scholarly journals Learned valuation during forage decision-making in cuttlefish

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 201602
Author(s):  
Tzu-Hsin Kuo ◽  
Chuan-Chin Chiao
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Small Reward ◽  
Forced Choice ◽  
Previous Experience ◽  
Choice Test ◽  
Comparison Test ◽  
Relative Value ◽  
Foraging Preference ◽  
The Absolute

Decision-making, when humans and other animals choose between two options, is not always based on the absolute values of the options but can also depend on their relative values. The present study examines whether decision-making by cuttlefish is dependent on relative values learned from previous experience. Cuttlefish preferred a larger quantity when making a choice between one or two shrimps (1 versus 2) during a two-alternative forced choice. However, after cuttlefish were primed under conditions where they were given a small reward for choosing one shrimp in a no shrimp versus one shrimp test (0 versus 1) six times in a row, they chose one shrimp significantly more frequently in the 1 versus 2 test. This reversed preference for a smaller quantity was not due to satiation at the time of decision-making, as cuttlefish fed a small shrimp six times without any choice test prior to the experiment still preferred two shrimps significantly more often in a subsequent 1 versus 2 test. This suggests that the preference of one shrimp in the quantity comparison test occurs via a process of learned valuation. Foraging preference in cuttlefish thus depends on the relative value of previous prey choices.

scholarly journals Pollen Source Affects Development and Behavioral Preferences in Honey Bees

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 130
Author(s):  
Jun Lan ◽  
Guiling Ding ◽  
Weihua Ma ◽  
Yusuo Jiang ◽  
Jiaxing Huang
Keyword(s):  
Honey Bees ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Choice Test ◽  
Physiological Status ◽  
Significant Preference ◽  
Hypopharyngeal Glands ◽  
Pollen Types ◽  
Behavioral Preferences ◽  
Foraging Preference ◽  
Pollen Consumption

With the availability of various plants in bloom simultaneously, honey bees prefer to collect some pollen types over others. To better understand pollen’s role as a reward for workers, we compared the digestibility and nutritional value of two pollen diets, namely, pear (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.) and apricot (Armeniaca sibirica L.). We investigated the visits, pollen consumption, and pollen extraction efficiency of caged Apis mellifera workers. Newly emerged workers were reared, and the effects of two pollen diets on their physiological status (the development of hypopharyngeal glands and ovaries) were compared. The choice-test experiments indicated a significant preference of A. mellifera workers for apricot pollen diets over pear pollen diets (number of bees landing, 29.5 ± 8.11 and 9.25 ± 5.10, p < 0.001 and pollen consumption, 0.052 ± 0.026 g/day and 0.033 ± 0.013 g/day, p < 0.05). Both pollen diets had comparable extraction efficiencies (67.63% for pear pollen and 67.73% for apricot pollen). Caged workers fed different pollen diets also exhibited similar ovarian development (p > 0.05). However, workers fed apricot pollen had significantly larger hypopharyngeal glands than those fed pear pollen (p < 0.001). Our results indicated that the benefits conferred to honey bees by different pollen diets may influence their foraging preference.

scholarly journals Item desirability matching in forced-choice test construction

2021 ◽  
Vol 183 ◽  
pp. 111114
Author(s):  
Goran Pavlov ◽  
Dexin Shi ◽  
Alberto Maydeu-Olivares ◽  
Amanda Fairchild
Keyword(s):  
Test Construction ◽  
Forced Choice ◽  
Choice Test

Lessing's Treatment of the Story of the Ring, and its Teaching

PMLA ◽  
1901 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-116
Author(s):  
W. H. Carruth
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
The Other ◽  
Outward Appearance ◽  
Final Version ◽  
Good Works ◽  
Relative Value ◽  
Healing Power ◽  
Divine Origin ◽  
The One ◽  
Point Of Departure

In Westermann's Monatshefte for January, 1891, and later in his ‘Life of Lessing,‘ Professor Erich Schmidt has outlined the chief features of the history and transformations of the story of the three rings in Europe. On examination it will be found that all the versions of the story belong to one or the other of two types, which are represented by the two earliest forms of the story preserved to us. The oldest version, that of the Spanish Jew Salomo ben Verga, tells of two rings or jewels only, which were in outward appearance exactly alike, and there is no question of one being genuine and the other false, but only of the relative value of the two. In the absence of the father it is found impossible to decide the question, and thus the decision between Christianity and Judaism is simply avoided. In Li Dis dou vrai aniel, a French poem of the end of the twelfth century, three rings appear, and to the original or genuine ring is attributed a marvelous healing power by which it may be recognized, and following which a decision is arrived at among the three religions, in this case in favor of Christianity, although ther were not wanting later narrators so bold as to hint that the true ring was possessed by Judaism. The version of Etienne de Bourbon, the versions of the Cento Novelle, the three versions of the Gesta Romanorum, all belong to one or the other of two types. We may refer to these two types as the Spanish type and the French type. Those of the first type, to which belongs also the version of Boccaccio, the one from which Lessing took his point of departure, avoid a decision, implying that all religions are equally authoritative, but without inherent or inner evidence of their quality. Those of the second type, to which in many of its features Lessing's final version of the story is allied, lead to a decision, making religion of divine origin indeed, but supplying a test, that of good works, whereby the true religion may be recognized.

