scholarly journals Group congruent labelling leads to subjective expansion of time

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 201063
Author(s):  
Shruti Tewari ◽  
Mukesh Makwana ◽  
Narayanan Srinivasan
Keyword(s):  
Time Perception ◽  
Internal Clock ◽  
Source Attribution ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Temporal Experience ◽  
Clock Model ◽  
Group Context ◽  
Attentional Deployment ◽  
City Street

Given top-down effects on perception, we examined the effect of group identity on time perception. We investigated whether the duration of an ambiguous sound clip is processed differently as a function of group congruent or incongruent source attribution. Group congruent (in-group) and incongruent (out-group) context was created by attributing the source of an identical ambiguous sound clip to Hindu or Muslim festivals. Participants from both the religious groups (Hindus and Muslims) prospectively listened to a 20 s long ambiguous sound clip and reproduced its duration (experiment 1a). Both groups reproduced significantly longer durations when the sound clip was associated with the group congruent compared to the group incongruent festival contexts. The two groups did not differ significantly in reproduced duration when the sound attributed to a non-religious common (busy city street) context (experiment 1b). With multiple durations (1, 5, 10 and 20 s), longer durations were reproduced for group congruent labelling at objectively longer durations (experiment 2). According to the internal clock model of time perception, the significant slope effect indicated that the group congruent context influences temporal experience through changes in pacemaker frequency. We argue that the duration appearing relevant to one's own group is processed differently possibly owing to differences in attentional deployment, which influences the pacemaker frequency.

scholarly journals Time perception and age

2016 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 299-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Fernanda Moreira Ferreira ◽  
Gabriel Pina Paiva ◽  
Natália Prando ◽  
Carla Renata Graça ◽  
João Aris Kouyoumdjian
Keyword(s):  
Time Perception ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Internal Clock ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Comparison Test ◽  
Clock System ◽  
Multiple Comparison Test ◽  
The Common ◽  
Bonferroni Multiple Comparison Test

ABSTRACT Our internal clock system is predominantly dopaminergic, but memory is predominantly cholinergic. Here, we examined the common sensibility encapsulated in the statement: “time goes faster as we get older”. Objective To measure a 2 min time interval, counted mentally in subjects of different age groups. Method 233 healthy subjects (129 women) were divided into three age groups: G1, 15-29 years; G2, 30-49 years; and G3, 50-89 years. Subjects were asked to close their eyes and mentally count the passing of 120 s. Results The elapsed times were: G1, mean = 114.9 ± 35 s; G2, mean = 96.0 ± 34.3 s; G3, mean = 86.6 ± 34.9 s. The ANOVA-Bonferroni multiple comparison test showed that G3 and G1 results were significantly different (P < 0.001). Conclusion Mental calculations of 120 s were shortened by an average of 24.6% (28.3 s) in individuals over age 50 years compared to individuals under age 30 years.

On the Relation between Time Perception and the Timing of Motor Action: Evidence for a Temporal Oscillator Controlling the Timing of Movement

1992 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel Treisman ◽  
Andrew Faulkner ◽  
Peter L. N. Naish
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Time Perception ◽  
Choice Reaction Time ◽  
Characteristic Frequency ◽  
Motor Performance ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Internal Clock ◽  
Motor Timing ◽  
Motor Action ◽  
Perception Of Time

Studies of time estimation have provided evidence that human time perception is determined by an internal clock containing a temporal oscillator and have also provided estimates of the frequency of this oscillator (Treisman, Faulkner, Naish, & Brogan, 1992; Treisman & Brogan, 1992). These estimates were based on the observation that when the intervals to be estimated are accompanied by auditory clicks that recur at certain critical rates, perturbations in time estimation occur. To test the hypothesis that the mechanisms that underlie the perception of time and those that control the timing of motor performance are similar, analogous experiments were performed on motor timing, with the object of seeing whether evidence for a clock would be obtained and if so whether its properties resemble those of the time perception clock. The prediction was made that perturbations in motor timing would be seen at the same or similar critical auditory click rates. The experiments examined choice reaction time and typing. The results support the hypothesis that a temporal oscillator paces motor performance and that this oscillator is similar to the oscillator underlying time perception. They also provide an estimate of the characteristic frequency of the oscillator.

