scholarly journals Conformity enhances network reciprocity in evolutionary social dilemmas

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (103) ◽  
pp. 20141299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Attila Szolnoki ◽  
Matjaž Perc
Keyword(s):  
Social Dilemmas ◽  
Interaction Network ◽  
Evolution Of Cooperation ◽  
Effective Surface ◽  
Interaction Range ◽  
Testing Conditions ◽  
Social Animals ◽  
Crowd Behaviour ◽  
Common Strategy ◽  
The Impact

The pursuit of highest payoffs in evolutionary social dilemmas is risky and sometimes inferior to conformity. Choosing the most common strategy within the interaction range is safer because it ensures that the payoff of an individual will not be much lower than average. Herding instincts and crowd behaviour in humans and social animals also compel to conformity in their own right. Motivated by these facts, we here study the impact of conformity on the evolution of cooperation in social dilemmas. We show that an appropriate fraction of conformists within the population introduces an effective surface tension around cooperative clusters and ensures smooth interfaces between different strategy domains. Payoff-driven players brake the symmetry in favour of cooperation and enable an expansion of clusters past the boundaries imposed by traditional network reciprocity. This mechanism works even under the most testing conditions, and it is robust against variations of the interaction network as long as degree-normalized payoffs are applied. Conformity may thus be beneficial for the resolution of social dilemmas.

scholarly journals Learning to Reach Agreement in a Continuous Ultimatum Game

2008 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 551-574 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. De Jong ◽  
S. Uyttendaele ◽  
K. Tuyls
Keyword(s):  
Ultimatum Game ◽  
Social Dilemmas ◽  
Interaction Network ◽  
Multi Agent Systems ◽  
Scale Free ◽  
Agent Systems ◽  
Strategy Games ◽  
Common Strategy ◽  
Multi Agent ◽  
Free Interaction

It is well-known that acting in an individually rational manner, according to the principles of classical game theory, may lead to sub-optimal solutions in a class of problems named social dilemmas. In contrast, humans generally do not have much difficulty with social dilemmas, as they are able to balance personal benefit and group benefit. As agents in multi-agent systems are regularly confronted with social dilemmas, for instance in tasks such as resource allocation, these agents may benefit from the inclusion of mechanisms thought to facilitate human fairness. Although many of such mechanisms have already been implemented in a multi-agent systems context, their application is usually limited to rather abstract social dilemmas with a discrete set of available strategies (usually two). Given that many real-world examples of social dilemmas are actually continuous in nature, we extend this previous work to more general dilemmas, in which agents operate in a continuous strategy space. The social dilemma under study here is the well-known Ultimatum Game, in which an optimal solution is achieved if agents agree on a common strategy. We investigate whether a scale-free interaction network facilitates agents to reach agreement, especially in the presence of fixed-strategy agents that represent a desired (e.g. human) outcome. Moreover, we study the influence of rewiring in the interaction network. The agents are equipped with continuous-action learning automata and play a large number of random pairwise games in order to establish a common strategy. From our experiments, we may conclude that results obtained in discrete-strategy games can be generalized to continuous-strategy games to a certain extent: a scale-free interaction network structure allows agents to achieve agreement on a common strategy, and rewiring in the interaction network greatly enhances the agents' ability to reach agreement. However, it also becomes clear that some alternative mechanisms, such as reputation and volunteering, have many subtleties involved and do not have convincing beneficial effects in the continuous case.

scholarly journals Co-evolution of cooperation and cognition: the impact of imperfect deliberation and context-sensitive intuition

2017 ◽  
Vol 284 (1851) ◽  
pp. 20162326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Bear ◽  
Ari Kagan ◽  
David G. Rand
Keyword(s):  
Social Dilemmas ◽  
Coordination Games ◽  
Evolution Of Cooperation ◽  
Contextual Cues ◽  
Cognitive Constraints ◽  
Context Sensitive ◽  
Active Selection ◽  
Selection For ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Cognitive Sophistication