scholarly journals Deep Uncertainty, Public Reason, the Conservation of Biodiversity and the Regulation of Markets for Lion Skeletons

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (18) ◽  
pp. 5085 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Coals ◽  
Dawn Burnham ◽  
Paul J. Johnson ◽  
Andrew Loveridge ◽  
David W. Macdonald ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Public Reason ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Formal Concept ◽  
Deep Uncertainty ◽  
Argument Analysis ◽  
Ethical Argument ◽  
Public Reasoning ◽  
Relative Value ◽  
Single Argument

Public reason is a formal concept in political theory. There is a need to better understand how public reason might be elicited in making public decisions that involve deep uncertainty, which arises from pernicious and gross ignorance about how a system works, the boundaries of a system, and the relative value (or disvalue) of various possible outcomes. This article is the third in a series to demonstrate how ethical argument analysis—a qualitative decision-making aid—may be used to elicit public reason in the presence of deep uncertainty. The first article demonstrated how argument analysis is capable of probing deep into a single argument. The second article demonstrated how argument analysis can analyze a broad set of arguments and how argument analysis can be operationalized for use as a decision-making aid. This article demonstrates (i) the relevance of argument analysis to public reasoning, (ii) the relevance of argument analysis for decision-making under deep uncertainty, an emerging direction in decision theory, and (iii) how deep uncertainty can arise when the boundary between facts and values is inescapably entangled. This article and the previous two make these demonstrations using, as an example, the conservation and sustainable use of lions.

The Forced-Choice Test as a Structured Q-Sort

1968 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 1103-1110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonard V. Gordon ◽  
Richard J. Hofmann
Keyword(s):  
Forced Choice ◽  
Choice Test ◽  
Q Sort

Validation of a detector of response bias on a forced-choice test of nonverbal ability.

1994 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 118-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard I. Frederick ◽  
Stephen D. Sarfaty ◽  
J. Dennis Johnston ◽  
Jeffrey Powel
Keyword(s):  
Response Bias ◽  
Forced Choice ◽  
Choice Test ◽  
Nonverbal Ability

The Sledge Dogs of the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey, 1945–46

Polar Record ◽  
1947 ◽  
Vol 5 (33-34) ◽  
pp. 40-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
David James
Keyword(s):  
Previous Experience ◽  
Falkland Islands ◽  
Animal Management ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
Hope Bay

In early 1945, having had no previous experience of dogs or dog-driving, I was given charge of twenty-five huskies at the Hope Bay base of the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey. These dogs were purchased in Labrador by Surg.-Cdr. E. W. Bingham, R.N., and Capt. N. B. Marshall in the autumn of 1944, and were transported to the Antarctic via England. Every man develops his own methods and personal preferences for animal management, and there is a welter of conflicting advice and testimony. In such circumstances it is best for the absolute novice to select the system of one acknowledged expert and adhere to it rigidly.

scholarly journals Prognostic prediction models for pregnancy complications in women with gestational diabetes: a protocol for systematic review, critical appraisal and meta-analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shamil D. Cooray ◽  
Jacqueline A. Boyle ◽  
Georgia Soldatos ◽  
Lihini A. Wijeyaratne ◽  
Helena J. Teede
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Gestational Diabetes ◽  
Pregnancy Complications ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Absolute Risk ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
External Validation ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Prognostic Prediction

Abstract Background Gestational diabetes (GDM) is increasingly common and has significant implications during pregnancy and for the long-term health of the mother and offspring. However, it is a heterogeneous condition with inter-related factors including ethnicity, body mass index and gestational weight gain significantly modifying the absolute risk of complications at an individual level. Predicting the risk of pregnancy complications for an individual woman with GDM presents a useful adjunct to therapeutic decision-making and patient education. Diagnostic prediction models for GDM are prevalent. In contrast, prediction models for risk of complications in those with GDM are relatively novel. This study will systematically review published prognostic prediction models for pregnancy complications in women with GDM, describe their characteristics, compare performance and assess methodological quality and applicability. Methods Studies will be identified by searching MEDLINE and Embase electronic databases. Title and abstract screening, full-text review and data extraction will be completed independently by two reviewers. The included studies will be systematically assessed for risk of bias and applicability using appropriate tools designed for prediction modelling studies. Extracted data will be tabulated to facilitate qualitative comparison of published prediction models. Quantitative data on predictive performance of these models will be synthesised with meta-analyses if appropriate. Discussion This review will identify and summarise all published prognostic prediction models for pregnancy complications in women with GDM. We will compare model performance across different settings and populations with meta-analysis if appropriate. This work will guide subsequent phases in the prognosis research framework: further model development, external validation and model updating, and impact assessment. The ultimate model will estimate the absolute risk of pregnancy complications for women with GDM and will be implemented into routine care as an evidence-based GDM complication risk prediction model. It is anticipated to offer value to women and their clinicians with individualised risk assessment and may assist decision-making. Ultimately, this systematic review is an important step towards a personalised risk-stratified model-of-care for GDM to allow preventative and therapeutic interventions for the maximal benefit to women and their offspring, whilst sparing expense and harm for those at low risk. Systematic review registration PROSPERO registration number CRD42019115223

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