Pharmacologic Properties of the Internal Clock Underlying Time Perception in Humans

1992 ◽  
Vol 26 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 71-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas H. Rammsayer ◽  
Wolfgang H. Vogel
Keyword(s):  
Time Perception ◽  
Internal Clock

scholarly journals Inverse modelling of national and European CH<sub>4</sub> emissions using the atmospheric zoom model TM5

2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1007-1066 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Bergamaschi ◽  
M. Krol ◽  
F. Dentener ◽  
A. Vermeulen ◽  
F. Meinhardt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
A Priori ◽  
A Priori Estimate ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Synoptic Scale ◽  
Source Attribution ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Priori Estimate ◽  
Ch4 Emissions ◽  
Model Driven

Abstract. A synthesis inversion based on the atmospheric zoom model TM5 is used to derive top-down estimates of CH4 emissions from individual European countries for the year 2001. We employ a model zoom over Europe with 1°&amp;times1° resolution that is two-way nested into the global model domain (with resolution of 6°×4°). This approach ensures consistent boundary conditions for the zoom domain and thus European top-down estimates consistent with global CH4 observations. The TM5 model, driven by ECMWF analyses, simulates synoptic scale events at most European and global sites fairly well, and the use of high-frequency observations allows exploiting the information content of individual synoptic events. A detailed source attribution is presented for a comprehensive set of 56 monitoring sites, assigning the atmospheric signal to the emissions of individual European countries and larger global regions. The available observational data put significant constraints on emissions from different regions. Within Europe, in particular several Western European countries are well constrained. The inversion results suggest up to 50–90% higher anthropogenic CH4 emissions in 2001 for Germany, France and UK compared to reported UNFCCC values, but the derived EU-15 totals are relatively close to UNFCCC values (within 10–30%). The derived top-down estimate for Finland is distinctly smaller than the a priori estimate, suggesting much smaller CH4 emissions from Finnish wetlands than derived from the bottom-up inventory.

scholarly journals A supplementary experiment for Matthews (2011, Can we use verbal estimation to dissect the internal clock? Differentiating the effects of pacemaker rate, switch latencies, and judgment processes. Behavioural Processes, 86, 68--74.)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
William John Skylark
Keyword(s):  
Time Perception ◽  
Internal Clock ◽  
Verbal Estimation

Matthews (2011) examined the use of verbal estimation in studies of time perception. During the process of archiving the data for the three experiments reported in that paper, I realised that I had conducted an earlier version of Experiment 1; the method was very similar to the published version, but a larger set of to-be-judged durations was used. The pattern of results is the same as in the published version (although slightly noisier, with fewer trials per cell of the design). I report this earlier study here for the sake of completeness; I do not currently intend to submit this report to a journal.

scholarly journals Logarithmic encoding of ensemble time intervals

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue Ren ◽  
Fredrik Allenmark ◽  
Hermann J. Müller ◽  
Zhuanghua Shi
Keyword(s):  
Time Perception ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Internal Representation ◽  
Internal Clock ◽  
Time Range ◽  
Subjective Time ◽  
Logarithmic Scale ◽  
Linear Scale ◽  
Ensemble Averaging ◽  
Time Intervals

AbstractAlthough time perception is based on the internal representation of time, whether the subjective timeline is scaled linearly or logarithmically remains an open issue. Evidence from previous research is mixed: while the classical internal-clock model assumes a linear scale with scalar variability, there is evidence that logarithmic timing provides a better fit to behavioral data. A major challenge for investigating the nature of the internal scale is that the retrieval process required for time judgments may involve a remapping of the subjective time back to the objective scale, complicating any direct interpretation of behavioral findings. Here, we used a novel approach, requiring rapid intuitive ‘ensemble’ averaging of a whole set of time intervals, to probe the subjective timeline. Specifically, observers’ task was to average a series of successively presented, auditory or visual, intervals in the time range 300-1300 ms. Importantly, the intervals were taken from three sets of durations, which were distributed such that the arithmetic mean (from the linear scale) and the geometric mean (from the logarithmic scale) were clearly distinguishable. Consistently across the three sets and the two presentation modalities, our results revealed subjective averaging to be close to the geometric mean, indicative of a logarithmic timeline underlying time perception.

scholarly journals Clock Speed as a Window into Dopaminergic Control of Emotion and Time Perception

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruey-Kuang Cheng ◽  
Jason Tipples ◽  
Nandakumar S. Narayanan ◽  
Warren H. Meck
Keyword(s):  
Time Perception ◽  
Electric Shock ◽  
Emotional Reactivity ◽  
Beat Frequency ◽  
Internal Clock ◽  
Fixed Number ◽  
Frequency Model ◽  
Temporal Cognition ◽  
Clock Speed ◽  
Bisection Procedure

Although fear-producing treatments (e.g., electric shock) and pleasure-inducing treatments (e.g., methamphetamine) have different emotional valences, they both produce physiological arousal and lead to effects on timing and time perception that have been interpreted as reflecting an increase in speed of an internal clock. In this commentary, we review the results reported by Fayolle et al. (2015):Behav. Process., 120, 135–140) and Meck (1983: J. Exp. Psychol. Anim. Behav. Process., 9, 171–201) using electric shock and by Maricq et al. (1981: J. Exp. Psychol. Anim. Behav. Process., 7, 18–30) using methamphetamine in a duration-bisection procedure across multiple duration ranges. The psychometric functions obtained from this procedure relate the proportion ‘long’ responses to signal durations spaced between a pair of ‘short’ and ‘long’ anchor durations. Horizontal shifts in these functions can be described in terms of attention or arousal processes depending upon whether they are a fixed number of seconds independent of the timed durations (additive) or proportional to the durations being timed (multiplicative). Multiplicative effects are thought to result from a change in clock speed that is regulated by dopamine activity in the medial prefrontal cortex. These dopaminergic effects are discussed within the context of the striatal beat frequency model of interval timing (Matell & Meck, 2004:Cogn. Brain Res.,21, 139–170) and clinical implications for the effects of emotional reactivity on temporal cognition (Parker et al., 2013:Front. Integr. Neurosci., 7, 75).

