parallel evolution of genomes and the many morphological characters encoded by them. A systematic exploration of the anatomy of members of these three taxa, employing immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, and high-throughput transmission electron microscopy, will provide the reference framework necessary to understand the changing roles of genes and gene networks during the evolution of xenacoelomorph morphologies and, in particular, of their nervous systems.

scholarly journals Divergence and convergence in early embryonic stages of metazoans

2002 ◽  
Vol 71 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 101-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frietson Galis ◽  
Barry Sinervo
Keyword(s):  
Higher Order ◽  
Great Variability ◽  
Evolutionary Origin ◽  
Germ Band ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Nauplius Stage ◽  
Paradoxical Situation ◽  
Early Organogenesis ◽  
The Many ◽  
Striking Contrast

The early stages of organogenesis in metazoans differ drastically between higher order taxa such as phyla and classes. The segmented germ band stage in insects, the nauplius stage of crustaceans, and the neurula/pharyngula stage in vertebrates are examples of this diversification. In striking contrast with this divergence, is the similarity of these stages within these taxa, i.e., within insects, crustaceans, and vertebrates. The early stages of organogenesis, or phylotypic stages, have, thus, remained very similar in most species since the evolutionary origin of the taxa. These phylotypic stages are considerably more similar to each other than to the earlier stages of cleavage and gastrulation. Cleavage and gastrulation stages display not only great variability, but also striking examples of apparent convergence among species in different phyla, for example in the many cases of epiblastic cleavage in yolk-rich eggs. This leads to the paradoxical situation that the overall similarity of cleavage and gastrulation stages is in general higher among metazoans than of the early stages of organogenesis, but within phyla and classes the situation is the reverse. We discuss data on cleavage, gastrulation, and early organogenesis and evaluate possible causes for conservation, homoplasy, and diversification in an attempt to throw light on this paradoxical situation. In addition, we discuss a hypothesis that has been proposed to explain the diversity of early stages of organogenesis at the level of metazoans and the similarity within many phyla and classes.

The Fragmentation of Salafism in Algeria

2019 ◽  
pp. 59-81
Author(s):  
Frederic Wehrey ◽  
Anouar Boukhars
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Opportunity Structures ◽  
Arab Uprisings ◽  
Critical Junctures ◽  
The Many ◽  
New Millennium

This chapter explores the ebbs and flows of Salafi ideology and activity in Algeria and explains how such evolutionary process has been largely dependent on shifting opportunity structures and Salafis’ own interactions with the governing authorities. From the tortuous road to jihadi Salafism in the 1990s to the entrenchment of quietist Salafism in the new millennium, the chapter expounds a detailed analysis of the complex and thorny relationship between and among the different Salafi factions and how, during critical junctures, they have positioned themselves vis-à-vis each other and vis-à-vis the Algerian regime. The chapter also examines the many forces that contributed to the forceful re-emergence of Salafi ideology and activism as the locus of societal contention and controversy in the wake of the Arab uprisings.

Had We But World Enough and Time...

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver G. Selfridge
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Control Unit ◽  
Genetic System ◽  
Software Systems ◽  
Usual Practice ◽  
Evaluation Functions ◽  
John Holland ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Life On Earth

This chapter will cover a general discussion of changes and improvement in software systems. Nearly all such systems are today programmed; that is, all the steps that the software should perform are specified ahead of time by the programmer. There are three areas of exception to that overwhelmingly usual practice: the first is an increasing (although still comparatively minute) effort still called machine learning; a second is a popular but ill-defined practice termed neural networks; and the third is evolutionary computation (or genetic algorithms), the kind that was invented by John Holland and which has been gathering momentum and success for some time. This chapter will focus on some special aspects of that evolutionary process, and we propose extensions to those techniques and approaches. The basic idea is to regard each evolutionary unit as a control structure; we then build complexity by controlling each unit with others, each subject to continuing adaptation and learning. The essence of the control unit is its triple soul in a kind of feedback loop: it has a power to act, that is, to exert some choice of action; it has a sensor to perceive and filter the response that is external to it; and it must evaluate that response to generate and influence its next control action. The general evolutionary or genetic system uses but a single evolutionary feedback—life on earth, for example, considers "survival" as its primary feedback. Here the generational improvements reside in the genotype, and are merely expressed in the individual organisms that are the successive programs. This chapter stresses the concept of control by evolving units; the essence of the control is the establishment of evaluation functions in other units. It is then useful to consider each evaluation function as a lower-level purpose. A piece of evolutionary software, in this way of looking at it, is then a complex expression of a purpose structure, and all the units evolve with separate and usually different purposes. The conceptual and linguistic vocabularies must then be established to deal with the many different kinds and levels of purposes. Higher-level purposes can be as general as moral values, and the lowest ones may be merely setpoints that control where muscles or motors are trying to go.

Social Democracy in France

1955 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 532-545
Author(s):  
Charles A. Micaud
Keyword(s):  
Working Class ◽  
Communist Party ◽  
Social Democracy ◽  
Simple Explanation ◽  
Industrial Workers ◽  
French Society ◽  
The Many ◽  
French Communist Party

Ten years after the Liberation, the French Communist Party remains the strongest party in France. It can muster a quarter of the nation's votes and claim more “militants” than all other French parties put together. A majority of industrial workers continue to vote for the “party of the working class” even if they are reluctant to strike on its behalf. This persistent strength is both disturbing and puzzling. It is obviously a major source of weakness not only for French democracy, but for the effectiveness of the Western coalition. There is no simple explanation of the continued hold of Communism, since it is both the cause and the consequence of the many-faceted crisis of French society.

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