How does cognitive sophistication impact cooperation? We explore this question using a model of the co-evolution of cooperation and cognition. In our model, agents confront social dilemmas and coordination games, and make decisions using intuition or deliberation. Intuition is automatic and effortless, but relatively (although not necessarily completely) insensitive to context. Deliberation, conversely, is costly but relatively (although not necessarily perfectly) sensitive to context. We find that regardless of the sensitivity of intuition and imperfection of deliberation, deliberating undermines cooperation in social dilemmas, whereas deliberating can increase cooperation in coordination games if intuition is sufficiently sensitive. Furthermore, when coordination games are sufficiently likely, selection favours a strategy whose intuitive response ignores the contextual cues available and cooperates across contexts. Thus, we see how simple cognition can arise from active selection for simplicity, rather than just be forced to be simple due to cognitive constraints. Finally, we find that when deliberation is imperfect, the favoured strategy increases cooperation in social dilemmas (as a result of reducing deliberation) as the benefit of cooperation to the recipient increases.

A general practice provider federation in a mixed health economy in England: a case study investigation

2018 ◽  
Vol 68 (suppl 1) ◽  
pp. bjgp18X696929
Author(s):  
Jill Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
General Practice ◽  
Shared Vision ◽  
Health Economy ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
The North ◽  
Common Strategy ◽  
Common Purpose ◽  
Collaborative Working ◽  
The Impact

BackgroundThere is an emerging debate that general practice in its current format is out-dated and there is a requirement to move to a federated model of provision where groups of Practices come together. The emergence of federations has developed over the past 5 years but the factors that influence how federations develop and the impact of this new model is an under researched area.AimThe study explored the rationale around why a group of independent GP practices opted to pursue an alternative business venture and the benefits that this strategy offered.MethodA single organisational case study of a federation in the North of England was conducted between 2011–2016. Mixed methods data collection included individual and group semi-structured interviews and quantitative surveys.ResultsFederations promote collaborative working, relying on strategic coherence of multiple individual GP practices through a shared vision and common purpose. Findings revealed many complexities in implementing a common strategy across multiple independent businesses. The ability of the federation to gain legitimacy was two dimensional – externally and internally. The venture had mixed successes, but their approach to quality improvement proved innovative and demonstrated outcomes on a population basis. The study identified significant pressures that practices were experiencing and the need to seek alternative ways of working but there was no shared vision or inclination to relinquish individual practice autonomy.ConclusionOrganisational development support is critical to reform General Practice. Whether central funding through the GP Five Year Forward View will achieve the scale of change required is yet to be evidenced.

YhcB coordinates peptidoglycan and LPS biogenesis with phospholipid synthesis during Escherichia coli cell growth.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily C A Goodall ◽  
Georgia L Isom ◽  
Jessica L Rooke ◽  
Christopher Icke ◽  
Karthik Pullela ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Genetic Interaction ◽  
Cell Envelope ◽  
Interaction Network ◽  
Antimicrobial Treatment ◽  
Cell Permeability ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Confined Space ◽  
Common Strategy ◽  
Conserved Gene

The cell envelope is essential for viability in all kingdoms of life. It retains enzymes and substrates within a confined space while providing a protective barrier to the external environment. Destabilising the envelope of bacterial pathogens is a common strategy employed by antimicrobial treatment. However, even in one of the most well studied organisms, Escherichia coli, there remain gaps in our understanding of how the synthesis of the successive layers of the cell envelope are coordinated during growth and cell division. Here, we used a whole genome phenotypic screen to identify mutants with a defective cell envelope. We report that loss of yhcB, a conserved gene of unknown function, results in loss of envelope stability, increased cell permeability and dysregulated control of cell size. Using whole genome transposon mutagenesis strategies we report the complete genetic interaction network of yhcB, revealing all genes with a synthetic negative and a synthetic positive relationship. These genes include those previously reported to have a role in cell envelope biogenesis. Surprisingly, we identified genes previously annotated as essential that became non-essential in a ΔyhcB background. Subsequent analyses suggest that YhcB sits at the junction of several envelope biosynthetic pathways coordinating the spatiotemporal growth of the cell, highlighting YhcB as an as yet unexplored antimicrobial target.