scholarly journals Logarithmic encoding of ensemble time intervals

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue Ren ◽  
Fredrik Allenmark ◽  
Hermann J. Müller ◽  
Zhuanghua Shi
Keyword(s):  
Time Perception ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Internal Representation ◽  
Internal Clock ◽  
Time Range ◽  
Subjective Time ◽  
Logarithmic Scale ◽  
Linear Scale ◽  
Ensemble Averaging ◽  
Time Intervals

Abstract Although time perception is based on the internal representation of time, whether the subjective timeline is scaled linearly or logarithmically remains an open issue. Evidence from previous research is mixed: while the classical internal-clock model assumes a linear scale with scalar variability, there is evidence that logarithmic timing provides a better fit to behavioral data. A major challenge for investigating the nature of the internal scale is that the retrieval process required for time judgments may involve a remapping of the subjective time back to the objective scale, complicating any direct interpretation of behavioral findings. Here, we used a novel approach, requiring rapid intuitive ‘ensemble’ averaging of a whole set of time intervals, to probe the subjective timeline. Specifically, observers’ task was to average a series of successively presented, auditory or visual, intervals in the time range 300–1300 ms. Importantly, the intervals were taken from three sets of durations, which were distributed such that the arithmetic mean (from the linear scale) and the geometric mean (from the logarithmic scale) were clearly distinguishable. Consistently across the three sets and the two presentation modalities, our results revealed subjective averaging to be close to the geometric mean, indicative of a logarithmic timeline underlying time perception.

scholarly journals Experiments in Time Perception

1964 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 396-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Cappon ◽  
Robert Banks
Keyword(s):  
Time Perception ◽  
Subjective Time ◽  
Temporal Experience ◽  
Testing Conditions ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Reliable Effect ◽  
Past Life ◽  
Normal Laboratory

Experimentation was carried out to test for a relationship between subjective time perception and ability to make temporal judgements. The performance of 20 depersonalized and derealized patients and 20 controls, was compared on a variety of tests of time judgement administered under normal laboratory conditions and under conditions which have been shown to induce or amplify distortions in subjective temporal experience. The results failed to indicate any reliable relationship between subjective temporal experience and ability to make time judgements. The performance of patients did not differ reliably from that of controls under any of the testing conditions; exposure to distorting conditions did not have a reliable effect on temporal performance and Ss who reported temporal distortions either in their past life or while actually performing the tests of time judgement, failed to perform differently from Ss who did not report distortions.

scholarly journals Inverse modelling of national and European CH<sub>4</sub> emissions using the atmospheric zoom model TM5

2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (9) ◽  
pp. 2431-2460 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Bergamaschi ◽  
M. Krol ◽  
F. Dentener ◽  
A. Vermeulen ◽  
F. Meinhardt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
A Priori Estimate ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Synoptic Scale ◽  
Source Attribution ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Ch4 Emissions ◽  
Model Driven ◽  
Good Agreement ◽  
The Eu

Abstract. A synthesis inversion based on the atmospheric zoom model TM5 is used to derive top-down estimates of CH4 emissions from individual European countries for the year 2001. We employ a model zoom over Europe with 1° × 1° resolution that is two-way nested into the global model domain (with resolution of 6° × 4°. This approach ensures consistent boundary conditions for the zoom domain and thus European top-down estimates consistent with global CH4 observations. The TM5 model, driven by ECMWF analyses, simulates synoptic scale events at most European and global sites fairly well, and the use of high-frequency observations allows exploiting the information content of individual synoptic events. A detailed source attribution is presented for a comprehensive set of 56 monitoring sites, assigning the atmospheric signal to the emissions of individual European countries and larger global regions. The available observational data put significant constraints on emissions from different regions. Within Europe, in particular several Western European countries are well constrained. The inversion results suggest up to 50-90% higher anthropogenic CH4 emissions in 2001 for Germany, France and UK compared to reported UNFCCC values (EEA, 2003). A recent revision of the German inventory, however, resulted in an increase of reported CH4 emissions by 68.5% (EEA, 2004), being now in very good agreement with our top-down estimate. The top-down estimate for Finland is distinctly smaller than the a priori estimate, suggesting much smaller CH4 emissions from Finnish wetlands than derived from the bottom-up inventory. The EU-15 totals are relatively close to UNFCCC values (within 4-30%) and appear very robust for different inversion scenarios.

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