Major Issues Affecting Government Data and Information in Developing Countries

2020 ◽  
pp. 862-871
Author(s):  
Saleem Zoughbi
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Capture Process ◽  
Common Strategy ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
Technical Specifications ◽  
Government Data ◽  
Smart Technologies ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Way

The ever-developing technology is multifaceted, not only in technical specifications, but also in mode, type and characteristics. New technologies are designed and produced, new ways of using these technologies also are being suggested, tested and adopted. Telecommunications and digital technology provide today remarkable smart technologies that enable people to capture, process, maintain, disseminate and store efficiently all kinds of information at very fast speed, with high degree of efficiency and correctness. Much of government data collected are continuously affected by the development in such technology. Recent trends of technology currently and for 2017 and beyond have shown that the impact of such trends will enhance the impact on the way governments handle data. This chapter presents an overview of such trends. However, a common strategy for government data should be developed in a concise way that will guide the process of dealing with the trends of modern technologies. Therefore government data platform will adopt new technologies, new hardware and software but essentially the way government data is kept and managed still remain the same, just new tools have been adopted.

Major Issues Affecting Government Data and Information in Developing Countries

2017 ◽  
pp. 115-126
Author(s):  
Saleem Zoughbi
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Capture Process ◽  
Common Strategy ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
Technical Specifications ◽  
Government Data ◽  
Smart Technologies ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Way

The ever-developing technology is multifaceted, not only in technical specifications, but also in mode, type and characteristics. New technologies are designed and produced, new ways of using these technologies also are being suggested, tested and adopted. Telecommunications and digital technology provide today remarkable smart technologies that enable people to capture, process, maintain, disseminate and store efficiently all kinds of information at very fast speed, with high degree of efficiency and correctness. Much of government data collected are continuously affected by the development in such technology. Recent trends of technology currently and for 2017 and beyond have shown that the impact of such trends will enhance the impact on the way governments handle data. This chapter presents an overview of such trends. However, a common strategy for government data should be developed in a concise way that will guide the process of dealing with the trends of modern technologies. Therefore government data platform will adopt new technologies, new hardware and software but essentially the way government data is kept and managed still remain the same, just new tools have been adopted.

The Evaluation of the Cavitational Damage in MgAl2Si Alloy Using Various Laboratory Stands

2016 ◽  
Vol 252 ◽  
pp. 61-70
Author(s):  
Robert Jasionowski ◽  
Dariusz Zasada ◽  
Wojciech Polkowski
Keyword(s):  
Cavitation Erosion ◽  
Erosion Resistance ◽  
Flow Conditions ◽  
Final Phase ◽  
Testing Conditions ◽  
Jet Impact ◽  
Cavitation Tunnel ◽  
Actual Flow ◽  
Cavitation Erosion Resistance ◽  
The Impact

Evaluation of cavitation erosion resistance of is carried out by using various testing stands, that differ by the way of cavitation excitation and its intensity. These various testing conditions have led to a standardization of some part of laboratory stands, that in turn allows a direct comparison of results obtained in different laboratories. The aim of this study was to determine the course of cavitational destruction of MgAl2Si alloy samples tested on three different laboratory stands. The research was conducted on a vibration stand according to ASTM G32, where cavitation is forced by the vibrating element; in the cavitation tunnel reflecting actual flow conditions, and on a jet impact stand- simulating the impact microjet in the final phase of the cavitational bubbles implosion. Each laboratory stand has given a different course of cavitational destruction.

Village Drill: A Case Study in Engineering for Global Development, With Five Years of Data Post Market-Introduction

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher A. Mattson ◽  
Amy E. Wood ◽  
John Renouard
Keyword(s):  
Development Time ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
Global Development ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Testing Conditions ◽  
Post Market ◽  
Realistic View ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Village

This paper presents a case study in engineering for global development. It introduces the Village Drill, which is an engineered product that has now — five years after its introduction to the market — enabled hundreds of thousands of people across 15 countries and three continents to have access to clean water. The Village Drill creates a 15 cm (6 inch) borehole as deep as 76 m (250 feet) to reach groundwater suitable for drinking. It was designed and developed by the authors together with a team of talented individuals from various disciplines. The case study presents facts and figures for the actual development and sustaining scenario and are unaltered for the purpose of publication. This approach provides the reader with a realistic view of the development time, testing conditions, fundraising, and the work needed to sustain the drill through five years of sales and distribution. The purpose of the case study is to provide sufficient and frank data about a real project so as to promote discussion, critique, and other evaluations that will lead to new developments that inspire and inform successful engineering for global development. As part of the case, the paper describes six fundamental items related to the endeavor; the product, the customer, the impact, the manufacturing, the delivery, and the revenue model of the drill.

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